Rusya Federasyonu’nun Siber Güvenlik Kapasitesini Oluşturan Enstrümanların Analizi

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 83 - Avrasya'nın Siyasal İktisadı Özel Sayısı, 121 - 146, 31.10.2017

Ali Burak Darıcılı , Barış Özdal

Öz

Rusya Federasyonu (RF), günümüzde siber uzayı Amerika Birleşik
Devletleri (ABD) ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC) ile birlikte domine eden en önemli küresel güçlerden biri konumundadır. RF’nin
siber kapasitesinin mahiyetini diğer iki devletten ayıran temel fark,
siber uzayın sağladığı imkânları dış politik sorunlarının çözülmesi
noktasında ve özellikle de komşuları ile ilişkilerinde bir baskı /
yaptırım aracı olarak kullanmasıdır. RF’nin mevcut siber saldırı
kapasitesi, Sovyet döneminin teknoloji mirasının da bir sonucu
olarak, özellikle 2000’li yıllar ile birlikte ortaya konulan siber güvenlik ve savunma stratejileri belgeleri kapsamında geliştirilmiştir
ve geliştirilmeye de devam edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda ilgili Siber Güvenlik Strateji Belgeleri ile Rus Silahlı Kuvvetleri
ve Rus İstihbarat Servisleri’nin siber yapısı analiz edilerek, RF’nin
siber güvenlik kapasitesi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya Federasyonu, siber güvenlik, Siber Güvenlik Strateji Belgeleri, siber saldırı, siber kapasite

Kaynakça

• BBC News (28.06.2014). “Russia Offers $110,000 to Crack Tor Anonymous Network”. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28526021. (09.09.2017).
• Bıçakçı, Salih (2013). 21. Yüzyılda Siber Güvenlik. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Birnbaum, Michael (2014). “Russian Blogger Law Puts New Restrictions on Internet Freedoms”. Washington Post. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1550033701. (15.04.2016).
• Bloomberg Tecnology News Portal (05.08.2015). “Russia Clarifies Looming Data Localization Law”. http://www.bna.com/russia-clarifies-looming-n17179934521/. (23.08.2016).
• Carr, Jeffrey (2011). “Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld”. USA: O’Reilly Media Inc.
• Darıcılı, Burak A. (2017). “Demokrat Parti Hack Skandalı Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun Siber Güvenlik Stratejilerinin Analizi”. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi (ULİSA) 1 (1): 1-24.
• Darıcılı, Burak A. (2014). “Rusya Federasyonu Kaynaklı Olduğu İddia Edilen Siber Saldırılar”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7 (2): 1-16.
• Darıcılı, Burak A. & Barış Özdal (2017). “Enformasyon Savaşı Bağlamında Rusya Federasyonu ve Türkiye İlişkilerinin Analizi”. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4 (1): 19-40.
• Fayutkin, Dan (2012). “The American and Russian Approaches to Cyber Challenges”. Defense Management 2 (4): 1-4.
• Gady, Franz-Stefan & Austin Greg (2010). “Russia, The United States, And Cyber Diplomacy Opening the Doors”. East-West Enstitute Report. New York: 1-32. http://www.eastwest.ngo/sites/default /files/ ideas-files/ USRussiaCyber_WEB.pdf, (01.04.2016).
• Galeotti, Mark (2016). “Putin’s Hydra: Inside Russia’s Intelligence Services”. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR): 1-19. http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/putins _hydra_inside_russias_intelligence_services. (17.10.2016).
• Gerden, Eugene (2014). “$500 Millionfor New Russian CyberArmy”. Security Magazine. http://www.scmagazineuk.com/500-million-for-new-russian-cyber-army/article/381720/. (26.03.2016).
• Giles, Keir (2012). “Russia’s Public Stance on Cyberspace Issues”. 4th International Conference on Cyber Conflict. Tallinn, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence. 63-75. http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/2012proceedings/2_1_Giles_RussiasPublicS. (23.03.2016).
• Gürcan, Metin (2014). “Rusya’nın Ukrayna’daki Bulanık Savaş Konsepti”. http://www.academia.edu/11069073/RUSYANIN_BULANIK_SAVA%C5%9E_KONSEPT %C4%B0. (17.10.2016).
• HaberTürk İnternet Haber Portalı (20.04.2016). “Kerimov’a Yasak”. http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1227586-sputnik-turkiye-genel-muduru-tural-kerimova-giris-yasagi. (20.04.2014).
• Hagestad, William II (2013). “Comparative Study: Iran, Russia and PRC Cyber War”. RSA Conference. Europe. 18-25. http://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations file_upload/hta-w01-comparative-study-iran-russiaprc-cyber-war_copy1.pdf. (05.03.2016).
• Heickerö, Roland (2010). “Emerging Cyber Threatsand Russian Views on Information Warfare and Operation”. Swedish Defense Research Agency Press. 1-70.
• https://www.google.com.tr/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=iliWV8yUK8Sk8weF1bvIDQ&gwsrd=ssl#q=E merging+Cyber+Th reats+and+ Russian+Views+on+Information+ Warfare+and+ Operation. (23.06.2016).
• https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/the-gerasimov-doctrineand-russian-non-linear-war/. (24.03.2016).
• http://rustrans.wikidot.com/russia-s-national-security-strategy-to-2020. (23.03.2016).
• https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/Russia_20 00.pdf. (08.09.2017).
• Kaspersky Company (2016). “About Kaspersky Lab”. www.kaspersky.com/about. (15.04.2016).
• Kelly, Sanja (2014). “Freedom on the Net 2014: Russia”. Freedom House. https://freedom house.org/sites/default/files/resources/Russia.pdf. (15.04.2016).
• Lee, David (2015). “Russia and Ukraine in Cyber ‘Stand-Off”. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26447200. (23.04.2016).
• Medvedev, Sergei A. (2015). “Offence-Defence Theory Analysis of Russian Cyber Capability”. Master Thesis for Naval Post-Graduate School. Monterey, Colifornia. 1-110. http://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/45225/15Mar_
• Medvedev_Sergei.pdf?sequen ce=3. (05.03.2016).
• Meriç, Enver (2015). “Rus İstihbarat Savaşları ve Putinizm”. Fikriyat.Net Portalı. http://www.fikriyat.net/2016/11/28/rus-istihbarat-savaslari-putinizm/. (09.09.2017).
• Mowthorpe, Matthew (2005). “The Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA): The United States, Russian and Chinese Views”. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 30 (2):137-153.
• NATO Communications Centre of Excellence (Mayıs 2016). “Social Media as a Tool of Hybrid War”. 1-49. http://www.stratcomcoe.org/social-media-tool-hybrid-warfare. (19.10.2016).
• NATO Communications Centre of Excellence (2013). “Basic Principles for State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of International Information Security”. https://ccdcoe.org/cyber-security-strategy- documents.html. (23.03.2016).
• NATO Communications Centre of Excellence (2011). “Conceptual Views Regarding the Activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the Information Space ”. https://ccdcoe.org/strategies/Russian_Federation_unofficial_translation.pdf. (09.09.2017).
• Reuters (31.11.2015). “Ukraine to probe suspected Russian cyberattack on grid”. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-malware-idUSKBN0UE0ZZ20151231, (12.11.016).
• Shachtman, Noah (2012). “Russia’s Top CyberSSonneleuthFoils US Spies, Helps Kremlin Pals”. Wired Magazine. www.wired.com. (Erişim Tarihi:15.04.2016).
• Saldatov, Andrei ve İrina Borogan (2013). “Russia’s Surveillance State”. World Policy Institute. http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal /fall2013 /Russia-surveillance. (03.05.2016).
• Sputniknews Haber Portalı (01.04.2016). “Rusya, BM’ye Türkiye-IŞİD bağlantısını gösteren belgeleri sundu”. https://tr.sputniknews.com/rusya/201604011021899203-rusya-bm-turkiye- isid/. (09.09.2017).
• Sputniknews Haber Portalı (08.08.2016). “AA: Sputnik’e Erişim Engeli Kaldırıldı”. https://tr.sputniknews.com/turkiye/201608081024268110-sputnik-tib-erisim-engeli/. (03.01.2016).
• Staar, R. Tocaso (2010). “Russia’s Security Services”. Mediterranean Quarterly 15(1): 1-10.
• State Security Magazine (2014). “Russia Announces Development of Cyber Military Unit”. http://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/latest-security-news/russia-announces-development-cyberwar-military-unit/. (26.03.2016).
• The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies (2016). “Russia’s SVR, FSB, GRU Intelligence Services”. http://www.cicentre.com/?page=191. (27.03.2016).
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Russian Federation (2000). “National Security Concept of the Russian Federation. http://www.mid.ru/en_GB/foreign_policy/official_documents//asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/589768. (09.09.2017).
• The Russian Ministry of Defense (12.02.2013). “Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation”. http://archive.mid.ru//brp_4.nsf/0/76389FEC168189ED44257B2E0039B16D. (24.03.2016).
• The Telegraph Online News (18.11.2015). “Could Cyber attack on Turkey be a Russian retaliation?”. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet-security/12057478/Could-cyberattack -on-Turkey-be-a-Russian-retaliation.html. (24.04.2016).
• Thoburn, Hoburn (2015). “Rusya Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmalar Vakfı/SETA: 1-91. http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/20151019183121_rusya-siyasetini-anlama-kilavuzu-pdf.pdf. (19.10.2016).
• Türk-İnternet Haber Portalı (20.12.2015). “6. Gününde Nic.tr Saldırısı Sürüyor Ama Açıklama Yok-Onun Yerine Yorumlar Var”. http://www.turk- internet.com/portal/yazigoster.php?yaziid =51749. (24.04.2016).
• Türk-İnternet Haber Portalı (08.05.2014). “Rusya’da Yürürlüğe Giren Yeni Yasayla Blog’lara Ağır Sorumluluklar Getiriliyor”. http://www.turk-internet.com/portal/yazigoster.php?yaziid=46851. (27.04.2016).
• Türk-İnternet Haber Portalı (26.08.2013). “Rusya Tor Networkünü ve Anonimlik Araçlarını Erişime Kapatmaya Hazırlanıyor”. http://www.turk-internet.com/portal/yazigoster.php?yaziid=43607. (09.09.2017).
• Vasudevan, Sridharan (2013). “Russia Setting up Cyber Warfare Unit Under Military”. IB Times. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/russia-cyber-war-hack-moscowmilitary-snowden-500220. (26.03.2016).
• Weedon, Jen ve Laura Galante (2014). “Intelligence Analysts Dissect the Headlines: Russia, Hackers, Cyberwar! Not SoFast”. FireEye Executive Perspectives. https://www.fireeye.com/blog /executive-perspective/2014/03/intelanalysts-dissect-the-headlines-russia-hackers-cyberwar-not-so-fast.html. (24.04.2016).
• Wirtz, James J. (2015). “Cyber War and Strategic Culture: The Russian Integration of Cyber Power into Grand Strategy”. NATO CCDCOE Publications. Tallinn. 31-36. https://ccdcoe.org/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdf/CyberWarinPerspective_Wirtz_03.pdf. (05.03.2016).
• Yılmaz, Salih (2016). “Rusya Neden Suriye’de?”. Ankara: Yazar Yayınları.