Eksozomlar: Kompozisyonları, Biyolojik Fonksiyonları ve Biyoaktif Bileşiklerin Taşınmasındaki Potansiyelleri

Year 2020, , 421 - 432, 31.12.2020

Cansu İnanır Lütfiye Ekici

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.850939

Abstract

Hücreler arası haberleşme hayati öneme sahip olup, organizmalarda farklı şekillerde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Ekstraselüler veziküller uzun mesafeli iletişimde görev alarak DNA, RNA ve proteinler gibi hücreye özgü maddeleri taşımaktadır. Ekstraselüler veziküller boyutlarına ve oluşumlarına göre apoptozom, mikrovezikül ve eksozom olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmaktadır. Eksozomların hastalıkların teşhisinde kullanılan bazı önemli biyobelirteçleri içermesi, hastalıkların tanısında kullanılma fikrini ortaya çıkararak eksozomlara olan ilginin artmasına neden olmuştur. Ayrıca dendritik hücre kökenli eksozomların bağışıklayıcı rolleri eksozomların tedavi amaçlı kullanılabilirliğini de göstermektedir. Eksozomların hayvansal ve bitkisel kaynaklardan eldesinde diferansiyel santrifüj, immünoaffinite, ultrafiltrasyon ve polimer bazlı çökeltme en çok kullanılan yöntemler arasındadır. Eksozomlar genellikle hücre biyolojisi, biyomedikal gibi alanların konusu olsa da son yapılan çalışmalar ile eksozomların gıda ve tarım alanlarında da umut vaat eden sonuçları içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Özellikle çözünürlüğü ve biyoyararlılığı düşük biyoaktif bileşiklerin taşınmasındaki rolleri dikkat çekmektedir. Eksozomlar bütün vücut hücreleri tarafından oluşturulduğu, yapı ve içerik olarak hücre zarına benzediği ve kan-beyin gibi kompleks bariyerleri geçebildiğinden vücut tarafından daha iyi tolere edilmektedir. Nitekim literatür verileri biyoaktif bileşiklerin eksozomlar ile taşınmasının immün reaksiyonlar, toksisite, modifikasyona ihtiyaç duyma ve yapay olarak sentezlenme gibi dezavantajlara sahip nanopartiküllere karşı alternatif bir çözüm olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, son yıllarda gıda bilimi alanında da dikkat çeken eksozomların özellikleri, fonksiyonları ve biyoaktif bileşiklerin taşınmasındaki rollerinin değerlendirilmesidir.

Keywords

Eksozom, Nanopartikül, Biyoaktif bileşik, Ekstraselüler veziküller, Hücreler arası iletişim

Exosomes: Their Composition, Biological Functions and Potential for Transport of Bioactive Compounds

Abstract

Intercellular communication, which is vital in organisms, is carried out in many different ways. Extracellular vesicles carry cell-specific substances such as DNA, RNA and proteins, taking part in long-distance communication. Extracellular vesicles are divided into three groups as apoptosis, microvesicle and exosome according to their size and formation. The fact that exosomes can be obtained from all body fluids and contain some important biomarkers used in the understanding of diseases has led to an increase in interest in exosomes by revealing the idea of being used in the diagnosis of diseases. In addition, the immunizing roles of dendritic cell-derived exosomes demonstrate the therapeutic utility of exosomes. Differential centrifugation, immunoaffinity, ultrafiltration and polymer-based precipitation are among the most commonly used methods for obtaining exosomes from animal and plant sources. Although exosomes are generally the subject of cell biology and biomedical, recent studies have shown that exosomes contain promising results in food and agriculture. Exosomes are better tolerated by the body as it is formed by all body cells, resembles the cell membrane in structure and content, and can cross complex barriers such as blood-brain. Thus, literature data suggest that transport of bioactive compounds by exosomes may be an alternative solution to nanoparticles having disadvantages such as immune reactions, toxicity, need for modification and artificially synthesized. The aim of this review is to evaluate the properties, functions and role of bioactive compounds in exosomes that have attracted attention in the field of food science in recent years.

Keywords

Exosome, Nanoparticle, Bioactive component, Extracellular vesicles, Cellular communication

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