Effect of Foliar Manganese Applications on Yield Quality and Diseases Progresses of Soybean

Öz

In plants, manganese mainly acts as a cofactor in relation to basic metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis and oxidative stress. Growth and yield decreases and sensitivity to pathogens and frost damage increases when Mn get deficient in plants. Giving salts such as manganese sulphate to calcareous, high pH soils where manganese deficiency is common is generally assumed to be useless due to fast oxidization of the applied manganese and convertion it i soil into unavailable form for plants to absorb. Furthermore, Mn in soils is the only element that can be both deficient and toxic throughout a growing season in the same location. Reason for this is the adverse affects of flooding due to irrigation, microbial activities and volume weight of soils on the efficiency of manganese. Soybean plant is very sensitive to Mn deficiency and manganese deficiency in soybean is more frequent than other micronutrient deficiencies but responce to Mn fertilizers is well when it is deficient.

Very low soybean production self sufficiency levels of Turkey creates a force to increase production of soybean. In Cukurova region, where the majority of the soybean acreage in Turkey locates, Mn levels in soils are low. Soybean plant is very sensitive to Mn deficiency and manganese deficiency in soybean is more common than other micronutrient deficiencies but responce of this crop to Mn fertilizers is good in case of deficiency. Manganese deficiency is a recurrent problem in soybean grown on soils with high pH. The application of chemical fertilizers from the soil is used to alleviate yield losses due to this deficiency, but is often ineffective. In this review, in addition to the foliar manganese nutritioning studies carried out in the World, the studies on the usage of manganese as a fungicide as a new study field were assembled and evaluated for soybean crop.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• soybean,manganese,foliar application,yield,diseases

Soyada Bitki Besleme ve Hastalıklarla Mücadele Yöntemi Olarak Yapraktan Mangan Uygulamaları

Öz

Mangan bitkilerde esas olarak fotosentez, lipid biyosentezi ve oksidatif stres ile ilişkili temel metabolik işlemlerde kofaktör olarak görev yapmaktadır. Mn eksikliği bitkilerde büyüme ve verim azalırken patojenlere ve don hasarına karşı hassasiyet artmaktadır. Mangan noksanlığının sık görüldüğü kireçli, yüksek pH’ya sahip topraklara mangan sülfat gibi tuzlar vermek genellikle faydasız bulunmaktadır. Çünkü verilen mangan kısa sürede yükseltgenerek alınamaz forma dönüşmektedir. Ayrıca topraktaki Mn, aynı yerde bir yetiştirme sezonu boyunca hem eksik hem de toksik olabilen tek elementtir. Bu durumun sebebi olarak toprağın sulama gibi sebeplerle su altında kalması, mikrobiyal faaliyetleri ve hacim ağırlığının manganın etkinliğini ciddi şekilde etkilemesidir. Türkiye’nin soya üretiminde kendine yeterliliğinin çok düşük bir düzeyde olması, soya üretiminin artırılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Türkiye’de soya ekim alanlarının büyük kısmının bulunduğu Çukurova Bölgesi’nde toprakların Mn düzeyi düşük durumdadır. Soya bitkisi Mn eksikliğine karşı oldukça hassastır ve soyada mangan eksikliği diğer mikro besin eksikliklerinden daha sık görülür fakat soya, eksiklik durumunda Mn gübrelerine iyi yanıt verir. Mangan eksikliği, yüksek pH’ya sahip topraklarda yetiştirilen soyada tekrarlayan bir sorundur. Kimyasal gübrelerin topraktan uygulanması bu eksiklikten kaynaklanan verim kayıplarını hafifletmek için kullanılmaktadır ancak çoğu zaman etkisiz kalmaktadır. Bu derlemede soyada yapraktan mangan uygulamaları konusunda dünyada yürütülmüş bitki besleme çalışmalarının yanında manganın, yeni bir alan olan fungusit olarak kullanımı konusunda yapılmış çalışmalar da bir araya getirilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soya,mangan,yapraktan uygulama,verim,,kalite

Kaynakça

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