Memorizing the Qur’an in a Christian-Majority Country: The Revival of Hifz Tradition in Post-Socialist Bulgaria
Abstract
The tradition of Qur’an memorization (ḥifẓ, hafızlık) in Bulgaria has developed within changing political and social conditions, resulting in a history marked by both continuity and interruption. In the post-Ottoman period, hafızlık was sustained as a local tradition shaped by mosque-based religious instruction and family transmission. This continuity was seriously disrupted during the socialist period (1944–1989), when religious education was excluded from public life. Mosques were placed under strict control; formal Qur’anic instruction was prohibited. Memorization was therefore carried on largely without an institutional framework, most often within the home and in conditions of secrecy. Following the political transition of 1989, public religious life gradually re-emerged; however, the reconstruction of religious education progressed slowly throughout the 1990s, shaped by infrastructural limitations, a shortage of trained personnel, and the gradual reorganization of religious institutions. Within this context, the Madan Hafızlık Qur’an Course was established on 1 July 1999 under the authority of the Office of the Grand Mufti, during the tenure of Grand Mufti Mustafa Haji, becoming the first and only officially recognized institution in Bulgaria devoted exclusively to Qur’an memorization. This article examines contemporary hafızlık education in Bulgaria through the case of the Madan course, focusing on how Qur’an memorization is pursued alongside the country’s secular public education system and assessing the significance of this institution for the Muslim minority in terms of religious education and communal continuity. The study draws on both fieldwork and documentary sources collected in the summer of 2025, including institutional documents and materials produced by the Office of the Grand Mufti as well as local press and media sources. The findings show that the memorization method practiced at Madan closely corresponds to the traditional hafızlık approach widely used in Türkiye, particularly with respect to working from a single muṣḥaf, correction through repetition, steady daily progress, and systematic review aimed at long-term retention. At the same time, the organization of the course allows students to continue their regular state schooling, reflecting a locally adapted model suited to Bulgaria’s secular educational environment. Finally, the article demonstrates that a significant number of Madan graduates continue their religious education after completing memorization and later serve as imams, Qur’an-course teachers, preachers, or staff within local muftiate offices, thereby contributing to the continuity of religious education and institutional life in post-socialist Bulgaria.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
References
- Ahmedov, Ahmed. “Хафъз Шефкет Хаджи: В Мадан се подготвят нови хафъзи.” IslamBG Blog, 17 August 2009. Accessed 28 October 2025. https://islambgr.blogspot.com/2009/08/blog-post_18.html.
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- Grand Mufti’s Office of Bulgaria. “Official Communiqué on the Establishment of the Madan Qur’an Memorization Course.” 1 July 1999.
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Recitation of the Qur'an and Qiraat
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
March 25, 2026
Submission Date
November 3, 2025
Acceptance Date
January 17, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Number: Hafızlık Özel Sayısı