Carob Fruit Ceratonia siliqua L. and Health

Year 2016, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 302 - 306, 01.09.2016

Fikret Pazır Yüksel Alper

Abstract

Carob bean Ceratonia siliqua L. is a nutritive fruit, and also it has an important economic potential. Generally, this fruit can be found in the coasts of the Mediterranean where the Mediterranean climate characteristics can be seen. Carob has been used for the production of syrup molasses , powder, gum locust bean gum , dietary fiber and Dpinitol, a bioactive compound. Carob fruit and carob syrup contain 52-62% total sugar, which means high caloric content. In addition to this, carob fruit is high in mineral content, and especially potassium 843-1215 mg/kg , calcium 251-361 mg/kg , phosphorus 85-681 mg/kg and magnesium 63-326 mg/kg are its major minerals. Carob fruit itself is a natural source of dietary fiber 258.3 g/kg and total phenolic content 3944.7 mg/kg . Carob fruit has been found to have positive effects on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, carob is a fruit with a high added value because it is used as a natural raw material for the production of D-pinitol, which is known to be effective against a variety of different diseases including diabetes. The aim of this study is to review literature on carob fruit for the contribution to future studies

Keywords

Carob bean Ceratonia siliqua L., Phenolic matter, Dietary fibre, D-pinitol, Diabetes

Keçiboynuzu Meyvesi Ceratonia siliqua L. ve Sağlık

Abstract

Keçiboynuzu Ceratonia siliqua L. besleyici değeri yüksek bir meyvedir ve ekonomik olarak değer taşımaktadır. Türkiye’de ve dünyada keçiboynuzu meyvesi genellikle Akdeniz ikliminin hakim olduğu, Akdeniz’e kıyısı olan bölgelerde yetişmektedir. Bu meyveden çoğunlukla keçiboynuzu pekmezi, keçiboynuzu unu, gam locust bean gum , diyet lifi ve biyoaktif bir bileşen olan D-pinitol üretilmektedir. Keçiboynuzu meyvesi ve pekmezi içerdiği %52-62 toplam şeker miktarı ile enerji içeriği yüksek gıdalardır. Bunun yanı sıra yüksek mineral madde içeriğine sahip olup, özellikle de potasyum 843-1215 mg/kg , kalsiyum 251-361 mg/kg , fosfor 85-681 mg/kg ve magnezyum 63-326 mg/kg açısından zengindir. 3944.7 mg/kg toplam fenolik madde içeren keçiboynuzu meyvesinin lif içeriği ise 258.3 g/kg’dır. Keçiboynuzu meyvesinin kardiyovasküler ve gastrointestinal hastalıklar üzerine olumlu etkilerinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Aynı zamanda, başta çağımızın hastalığı olan diyabet ve birçok çeşitli hastalığa karşı etkili olduğu bilinen D-pinitol üretiminde kullanılabilen doğal bir hammadde olması nedeniyle keçiboynuzu değerli, katma değeri yüksek bir meyvedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, keçiboynuzu meyvesiyle ilgili bilgileri derleyerek, ileride yapılacak çalışmalara katkı sağlamaktır

Keywords

Keçiboynuzu Ceratonia siliqua L., Fenolik madde, Diyet lifi, D-pinitol, Diyabet

References

• [1] Battle, T., Tous, J., 1997. Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.): Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops 17, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Via Delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome, Italy, 91p.
• [2] Karkacıer, M., Artık, N., 1995. Keçiboynuzunun (Ceratonia siliqua) fiziksel özellikleri, kimyasal bileşimi ve ekstraksiyon koşulları. Gıda 20: 131-136.
• [3] Avvallone, R., Plessi, M., Baraldi, M., Monzari, A., 1997. Determination of chemical composition of carob (Cerationia siliqua): proteins, fat, carbohydrates and tannins. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 10: 166-172.
• [4] Bengoechea, C., Romero, A., Villanueva, A., Moreno, G., Alaiz, F., Guerrero, A., Puppo, M. C., 2008. Composition and structure of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) germ proteins. Food Chemistry 107: 675-683.
• [5] Yousif, A., K., Alghzawi, H., M., 2000. Processing and characterization of carob powder. Food Chemistry 69: 283-287.
• [6] Karababa, E., Coşkuner, Y., 2013. Physical properties of carob bean (Ceratonia siliqua L.): An industrial gum yielding crop. Industrial Crops and Products 42: 440-446.
• [7] www.turkomp.gov.tr/food/376 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2016)
• [8] www. nutritiondata.self.com (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2016)
• [9] Owen, R.W., Haubner, R., Hull, W.E., Erben, G., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H., 2003. Isolation and elucidation of the major individual polyphenols in carob fiber. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41: 1727-1738.
• [10] Hajaji, E.H., Lachkar, N., Alaoui, K., Cherrah, Y., Farah, A., Ennabili, A., Bali, E.B., Lachkar M. 2010. Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of three varieties of carob three leaves from Morocco. Records of Natural Products 4(4): 193-204
• [11] Camero, B.M., Merino, C.S., 2004. Method of obtaining D-pinitol from carob extracts. U.S Patent No 6,699,511 B2.
• [12] Karhan, M., Gubbuk, H., Turhan, İ., Öziyci, Tavukcuoğlu, R., Akgül, H., Uçgun, K., 2010. Türkiye’de yetişen keçiboynuzu (Ceratonia siliqua L.) tiplerinin biyoaktif bir molekül olan D-pinitol içeriği üzerine çevre koşulları ve bileşim unsurlarının etkisi. TÜBİTAK Projesi Proje No: 107O650.
• [13] Santos, L.M., Tulio, T.L., Campos, F.L., Dorneles, R.M., Krüger, C.C.H., 2015. Glycemic response to carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in healthy subjects and with the in vitro hydrolysis index. Nutr. Host. 31(1): 482-487.
• [14] Anderson, W., J., Baird, P., Davis Jr.H.R., Ferreri, S., Knudtson, M., Koraym, A., Waters V., Williams, L.C., 2009. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutrition Reviews 67(4): 88-205.
• [15] Köksel, H., Özboy, Ö., 1993. Besinsel liflerin insan sağlığındaki rolü. Gıda 18(5): 309-314.
• [16] Zunft, F.J.H., Lüder, W., Harde, B., Graubaum, J.H., Koebnick, C., Grünwald, J., 2003. Carob pulp preparation rich in insoluble fibre lowers total and LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients. European Journal of Nutrition 42(5): 235-242.
• [17] Zunft, F.J.H., Lüder, W.,Harde, B.,Haber, B., Graubaum, H.J., Gruenwald, J., 2001. Carob pulp preparation for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Advances in Therapy 18(5): 230-236.
• [18] Ruiz-Roso, B., Quintela, J.C., Fuente, E., PerezOlleros, L., 2010. Insoluble carob fiber rich in polyphenols lowers total and LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Plant Foods Human Nutrition 65: 50-56.
• [19] Klenow, S., Glei, M., Haber, B., Owen, R., PoolZobel, B.L., 2008. Carob fiber compounds modulate parameters of cell growth differently in human HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells than in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(4): 1389-1397.
• [20] Ferguson, L.R., 2005. Does a diet rich in dietary fibre really reduce the risk of colon cancer? Digestive and Liver Disease 37: 139-141.
• [21] Klenow, S., Glei, M. 2009. New insight into the influence of carob extract and gallic acid on hemin induced modulation of HT29 cell growth parameters. Toxicology in Vitro 23: 1055-1061.
• [22] Klenow, S., Jahns, F., Pool-Zobel, L.B., Glei, M., 2009. Does an extract of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) have chemopreventive potential related to oxidative stress and drug metabolism in human colon cells? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57: 2999-3004.
• [23] Iso, H., Stampfer, J.M., Manson, E.J., Rexrode, K., Hennekens, H.C., Colditz, A.G., Speizer, E.F., Willett, C.W., 1999. Prospective study of calcium, potassium and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 30: 1772-1779.
• [24] Kumazawa, S., Taniguchi, M., Suzuki, Y., Shimura, M., Kwon, M., Nakayama, T., 2002. Antioxidant activity of polyphenols in carob. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50: 373- 377
• [25] Souli, A., Sebai, H., Chehimi, L., Rtibi, K., Tounsi, H., Baubaker, S., Sakly, M., El-Benna, J., Amri, M., 2013. Hepatoprotective effect of carob against acute ethanol- induced oxidative stress in rat. Toxicology and Industrial Health doi:10.1177/0748233713475506 .
• [26] Ahmed, M.M., 2010. Biochemical studies on nephroprotective effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) growing in Egypt. Nature and Science 8(3): 41- 47.
• [27] Sęczyk, L., Świeca, M., Gawlik-Dziki, U., 2016. Effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) flour on the antioxidant potential, nutritional quality, and sensory characteristics of fortified durum wheat pasta. Food Chemistry 194(1): 637-642.
• [28] Tsatsaragkou, K., Gounaropoulos, I., Mandala, I., 2014. Development of gluten free bread containing carob flour and resistant starch. Food Science and Technology 58: 124-129.
• [29] Atasoy, F.A., 2009. The effects of carob juice concentrates on the properties of yogurt. International Journal of Dairy Technology 62(2): 228-233.
• [30] Çağlar, A., Erol, N., Elgün, S.M., 2013. Effect of carob flour substitution on chemical and functional properties of tarhana. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 37: 670-675.
• [31] Tsatsaragkou, K., Yiannopoulos, S., Kontogiorgi, A., Poulli, E., Krokida, M., Mandala, I., 2012.
• Mathematical approach of structural and textural properties of gluten free bread enriched with carob flour. Journal of Cereal Science 56: 603- 609.
• [32] Tassou, C.C., Drosinos, E.H., Nychas, J.E., 1997. Short Communication: Weak antimicrobial effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) extract against foodrelated bacteria in culture media and model food systems. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 13: 479-481
• [33] Akşit, S., Çağlayan, S., Cukan, R., Yaprak, İ., 1998. Carob bean juice: a powerful adjunct to oral rehydration solution treatment in diarrhea. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 12: 176-181
• [34] Loeb, H., Vandenplas, Y., Würsch, P., Guesry, P., 1989. Tannin rich carob pod for the treatment of acute-onset diarrhea. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology 8: 480-485.
• [35] Nasar-Abbas, M.S., Huma, Z., Vu, T., Khan, K.M., Esbenshade, H., Jayasena, V., 2016. Carob kibble: a bioactive- rich food ingredient. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 15: 63- 72.
• [36] Ayaz, A.F., Torun, H., Glew, H.R., Bak, D.Z., Chuang, T.L., Presley, M.J., Andrews, R., 2009. Nutrient content of carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua L.) flour prepared commercially and domestically. Plant Food and Human Nutrition 64: 286-292.
• [37] Ortmeyer, H., Huang, L., Zhang, L., Hansen, B., 1992. Chiro inositol deficiency and insulin resistance: Acute effects of D-chiroinositol administration in streptozotocin- diabetic rats, normal rats given a glucose lead, and spontaneously insulin resistant rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 132: 646-651.
• [38] Ostlund, R.E., Sherman, W.R., 1996. Pinitol and derivatives thereof for the treatment of metabolic disorders. U.S. Patent No: 5,550,166.
• [39] Anderson, A.B., 1952. Pinitol from sugar pines tumpwood. Ind. Eng. Chem. 45: 593-596
• [40] Do, Q.M.K., 2007. Isolation and physiological activities of pinitol in Lespedeza Cuneata. Master’s Thesis, Korea.
• [41] Ichimura, K., Kohata, K., Koketsu, K., Shimamura, M., Ito, A., 1998. Identification of Pinitol as a main sugar constituent and changes in its content during flower bud development in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Journal of Plant Physiology 152: 363-367.
• [42] Chul-Shin, Y., Jeon, Y.J., Kim, J.J., 2003. Method of recovering pinitol or chiro inositol in high yield from soy fractions. U. S. Patent No 0186401 A1
• [43] Kim, J.I., Kim, J.C., Kang, M.J., Lee, M.S., Kim, J.J., Cha, I.J., 2005. Effects of Pinitol isolated from soybeans on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59: 456-458.
• [44] Rengarajan, T., Nandakumar, N., Balasubramanian, M., 2012. Protective efficacy of dietary D-pinitol on hepatic and renal tissues during experimental breast cancer in rats challenged with 7,12- dimethylbenz (a) anthracene: A biochemical approach. Biomedicine & Aging Pathology 2: 85-93.
• [45] Nestler, J.E., Jakubowicz, J.D., Reamer, P., Gunn, R.D., Allan, G., 1999. Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England Journal of Magazine 340: 1314-1320.
• [46] Davis, A., Christiansen, M., Horowitz, J.F., Hellerstein, K.M., Ostlund, E.R., 2000. Effect of pinitol treatment on insulin action in subjects with insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 23: 1000-1005.