Elucidation of the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Anthocleista schweinfurthii Gilg (Loganiaceae) against three enterobacteria responsible for gastroenteritis

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Anthocleista schweinfurthii on three enterobacteria responsible for gastroenteritis. Aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were prepared from the leaves, stem bark, and roots by maceration.The well diffusion and microdilution methods were used to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts against three reference strains responsible for gastroenteritis, namely Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Shigella sonnei (CMCC51630), and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (200836550). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. Total polyphenols, primary and secondary antioxidants were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The aqueous and hydroethanolic root extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Shigella sonnei. (CMCC51630) and Salmonella typhi (200836550), respectively, with inhibition diameters ranging from 17 ± 1.41 to 21 ± 1.41 mm. The MICs of the extracts ranged from 64 to 512 µg/mL. The aqueous root extracts were the most potent, with the lowest MIC of 64 µg/mL. All extracts were bactericidal against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (200836550), while the aqueous root extract was bacteriostatic against Shigella sonnei. (CMCC51630). The aqueous root extract showed the strongest free radical scavenging activity (3.638 ± 0.001), the highest reducing power (427.57 mg EAA/g extract), and the greatest secondary antioxidant content (213.8 mg EAA/g extract). The hydroethanolic root extract was rich in total polyphenols, with a content of 441.49 mg EAA/g DW. Anthocleista schweinfurthii extracts exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant properties, which are essential for treating gastroenteritis and oxidative stress.

Keywords

• Gastroenteritis
• Anthocleista schweinfurthii
• antibacterial effects
• antioxidant activity
• phytochemical screening.

Anthocleista schweinfurthii Gilg (Loganiaceae) bitkisinin sulu ve hidroetanolik özütlerinin gastroenterite neden olan üç enterobakteriye karşı antibakteriyel ve antioksidan özelliklerinin aydınlatılması

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Anthocleista schweinfurthii'nin sulu ve hidroetanolik özütlerinin gastroenterite neden olan üç enterobakteri üzerindeki antibakteriyel ve antioksidan özelliklerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Sulu ve hidroetanolik özütler, yapraklar, gövde kabuğu ve köklerden maserasyon yöntemiyle hazırlanmıştır. Özütlerin antibakteriyel aktivitesi, gastroenterite neden olan üç referans suşuna (Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Shigella sonnei (CMCC51630) ve Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (200836550)) karşı kuyu difüzyon ve mikrodilüsyon yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Özütlerin antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH, ABTS ve FRAP yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam polifenoller, birincil ve ikincil antioksidanlar Folin-Ciocalteu testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sulu ve hidroetanolik kök özütleri, Shigella sonnei'ye karşı antibakteriyel aktivite göstermiştir. (CMCC51630) ve Salmonella typhi (200836550)'ye karşı sırasıyla 17 ± 1,41 ila 21 ± 1,41 mm arasında değişen inhibisyon çaplarına sahip olan ekstraktların MIC değerleri 64 ila 512 µg/mL arasında değişmiştir. Sulu kök ekstraktları en güçlü olanlardı ve en düşük MIC değeri 64 µg/mL idi. Tüm ekstraktlar Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (200836550)'ye karşı bakterisidal etki gösterirken, sulu kök ekstraktı Shigella sonnei (CMCC51630)'a karşı bakteriyostatik etki göstermiştir. Sulu kök ekstraktı en güçlü serbest radikal temizleme aktivitesini (3,638 ± 0,001), en yüksek indirgeyici gücü (427,57 mg EAA/g ekstrakt) ve en yüksek ikincil antioksidan içeriğini (213,8 mg EAA/g ekstrakt) göstermiştir. Hidroetanolik kök ekstresi, 441,49 mg EAA/g DW içeriğiyle toplam polifenol bakımından zengindir. Anthocleista schweinfurthii ekstreleri, gastroenterit ve oksidatif stresi tedavi etmek için gerekli olan antibakteriyel ve antioksidan özellikler sergiler.

Keywords

• Gastroenterit
• Anthocleista schweinfurthii
• antibakteriyel etkiler
• antioksidan aktivite
• fitokimyasal tarama.

References

1. Afagnigni AD, Nyegue MA, Ndoye FCF, Voundi OS, Fonkoua C, Etoa F-X (2016). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaves extracts of Dissotis multiflora triana (Melastomataceae). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 8(1): 50-56
2. Alfadda AA, Sallam RM (2012). Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 1(14): 936486-936486.
3. Beaudeux JL, Durand G (2011). Medical Biochemistry – Present markers and perspectives. 2e Ed, Medicine sciences publications, lavoisier.
4. Bruneton J (1999). Pharmacognosie: Phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Lavoisier Technics & Documentation, Paris 2: 310-313.
5. CA-SFM (2013). Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology, Antibiogram: recommandation http://www.sfm.asso.fr.
6. Chew YL, Goh JK, Lim YY (2009). Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic composition of selected medicinal herbs from Leguminosae family in peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Food Chemistry 116: 13-18.
7. Christophe M, Frida L, Cline N, Zacharie S, Emilie N, Vernyuy PT (2015). Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of stem bark aqueous extract of Anthocleista schweinfurthii (Loganiaceae). World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4: 197-208.
8. CLSI (2024). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Wayne: M07, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

9. Daglia M (2012). Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23(2): 174-181.
10. Didem S, Melike E, Meral O, Mahmut KS (2009). Free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of some Geranium species. Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy 28: 115-125.
11. Djova SV, Nyegue MA, Afagnigni AD, Etoa FX (2018). In vitro antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of extracts from the leaves and barks of Anthocleista schweinfurthii Gilg (Loganiaceae). Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(2): 58-69.
12. Dongmo NA, Nganso DYO, Nkwengoua TE, Boda M, Voundi OS, Etoa FX, Nyasse S (2015). In-vitro testing of extracts and fractions from two Cameroonian medicinal plants on bacteria gastroenteritis. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics 3(9): 575-588.
13. Emad AS and Sanaa MMS (2013). Comparison of DPPH and ABTS assays for determining the antioxidant potential of water and methanol extracts of Spirulina plantensis. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 42(5): 556-564.
14. Evans WC (2000). Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. 15th Edition, London : WB Saunders.
15. Fauchère JL, Avril JL (2002). Bactériologie générale et médicale. Paris : Éditions Ellipses.
16. Firuzi O, Lacanna AR, Petrucci R, Marrosu G, Saso L (2005). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and cyclic voltammetry. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1721(1-3): 174-184.
17. Gulsen T, Mehmet O, Mehmet ED, Aziz T (2015). Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of five wild mushroom species with total bioactive contents. Pharmaceutical Biology 53(6): 824-830.
18. Harborne JB (1998). Phytochemical methods a guide to modern technique of plants analysis. Springer Dordrecht, ISBN: 978-0-412-57260-9
19. Kengne GL, Nyegue MA, Moni NEDF, Etoa FX (2019). Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils on airborne bacteria and mode of action on membrane integrity. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products 7(1): 28-35.
20. Kuete V (2010). Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections. A review. Planta Medica 76(14): 1479-1491.
21. Kuete V, Djeussi DE, Mbaveng AT, Zeino M, Efferth T (2016). Cytotoxicity of 15 Cameroonian medicinal plants against drug sensitive and multi-drug resistant cancer cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 186: 196-204.
22. Mbouangouere RN, Tane P, Ngamga D, Khan SN, Choudhary MI, Ngadjui BT (2007). New steroid and α-glucosidase inhibitors from Anthocleista schweinfurthii. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 1(3): 106-111.
23. Mezui C, Longo F, Nkenfou C, Sando Z, Ndeme E, Tan PV (2015). Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity of stem bark aqueous extract of Anthocleista schweinfurthii (Loganiaceae). World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(3): 197- 208.
24. Moreira MR, Ponce AG, Del Valle CE, Roura SI (2005). Inhibitory parameters of essential oils to reduce a foodborne pathogen. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie 38(5): 565-570.
25. Mubindukila REN, Ngbolua KN, Mpiana PT, Ashande MC, Baholy R, Fatiany PR, Ekutsu GE, Gbolo ZB (2014). In vitro assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a Congolese medicinal plant species Anthocleista schweinfurthii Gilg (Gentianaceae). Journal of Modern Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery Research 1(3): 1-6.
26. Nkouam F, Momeni J, Tchamango S, Darchen A, Ngassoum M (2022). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two xanthones derivatives isolated from the leaves extract of Anthocleista schweinfurthii Gilg (Loganiaceae). Physical Sciences Reviews 7(12): 1345-1352.
27. Nyegue MA, Ngo MJ, Djova SV, Messi AN, Voundi OS, Pegnyemb DE, Etoa FX (2016). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the leaves, stem-barks extracts and fractions of Ochna schweinfurthiana F.Hoffm (Ochnaceae). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10(17): 370-378.
28. Okou OC, Yapo S, Kporou K, Baibo G, Monthau S, Djaman A (2018). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) on the in vitro growth of 3 Enterobacteria strains. Journal of Applied Biosciences 122: 12282-12290.
29. Onzo CF, Azokpota P, Agbani P, Gbaguidi F, Hounhouigan JD, Kossou D (2014). Physiochemical, phytochemical characteristics and toxicity of plant species used as food packaging in West Africa. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 8(4): 1504-1516.
30. Oukalha A, Zekhnini A, Bouhaimi A, Tahrouch S, Hatimi A (2018). Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract from Pistacia atlantica Desf. Leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal 10(1): 71-76.
31. Oussou KR, Yolou S, Boti JB, Guessennd KN, Kanko C, Ahibo C, Casanova J (2008). Chemical study and antidiarrhea activity of essential oils from two aromatic plants from Ivory Coast pharmacopeia. European Journal of Scientific Research 24(1): 94-103.
32. Prakash V, Mishra PK, Mishra M (2009). Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3: 608-612.
33. Re S, Link EJ, Bui HH, Wang R (1999). Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of phenolic antioxidant. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26(3-4): 285-294.
34. Sofowara A (1993). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nd Edition, Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.
35. Soobrattee MA, Neergheen VS, Luximon-Ramma A, Aruoma OI, Bahoru T (2013). Phenolic as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: mechanism and actions. Mutation Research 11(579): 1-2.
36. WHO (2002). WHO strategies for traditional medicine from 2002-2005. Geneva: World Health Organisation.