Development of Recycling Attitude Scale

Year 2024, , 236 - 256, 28.01.2024

Mustafa Derman , Şeyda Gül , Mehmet Erkol

https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1316813

Abstract

The aim of this research is to develop a scale for determining pre-service teachers’ attitudes towards recycling. The research was carried out using a quantitative research design. The research was carried out in the education faculties of two state universities located in the east and west of Türkiye. 284 pre-service teachers (62 males, 222 females) who were selected by the easily accessible sampling method participated in the research. During the scale development process, an item pool consisting of 56 statements was created. The draft scale, which was prepared after the expert opinion, was applied to the pre-service teachers. After validity and reliability analysis, three factors with 32 items were obtained, which explained 42.456% of the total variance. The factors were named “Responsibility and Behavior,” “Consciousness and Awareness,” and “Economic Value”, respectively. The Cronbach”s Alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.893 for the “Responsibility and Behavior” factor, 0.785 for the “Consciousness and Awareness” factor, and 0.801 for the “Economic Value” factor. In addition, Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated as 0.884 for the overall scale. According to the findings, it can be said that this scale developed in the research is sufficient in terms of validity and reliability. However, in future studies, similar scales with confirmatory factor analysis can be developed and applied to large samples to examine participants’ attitudes toward recycling.

Keywords

recycling, attitude, scale development, pre-service teacher

References

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.47985/dcidj.475
• Antonetti, P., & Maklan, S. (2014). Feelings that make a difference: How guilt and pride convince consumers of the effectiveness of sustainable consumption choices. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1841-9
• Avan, Ç., Aydınlı, B., Bakar, F., & Alboga, Y. (2011). Preparing attitude scale to define students‟ attitudes about environment, recycling, plastic and plastic waste. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 1(3), 179-191.
• Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (pp. 93-114). Routledge.
• Barr, S. (2007). Factors influencing environmental attitudes and behaviors: A U.K. case study of household waste management. Environment and Behavior, 39(4), 435-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505283421
• Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2001). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release on for windows. Routledge.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yöntemleri, 32, 470-483.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F., & Kılıç, E. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
• Can, A. (2013). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. Pegem Akademi.
• Chan, L., & Bishop, B. (2013). A moral basis for recycling: Extending the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.07.010
• Chawla, L., & Cushing, D. F. (2007). Education for strategic environmental behavior. Environmental Education Research, 13(4), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620701581539
• Cohen, S. (1993). For parents particularly: Reclaiming our earth: Recycling and conservation. Childhood Education, 70(1), 44-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.1993.10520983
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi.
• Darby, L., & Obara, L. (2005). Household recycling behaviour and attitudes towards the disposal of small electrical and electronic equipment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44(1), 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.09.002
• Davies, J., Foxall, G. R., & Pallister, J. (2002). Marketing Theory An integrated model of recycling. Marketing Theory, 2(1), 29-113.
• DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications (Applied social research methods) (Fifth ed.), SAGE Publications.
• EEA. (2011). Earnings, jobs and innovation: The role of recycling in a green economy. European Environment Agency Report.
• Elgaaied, L. (2012). Exploring the role of anticipated guilt on pro-environmental behavior - a suggested typology of residents in France based on their recycling patterns. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(5), 369-377. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363761211247488
• Ercan, İ., & Kan, İ. (2004). Ölçeklerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(3) 211-216.
• Evci, N., & Aylar, F. (2017). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(10), 389-412. https://doi.org/10.16990/SOBIDER.3386
• Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
• Fekadu, Z., & Kraft, P. (2001). Self-identity in planned behavior perspective: Past behavior and its moderating effects on self-identity-intention relations. Social Behavior and Personality, 29(7), 671-686. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.7.671
• Ferrão, P., Ribeiro, P., Rodrigues, J., Marques, A., Preto, M., Amaral, M., Domingos, T., Lopes, A., & Costa, E. I. (2014). Environmental, economic and social costs and benefits of a packaging waste management system: A Portuguese case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 85, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.10.020
• Gul, S. (2017). Development of an attitude scale to measure the undergraduate students’ attitudes towards nanobiotechnology. Journal of Science Education & Technology, 26, 519-533.
• Gül, Ş., & Sözbilir, M. (2015). Thematic content analysis of scale development studies published in the field of science and mathematics education. Education and Science, 40(178), 85-102.
• Haj-Salem, N., & Al-Hawari, M. D. A. (2021). Predictors of recycling behavior: the role of self-conscious emotions. Journal of Social Marketing, 11(3), 204-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-06-2020-0110
• Hornik, J., Cherian, J., Madansky, M., & Narayana, C. (1995). Determinants of recycling behavior: A synthesis of research results. Journal of Socio-Economics, 24(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-5357(95)90032-2
• Hsu, J. L., & Lin, T. Y. (2015). Carbon reduction knowledge and environmental consciousness in Taiwan. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 26(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-08-2013-0094
• Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language. Scientific Software International, Inc.
• Karakoç, F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). Ölçek geli̇şti̇rme çalışmalarında temel ilkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 40, 39-49.
• Karatekin, K. (2013). Öğretmen adayları için katı atık ve geri dönüşüme yönelik tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Avrasya Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(10), 71-90.
• Kocaman, O., & Cumaoğlu, G. K. (2014). Developing a scale for vocabulary learning strategies in foreign languages. Education and Science, 39(176), 293-303.
• Kumar, P. (2017). Innovative tools and new metrics for inclusive green economy. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.012
• Lamma, O. A. (2021). The impact of recycling on the environment. Internat Ional Journal of Applied Research, 7(11), 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3658(85)90009-8
• Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. (Second ed.). Taylor & Francis.
• MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
• Maddox, J. (1972). Raw materials and the price mechanism. Nature, 236, 331-334.
• Mainieri, T., Barnett, E. G., Valdero, T. R., Unipan, J. B., & Oskamp, S. (1997). Green buying: The influence of environmental concern on consumer behavior [Compra ecológica: la influencia de la preocupación por el medio ambiente en el comportamiento del consumidor]. Journal of Social Psychology, 137(2), 189-204.
• Momoh, J. J., & Oladebeye, D. H. (2010). Assessment of awareness, attitude and willingnessof people to participate in household solid waste recycling programme in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 5(1), 93-105.
• OECD G20. (2021). Towards a more resource-efficient and circular economy. OECD Publishing, Paris, 1-53.
• OECD. (2021). OECD Economics Surveys: Turkey. January, 14.
• Onwezen, M. C., Antonides, G., & Bartels, J. (2013). The norm activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005
• Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi 1 [Statistical data analysis with package programs] (5. Ed.). Kaan Publishing.
• Pahle, M., Pachauri, S., & Steinbacher, K. (2016). Can the Green Economy deliver it all? Experiences of renewable energy policies with socio-economic objectives. Applied Energy, 179, 1331-1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.073
• Passafaro, P., & Livi, S. (2017). Comparing determinants of perceived and actual recycling skills: The role of motivational, behavioral and dispositional factors. Journal of Environmental Education, 48(5), 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2017.1320961
• Phulwani, P. R., Kumar, D., & Goyal, P. (2020). A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Recycling Behavior. Journal of Global Marketing, 33(5), 354-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2020.1765444
• Popescu, S., Rusu, D., Dragomir, M., Popescu, D., & Nedelcu, Ș. (2020). Competitive development tools in identifying efficient educational interventions for improving pro‐environmental and recycling behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010156
• Quoquab, F., Mohammad, J., & Shahrin, R. (2020). Pro-environmental behavior in nutricosmetics product purchase context: Scale development and validation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 14(2), 217-250. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-04-2019-0033
• Robinson, G. M., & Read, A. D. (2005). Recycling behaviour in a London Borough: Results from large-scale household surveys. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 45(1), 70-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.02.002
• Schoeman, D. C., & Rampedi, I. T. (2022). Drivers of household recycling behavior in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 6229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106229
• Schwartz, S. H. (1973). Normative explanations of helping behavior: A critique, proposal, and empirical test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 349-364.
• Shure, M. B., & Spivack, G. (1982). Interpersonal problem-solving in young children: A cognitive approach to prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10(3), 341-355.
• Siddique, M. Z. R., & Hossain, A. (2018). Sources of consumers awareness toward green products and its impact on purchasing decision in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(3), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n3p9
• Snelgar, R. S. (2006). Egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric environmental concerns: Measurement and structure. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(2), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.06.003
• Šorytė, D., & Pakalniškienė, V. (2021). Environmental attitudes and recycling behaviour in primary school age: the role of the school and parents. Psichologija, 63, 101-117.
• Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407-424.
• Swami, V., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Snelgar, R., & Furnham, A. (2010). Egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric environmental concerns: A path analytic investigation of their determinants. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00760.x
• Szczytko, R., Stevenson, K., Peterson, M. N., Nietfeld, J., & Strnad, R. L. (2019). Development and validation of the environmental literacy instrument for adolescents. Environmental Education Research, 25(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2018.1487035
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education. Tam, V. W., Le, K. N., Wang, J. Y., & Illankoon, I. C. S. (2018). Practitioners recycling attitude and behaviour in the Australian construction industry. Sustainability, 10(4), 1212.
• Taştepe, T. (2017). A study to develop an attitude scale for recycling among high school student. Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 01-13.
• Tonglet, M., Phillips, P. S., & Read, A. D. (2004). Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to investigate the determinants of recycling behaviour: A case study from Brixworth, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41(3), 191-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.11.001
• Torkar, G., & Bogner, F. X. (2019). Environmental values and environmental concern. Environmental Education Research, 25(10), 1570-1581. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1649367
• Tseng, M. L., Wong, W. P., & Soh, K. L. (2018). An overview of the substance of Resource, Conservation and Recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 136, 367-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.010
• Türkan, A., & Çeliköz, N. (2018). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerine yönelik özel ders eğilim ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2), 398-410.
• Ugulu, I. (2015). Development and validation of an instrument for assessing attitudes of high school students about recycling. Environmental Education Research, 21(6), 916-942.
• UNEP. (2016). Global waste management outlook. In D. C. Wilson (Ed.), Global waste management outlook. https://doi.org/10.18356/765baec0-en
• UNEP. (2023). Green economy. https://www.unep.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/green-economy
• UNESCO-UNEP. (1975). International Workshop on Environmental Education; The Belgrade Charter: a framework for environmental education; 1975. https://www.eusteps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Belgrade-Charter.pdf 8.11.2022
• Uzbay, İ. T. (2009). Ülkemizdeki temel sorunlar ve madde bağımlılığı ile mücadele. Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim Dergisi, 21/22, 73-79.
• Vilkaite-Vaitone, N., & Jeseviciute-Ufartiene, L. (2021). Predicting textile recycling through the lens of the theory of planned behaviour. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011559
• Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (1992). Predicting Recycling behavior from global and specific environmental attitudes and changes in recycling opportunities. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(20), 1580-1607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01758.x
• Wang, B., Ren, C., Dong, X., Zhang, B., & Wang, Z. (2019). Determinants shaping willingness towards online recycling behaviour: An empirical study of household e-waste recycling in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 143(July 2018), 218-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.005
• Whitmarsh, L., & O’Neill, S. (2010). Green identity, green living? The role of pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across diverse pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 305-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.003
• Xu, L., Ling, M., Lu, Y., & Shen, M. (2017). Understanding household waste separation behaviour: Testing the roles of moral, past experience, and perceived policy effectiveness within the theory of planned behaviour. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(625), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040625
• Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında kapsam geçerliği için kapsam geçerlik indekslerinin kullanılması. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Denizli.
• Zaikova, A., Deviatkin, I., Havukainen, J., Horttanainen, M., Astrup, T. F., Saunila, M., & Happonen, A. (2022). Factors influencing household waste separation behavior: Cases of Russia and Finland. Recycling, 7(52), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7040052