Yulaf Taçlı Pası Hastalığı (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae)

Öz

Kültürü yapılan yulaf (Avena sativa L. ve Avena byzantina Coch.), insan ve hayvan beslemesinde kullanılmakta ve mısır, buğday, arpa, çeltik ve darıdan sonra Dünya’da en çok üretimi yapılan tahıl bitkisidir. Yulaf taçlı pası (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) yulafın en yaygın ve zarar verici hastalığıdır. Etmenin teliosporlarının tepe kısmının mikroskop altındaki görüntüsü taç şekline benzediği için bu ismi almıştır. Yulaf taçlı pası (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) çok kurak bölgeler hariç dünyanın her yerinde yulaflarda (Avena spp.) epidemi yaparak % 10’dan % 40’a kadar verim kayıplarına sebep olmakta ve şiddetli enfeksiyonlarda ürün tamamen elden çıkabilmektedir. Yulaf taçlı pası (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae)’nın kontrolünde erken ekim, sık ekimden kaçınma (uygun ekim normu kullanma), aşırı azotlu gübreleme yapılmaması, alternatif konukçuların yok edilmesi, dayanıklı çeşit kullanılması ve fungisit uygulamaları önerilmektedir. Etmenin eşeyli ve eşeysiz üremeyi kapsayan yaşam döngüsünden dolayı virülenslik ve agresiflik bakımından sürekli yeni ırklarının ortaya çıkması hastalığa karşı mevcut dayanıklılık kaynaklarının etkinliğini kaybettirmektedir. Ülkemizde Yulaf taçlı pası (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) ile ilgili çalışmalar sınırlı düzeydedir. Bu derleme ile yulafın en önemli ve tahripkâr hastalığı olarak kabul edilen Yulaf taçlı pası (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae)’nın coğrafi dağılımı, ekonomik önemi, biyolojisi, belirtileri, zararı, konukçuları ve mücadelesi ile ilgili güncel bilgilerin verilmesi amaçlanmış ve ülkemizde bu hastalığa karşı yapılması gerekenlere ilişkin öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yulaf,yulaf taçlı pası,Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae

Oat Crown Rust Disease (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae)

Öz

Cultivated oat (Avena sativa L. and Avena byzantina Coch ) is used in human and animal feed and the most produced cereal after corn, wheat, barley, rice and millet in the world. Oat crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) is the most common and harmful disease of oats. It is named as crown rust due to image of the teliospores’ tips under the microscope that resembles the shape of the crown. Oat crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) is epidemic in oat (Avena spp.) growing areas in the world, except in arid regions, causing yield losses from 10% to 40% and may cause significant yield and quality losses in susceptible cultivars in terms of severe infections. In the control of oat crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae), early sowing, avoiding high sowing rates (using the appropriate sowing norm), non-excessive nitrogen fertilization, removing plant residues, using resistant varieties and fungicide applications are recommended. Due to the life cycle of sexual and asexual reproduction of the agent, the emergence of new crown rust races in terms of virulence and aggressiveness in different periods affects the success of the existing sources of resistance to the disease negatively. In our country, studies on oat crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) are limited. With this review, it is aimed to provide information on the geographical distribution, economic importance, biology, symptoms, harm, host and control of the oat crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae), which is considered the most important and destructive disease of oats. Suggestions for what to do against the disease are presented. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Oats,crown rust,Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae

Kaynakça

1. Anikster A.Y., Eilam T., Manisterski J. and Leonard, K.J., 2003. Self-fertility and other distinguishing characteristics of a new morphotype of Puccinia coronata pathogenic on smooth brome grass. Mycologia 95, 87–97.
2. Anonim, 2014. (https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/stpaul/cereal-disease-lab/docs/small-grain-losses-due-to-rust/small-grain-losses-due-to rust/) (Erişim:14.02.2020)
3. Anonim, 2020 a. (https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/world-agricultural-production) (Erişim: 14.02.2020)
4. Anonim, 2020b. (https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/stpaul/cereal-disease-lab/docs/cereal-rusts/oat-crown-rust/) (Erişim: 13.02.2020)
5. Anonim, 2020c. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccinia_coronata) (Erişim:14.02.2020)
6. Anonim, 2020d. (http://www.fao.org/3/y5765e/y5765e0g.htm) (Erişim:17.02.2020)
7. Anonim, 2020e. (https://www.topcropmanager.com/controlling-oat-crown-rust-19016/) (Erişim: 18.02.2020)
8. Anonim, 2020f. (https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural resources-and-industry/agribusiness-farmers-and-ranchers/crops-and irrigation/disease/crown-rust-of-oat) (Erişim: 18.02.2020)

9. Anonim, 2020g. (http://nwdistrict.ifas.ufl.edu/phag/2013/12/13/crown-rust-outbreak-in-north-florida-oats/ ) (Erişim: 19.02.2020)
10. Anonim, 2020h. (https://agcrops.osu.edu/newsletter/corn-newsletter/2019-29/oat-crown-rust-forages (Erişim: 19.02.2020) Anonim, 2020ı. (https://alchetron.com/Puccinia-coronata) (Erişim:19.02.2020)
11. Carson, M. L. 2009a. Broad-spectrum resistance to crown rust, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, in accessions of the tetraploid slender oat, Avena barbata. Plant Disease 93:363-366.
12. Chong J. 2003. Diseases of oat. Pages 74_88 in K. L. Bailey, B. D. Gossen, R. K. Gugel, and R. A. A. Morrall, eds. Diseases of field crops in Canada. University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
13. Chong J., Gruenke J., Dueck R., Mayert W. and Woods, S. 2008. Virulence of oat crown rust [Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae] in Canada during 2002-2006. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 30:115-123.
14. Dumlupınar, Z., Dokuyucu, T., Maral, H., Kara, R., Akkaya, A. 2012. Evaluation of Turkish Oat Landraces Based on Morphological and Phenological Traits. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 99(2), 149-158.
15. Dumlupınar Z., Jellen E. N., Bonman J. M., Eric W. Jackson E. W., 2016. Genetic diversity and crown rust resistance of oat landraces from various locations throughout Turkey. Turk J. Agric For (2016) 40: 262-268, TUBİTAK. doi:10.3906/tar-1509-43.
16. Fulcher, M.R., D. Benscher, M.E. Sorrells, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2020. Preserving spring oat yields in New York through varietal resistance to crown rust. Plant Health Progress Published On-line 21 January 2020 (https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHP-05-19-0037-RS).
17. Holland J. and Munkvold G., 2001. Genetic relationships of crown rust resistance, grain yield, test weight, and seed weight in oat. Crop Science 41:1041-1050.
18. Lin Y., 2012. Genetic Analysis of Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenae Resistance in Oat (Avena sativa L.). University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences, Degree of Master, Canada. 89s.
19. Long J., Holland J., Munkvold G. and Jannink J., 2006. Responses to selection for partial resistance to crown rust in oat. Crop Science 46:1260-1265.
20. Loskutov, I. and Rines, H. 2011. Avena. In: Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic & Breeding Resources, vol. 1. Cereals. (Eds.) Kole, C. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 109-183.
21. Ludwig D. S., Pereira M. A., Kroenke C. H., Hilner J. E., Van Horn I., Slattery M. L., and Jacobs D. R., 1999. Dietary fiber, weight gain and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA: 282:1539-1546.
22. Maki K. C., Galant R., Samuel P., Tesser J., Witchger M. S., Ribaya-Mercado J. D., Blumberg J. B., and Geohas J., 2007. Effects of consuming foods containing oat B-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61:786-795.
23. May W. E., Ames N., Irvine R. B., Kutcher H. R., Lafond G. P. and Shirtliffe S. J., 2014. Are fungicide applications to control crown rust of oat beneficial? Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2014, 94(5): 911-922, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-333.
24. Miller M. E., Zhang Y., Omidvar V., Sperschneider J., Schwessinger B., Raley C., Palmer J. M., Garnica D., Upadhyaya N., Rathjen J., Taylor J. M., Park R. F., Dodds P. N., Hirsch C. D., Kianian S. F., Figueroa M., 2018. De novo assembly and phasing of dikaryotic genomes from two isolates of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, the causal agent of oat crown rust. mBio 9:e01650- 17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01650-17.
25. Nazareno E. S., Li, F., Smith, M., Park, R. F., Kianian, S. F. and Figueroa, M., 2017. Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae : a threat to global oat production. Mol. Plant Pathol. :1–14.
26. Omidvar V, Dugyala S, Li F, Rottschaefer SM, Miller ME, Ayliffe M, Moscou MJ, Kianian SF, Figueroa M., 2018. Detection of race-specific resistance against Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae in Brachypodium species. Phytopathology. 2018 Dec;108(12):1443-1454. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-03-18-0084-R. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
27. Paczos-Grzeda E., Sowa S., Koroluk A. And Langdon T., 2018. Characteristics of resistance to Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae 1 in Avena fatua L., Palnt disease, Vol. 102, No. 12, December, 2018, ISSN: 0191-2917, e-ISSN: 1943-7692. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-18-0528-RE
28. Simons, M.D., 1985. Crown rust. In The Cereal Rusts Vol. II. (Roelfs, A. and Bushnell, W., eds), pp. 131-172. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, Inc.
29. Strychar R., 2011. World Oat Production, Trade, and Usage.Oats chemıstry And Technology. Chapter 1. International Standard Book Number: 978-1-891127-64-9.