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Status Consumption Scale: Turkish Adaptation Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 853 - 871, 29.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1617900

Abstract

The aim of this study is to adapt the Status Consumption scale developed by Eastman et al. (1999:45) into Turkish and to conduct validity and reliability tests. The study was conducted with data obtained from 463 participants from various regions of Turkey. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity of the scales. The results of the analyses showed that the factor structures of the scales provided adequate fit with the standard fit measures. Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated to determine the reliability of the scales. As a result of the study, the Turkish scale was found to be valid and reliable in measuring status consumption among consumers. The adaptation of this measurement tool into Turkish for the first time will contribute to the elimination of an important gap in the field and will make a valuable contribution to the Turkish literature.

References

  • Acar, G., M. & Özer, Ö. Y. (2015). Türkiye’deki eğitim alanında yayımlanan bilimsel dergilerde ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama konulu makalelerin incelenmesi. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 14(52), 23- 33. Doi: 10.17755/esosder.54872
  • Adams, R. J., & Khoo, S. (1996). Quest the inveractive test analysis system. Victoria: ACER.
  • Aslan, M. (2021). Gösterişçi tüketim eğilimi ölçeğinin (GTE) Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(6), 271-281. Doi: 10.25204/iktisad.848114
  • Baker, F. B. (2016). Madde Tepki Kuramının Temelleri. N. Güler (Çev. Ed.). Pegem Akademi. Doi: 10.14527/9786053185673
  • Barkow, J. H. (1992). Beneath new culture is old psychology: Gossip and social stratification, The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press, 627-637. Doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195060232.003.0019
  • Belk, R. W. (1988). Third world consumer culture, marketing and development, Greenwich, CT: JAI, 103-127. Bierstedt, R. (1970). The Social order. McGraw Hill.
  • Chao, A., & Schor, J.B. (1998). Empirical tests of status consumption: Evidence from women’s cosmetics. Journal of Economic Psychology, 19(1), 107-131. Doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00038-X
  • Coleman, R. P. (1983). The Continuing significance of social class to marketing. Journal of Consumer Research, 265-280. Doi: 10.1086/208966
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rochberg-Halton, E. (1981). The meaning of things. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Doi: 10.2307/2067526
  • Dawson, S., & Jill, C. (1987). Status recognition in the 1980s: invidious distinction revisited. Advances in Consumer Research, 14, 487-491.
  • Donnenwerth, G. V., & Uriel, G. F. (1974). Effect of resource class onretaliation to injustice in interpersonal exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(6), 785-793. Doi: 10.1037/h0036201
  • Dubois, D., & Ordabayeva, N. (2015). Social hierarchy, social status, and status consumption. In M. I. Norton, D. D. Rucker, & C. Lamberton (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of consumer psychology (pp. 332–367). Cambridge University Press. Doi:10.1017/CBO9781107706552.013
  • Eastman, J. K., Goldsmith, R. E., & Flynn, L. R. (1999). Status consumption in consumer behavior: Scale development and validation. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(3), 41–52. Doi: 10.1080/10696679.1999.11501839
  • Febrian, A., & Fadly, M. (2021). Brand trust as celebrity endorser marketing moderator ‘s role. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(1), 207-216. Doi: 10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.01.19
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mc Graw HIll.
  • Freedman, A M. (1991), Little wishes form the big dream. The American way of buying (Wall Street Journal), 4-10.
  • Goldsmith, R. E., Flynn, L. R., & Kim, D. (2010). Status consumption and price sensitivity. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18(4), 323-338. Doi: 10.2307/25764772
  • Gürbüz, C., & Çetinkaya, B. Ö. (2022). Gösterişçi, deneyimsel ve sembolik tüketim ölçeklerinin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 193-218 Doi: 10.15659/ppad.15.1.998150
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Association of Test Publishers, 1(1), 1-13.
  • Heaney, J., Goldsmith R.E., & Jusoh, W.J.W. (2005). Status consumption among Malaysian consumers: Exploring its relationships with materialism and attention-to-social-comparison-information. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 17(4), 83-98. Doi: 10.1300/J046v17n04_05
  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. Doi: 10.1007/BF02289447
  • Hoyt, C. (1941). Test reliability estimated by analysis of variance. Psychometrika, 6, 153-160. Doi: 10.1007/BF02289270
  • Hughes, K. A. (1996). Kids, cabins and free time say status in understated '90s, Wall Street Journal, September 30.
  • Husain, R., Alam, A., & Khan, B. M. (2020). Impact of trait of vanity and social influence on luxury brands-a study on indian luxury consumers. Elementary Education Online, 19(4), 5375–5380. Doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.764944
  • Jin, S. V., & Ryu, E. (2024). How social media influencers drive conspicuous consumption through social comparison and FOMO. Heliyon. 10(3).
  • Kaiser, S. B. (1997). The Social psychology of clothing: Symbolic appearances in context. Fairchild publications.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2019). SPSS-AMOS-META uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kilsheimer, J.C. (1993). Status consumption: The Development and implications of scale measuring the motivation to consume for status. Florida State University, A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th Ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 15(2), 155–163. Doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
  • Levy, Sidney J. (1959). Symbols for sale, Harvard Business Review, 37, 117-124.
  • Luo, S. (2019). Consumers and their brand love relationships (Doctoral thesis), University of Otago. Retrieved from OUR Archive, University of Otago. 345
  • Makkar, M., & Yap, S. F. (2021). The role of brand prominence and cultural orientation in status consumption. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61.
  • Mason, R. (1993). Cross-cultural influences on the demand for status goods. ACR European Advances, 45(6), 1011–1035.
  • Mason, R. (1999). The economics of conspicuous consumption: Theory and thought since 1700. Journal of Economics - Zeitschrift fur Nationalokonomie, 70(1), 95-98.
  • Miller, Cyndee (1991). Luxury goods still have strong market despite new tax. Marketing News, 25, 1-7.
  • Muraki, E. (1992). A generalized partial credit model: Application of an EM algorithm. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 49-57. Doi: 10.1177/014662169201600206
  • O’Cass, A., & Frost, H. (2002). Status brands: examining the effects of non-product-related brand associations on status and conspicuous consumption. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 11(2) ,67-88. Doi: 10.1108/10610420210423455
  • Orús, C., Gurrea, R., & IbañezSanchez, S. (2019). The impact of consumers’ positive online recommendations on the omnichannel webrooming experience. Spanish Journal of Marketing – ESIC, 23(3), 397-414. Doi: 10.1108/SJME-08-2019-0067
  • Park, C. W., & Lessig, V. P. (1977). Students and housewives: Differences in susceptibility to reference group influence. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(2), 102-110. Doi: 10.1086/208685
  • Roberts-Lombard, M., & Parumasur, S. B. (2017). Consumer behaviour. Juta.
  • Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34, 100-114.
  • Sandhu, S. S., & Paim, L. B. (2016). Consuming for status among Malaysian working women. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 4(3), 11-16.
  • Scitovsky, Tibor (1992). The Joyless economy. Oxford University Press.
  • Shukla, P. (2009). Status consumption in cross-national context. International Marketing Review, 27(1), 108-129. Doi: 10.1108/02651331011020429
  • Shukla, P. & Rosendo-Rios, V. (2021). Intra and inter-country comparative effects of symbolic motivations on luxury purchase intentions in emerging markets, International Business Review, Elsevier, 30(1). Doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101768
  • Silva, F. F., & Odelius, C. C. (2019). Adaptation and validation of the organizational learning mechanism scale. Gestão &Amp; Produção, 26(3), 1-12. Doi: 10.1590/0104-530x3428-19
  • Solomon, M. R., & Rabolt, N. J. (2009). Consumer behavior in fashion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Pearson Prentice-Hall. 580
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education Inc.
  • Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. Doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
  • Veblen, T. (1899). The theory of the leisure class: An economic study of institutions. The Macmillan Company.
  • Wicklund, R., & Gollwitzer, P. (1981). Symbolic self completion, attempted influence, and self deprecation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2(2), 89-114. Doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp0202_2
  • Veblen, T. (2007). The theory of the leisure class. Oxford University Press.
  • Yang, H. (2006). Lead us into temptation: A survey of college students’ media use, materialism, beliefs, and attitudes toward advertising, status consumption tendencies, compulsive buying tendencies, brand recall, and purchase intent of luxury products (Doctor of Philosophy), Illinois University. 231

Statü Tüketimi Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 853 - 871, 29.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1617900

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Eastman ve arkadaşları (1999:45) tarafından geliştirilen Statü Tüketimi ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlayarak geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik testlerini yapmaktır. Araştırma, Türkiye'nin çeşitli bölgelerinden 463 katılımcıdan elde edilen verilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeklerin yapı geçerliliğini değerlendirmek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, ölçeklerin faktör yapılarının standart uyum ölçüleri ile yeterli uyum sağladığını göstermektedir. Ölçeklerin güvenilirliğini belirlemek amacıyla Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkçe ölçeğin tüketiciler arasında statü tüketimini ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu ölçme aracının Türkçeye ilk kez uyarlanması, alandaki önemli bir boşluğun giderilmesine katkı sağlayacak ve Türkçe literatüre değerli bir katkı sunacaktır.

Ethical Statement

Araştırmaya başlanmadan önce Kayseri Üniversitesi Etik Kurulundan 24.05.2024 tarihli 71/2024 nolu kararla etik açıdan uygunluk onayı alınmıştır.

References

  • Acar, G., M. & Özer, Ö. Y. (2015). Türkiye’deki eğitim alanında yayımlanan bilimsel dergilerde ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama konulu makalelerin incelenmesi. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 14(52), 23- 33. Doi: 10.17755/esosder.54872
  • Adams, R. J., & Khoo, S. (1996). Quest the inveractive test analysis system. Victoria: ACER.
  • Aslan, M. (2021). Gösterişçi tüketim eğilimi ölçeğinin (GTE) Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(6), 271-281. Doi: 10.25204/iktisad.848114
  • Baker, F. B. (2016). Madde Tepki Kuramının Temelleri. N. Güler (Çev. Ed.). Pegem Akademi. Doi: 10.14527/9786053185673
  • Barkow, J. H. (1992). Beneath new culture is old psychology: Gossip and social stratification, The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press, 627-637. Doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195060232.003.0019
  • Belk, R. W. (1988). Third world consumer culture, marketing and development, Greenwich, CT: JAI, 103-127. Bierstedt, R. (1970). The Social order. McGraw Hill.
  • Chao, A., & Schor, J.B. (1998). Empirical tests of status consumption: Evidence from women’s cosmetics. Journal of Economic Psychology, 19(1), 107-131. Doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00038-X
  • Coleman, R. P. (1983). The Continuing significance of social class to marketing. Journal of Consumer Research, 265-280. Doi: 10.1086/208966
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rochberg-Halton, E. (1981). The meaning of things. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Doi: 10.2307/2067526
  • Dawson, S., & Jill, C. (1987). Status recognition in the 1980s: invidious distinction revisited. Advances in Consumer Research, 14, 487-491.
  • Donnenwerth, G. V., & Uriel, G. F. (1974). Effect of resource class onretaliation to injustice in interpersonal exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(6), 785-793. Doi: 10.1037/h0036201
  • Dubois, D., & Ordabayeva, N. (2015). Social hierarchy, social status, and status consumption. In M. I. Norton, D. D. Rucker, & C. Lamberton (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of consumer psychology (pp. 332–367). Cambridge University Press. Doi:10.1017/CBO9781107706552.013
  • Eastman, J. K., Goldsmith, R. E., & Flynn, L. R. (1999). Status consumption in consumer behavior: Scale development and validation. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(3), 41–52. Doi: 10.1080/10696679.1999.11501839
  • Febrian, A., & Fadly, M. (2021). Brand trust as celebrity endorser marketing moderator ‘s role. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(1), 207-216. Doi: 10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.01.19
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mc Graw HIll.
  • Freedman, A M. (1991), Little wishes form the big dream. The American way of buying (Wall Street Journal), 4-10.
  • Goldsmith, R. E., Flynn, L. R., & Kim, D. (2010). Status consumption and price sensitivity. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18(4), 323-338. Doi: 10.2307/25764772
  • Gürbüz, C., & Çetinkaya, B. Ö. (2022). Gösterişçi, deneyimsel ve sembolik tüketim ölçeklerinin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 193-218 Doi: 10.15659/ppad.15.1.998150
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Association of Test Publishers, 1(1), 1-13.
  • Heaney, J., Goldsmith R.E., & Jusoh, W.J.W. (2005). Status consumption among Malaysian consumers: Exploring its relationships with materialism and attention-to-social-comparison-information. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 17(4), 83-98. Doi: 10.1300/J046v17n04_05
  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. Doi: 10.1007/BF02289447
  • Hoyt, C. (1941). Test reliability estimated by analysis of variance. Psychometrika, 6, 153-160. Doi: 10.1007/BF02289270
  • Hughes, K. A. (1996). Kids, cabins and free time say status in understated '90s, Wall Street Journal, September 30.
  • Husain, R., Alam, A., & Khan, B. M. (2020). Impact of trait of vanity and social influence on luxury brands-a study on indian luxury consumers. Elementary Education Online, 19(4), 5375–5380. Doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.764944
  • Jin, S. V., & Ryu, E. (2024). How social media influencers drive conspicuous consumption through social comparison and FOMO. Heliyon. 10(3).
  • Kaiser, S. B. (1997). The Social psychology of clothing: Symbolic appearances in context. Fairchild publications.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2019). SPSS-AMOS-META uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kilsheimer, J.C. (1993). Status consumption: The Development and implications of scale measuring the motivation to consume for status. Florida State University, A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th Ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 15(2), 155–163. Doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
  • Levy, Sidney J. (1959). Symbols for sale, Harvard Business Review, 37, 117-124.
  • Luo, S. (2019). Consumers and their brand love relationships (Doctoral thesis), University of Otago. Retrieved from OUR Archive, University of Otago. 345
  • Makkar, M., & Yap, S. F. (2021). The role of brand prominence and cultural orientation in status consumption. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61.
  • Mason, R. (1993). Cross-cultural influences on the demand for status goods. ACR European Advances, 45(6), 1011–1035.
  • Mason, R. (1999). The economics of conspicuous consumption: Theory and thought since 1700. Journal of Economics - Zeitschrift fur Nationalokonomie, 70(1), 95-98.
  • Miller, Cyndee (1991). Luxury goods still have strong market despite new tax. Marketing News, 25, 1-7.
  • Muraki, E. (1992). A generalized partial credit model: Application of an EM algorithm. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 49-57. Doi: 10.1177/014662169201600206
  • O’Cass, A., & Frost, H. (2002). Status brands: examining the effects of non-product-related brand associations on status and conspicuous consumption. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 11(2) ,67-88. Doi: 10.1108/10610420210423455
  • Orús, C., Gurrea, R., & IbañezSanchez, S. (2019). The impact of consumers’ positive online recommendations on the omnichannel webrooming experience. Spanish Journal of Marketing – ESIC, 23(3), 397-414. Doi: 10.1108/SJME-08-2019-0067
  • Park, C. W., & Lessig, V. P. (1977). Students and housewives: Differences in susceptibility to reference group influence. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(2), 102-110. Doi: 10.1086/208685
  • Roberts-Lombard, M., & Parumasur, S. B. (2017). Consumer behaviour. Juta.
  • Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34, 100-114.
  • Sandhu, S. S., & Paim, L. B. (2016). Consuming for status among Malaysian working women. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 4(3), 11-16.
  • Scitovsky, Tibor (1992). The Joyless economy. Oxford University Press.
  • Shukla, P. (2009). Status consumption in cross-national context. International Marketing Review, 27(1), 108-129. Doi: 10.1108/02651331011020429
  • Shukla, P. & Rosendo-Rios, V. (2021). Intra and inter-country comparative effects of symbolic motivations on luxury purchase intentions in emerging markets, International Business Review, Elsevier, 30(1). Doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101768
  • Silva, F. F., & Odelius, C. C. (2019). Adaptation and validation of the organizational learning mechanism scale. Gestão &Amp; Produção, 26(3), 1-12. Doi: 10.1590/0104-530x3428-19
  • Solomon, M. R., & Rabolt, N. J. (2009). Consumer behavior in fashion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Pearson Prentice-Hall. 580
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education Inc.
  • Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. Doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
  • Veblen, T. (1899). The theory of the leisure class: An economic study of institutions. The Macmillan Company.
  • Wicklund, R., & Gollwitzer, P. (1981). Symbolic self completion, attempted influence, and self deprecation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2(2), 89-114. Doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp0202_2
  • Veblen, T. (2007). The theory of the leisure class. Oxford University Press.
  • Yang, H. (2006). Lead us into temptation: A survey of college students’ media use, materialism, beliefs, and attitudes toward advertising, status consumption tendencies, compulsive buying tendencies, brand recall, and purchase intent of luxury products (Doctor of Philosophy), Illinois University. 231
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Consumer Behaviour
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Sena Altın 0000-0002-4254-0326

Şeyda Ok 0000-0002-1157-1701

Publication Date September 29, 2025
Submission Date January 12, 2025
Acceptance Date August 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Altın, S., & Ok, Ş. (2025). Statü Tüketimi Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 9(3), 853-871. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1617900