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Sosyal Hizmet Mesleğinde Engelli Bireylere Yönelik Yapay Zekâ Destekli Uygulamalar ve Mesleki Kullanım Önerileri

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 34, 231 - 252, 01.01.2026

Abstract

Öz
Sosyal hizmet ve yapay zekâ günümüzde etkileşim içinde olan iki önemli alan olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Sosyal hizmet disiplini dezavantajlı grupların yaşama katılımını sağlayan ve yaşam kalitesini arttırma amacı doğrultusunda hareket eden insan hakları temelli bir bilimdir. Son yıllarda yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin gelişimi sosyal hizmetin amacını destekleyen yeni imkânlar yaratmıştır. Bu bağlamda sosyal hizmet biliminin en önemli çalışma alanlarından olan engelli bireylere yönelik yapay zekâ gelişmeleri takip edip, uygulaması kaçınılmaz durumuna getirmiştir. Sosyal hizmet disiplini gereği yapay zekâ destekli uygulamalar yalnızca bireysel destek sağlamakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının dayanışanlarıyla daha etkili, hızlı ve etkin hizmet sunulmasına da olanak vermektedir. Bu çalışmada uluslar arası örnekler üzerinden engelli bireyler için geliştirilen yapay zeka destekli uygulamalar örnekler incelemiş ve sosyal hizmet uzmanları için bu teknolojileri etkin bir şekilde kullanması için uygulama önerileri sunulmuştur. Ancak bu uygulamaların çoğu uluslar arası olup hem dil hem de erişebilirlilik bakımından ülkemizde sınırlıdır. Bu durum ise hem engelli bireyler açısından hem de soysal hizmet uzmanları açısından uygulamaları yönlendirme ve müdahale planlarını zorlaştırmaktadır.

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AI-Supported Applications For Persons With Disabilities İn The Social Work Profession And Recommendations For Their Professional Use

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 34, 231 - 252, 01.01.2026

Abstract

Social work and artificial intelligence have emerged as two significant fields that increasingly interact in today’s world. The discipline of social work is a human rights–based science that seeks to enhance quality of life and promote the social participation of disadvantaged groups. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies has created new opportunities that align with and support the mission of social work. Within this context, following and applying AI-based advancements for persons with disabilities one of the key areas of social work practice has become inevitable. In line with the principles of the discipline, AI-supported applications not only provide individual support but also enable social workers to deliver services to their clients in a more effective, efficient, and timely manner. This study examines international examples of AI-supported applications developed for persons with disabilities and proposes practical recommendations for social workers to integrate these technologies into their practice. However, most of these applications are international in origin and remain limited in Turkey in terms of both language and accessibility. This situation creates challenges for both persons with disabilities and social workers in guiding applications and designing intervention plans.

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  • Borozancı, İ., Sezer, S., Türe, D., Panış, B. İ., Arıcı, A. & Bolat, G. B. (2021). Pandemi sürecinde fiziksel engelli bireylerin sorun ve beklentileri üzerine nitel bir inceleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 21 (2), 269-289.
  • Bravou, V., & Drigas, A. (2022). Applications of virtual reality for autism inclusion: A review. Retos, 45, 779–785. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.92078
  • Bulut, S. (2015). Görme engellilere yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi. Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 1(1), 138-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.18020/kesit.7
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  • Çakır, Z., & Karaaziz, M. (2024). Otizm spektrum bozukluğunun tedavisinde yapay zekâ destekli uygulamaların etkisi üzerine bir derleme. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi / Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences, 10(22), 418–440. https://doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.10.22.27
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Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 34, 231 - 252, 01.01.2026

Abstract

References

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  • Panjwani-Charania, S., & Zhai, X. (2023). AI for students with learning disabilities: A systematic review. In X. Zhai & J. Krajcik (Eds.), Uses of artificial intelligence in STEM education (pp. 1–21). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374295269_ AI_for_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities _A_Systematic_Review
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  • Smith, M. L., & Neupane, S. (2018). Artificial intelligence and human development: Toward a research agenda. International Development Research Centre.
  • Susuz, Ç., & Güçiz Doğan, B. (2020). Halk sağlığı bakışıyla otizm spektrum bozukluğu. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 5(2), 297–310. https:// doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.684075
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  • Tlili, A., Zhang, X., & Huang, R. (2024). Towards next-generation user interfaces: Chinese perspective of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) to support people with disabilities. Nafath, Issue 26. Mada Center, Qatar.
  • Toper, F., Aslan, H. & Özpolat, A.O. (2023). Türkiye’deki Sosyal Hizmet Kurumlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi. Journal of History School, 62,125-158.
  • Turner, A. (2020). “No evidence” machine learning works well in children’s social care. Erişim Adresi: https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2020/09/10/evidence-machine-learning-works-well-childrens-socialcare-study-finds/Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2025.
  • Uysal S, (2019). Sosyal Hizmet Eğitim ve Mesleğinin Geleceğine Dair Akademisyenler, Sosyal Çalışmacılar, Öğrenciler ve Mezunların Görüş ve Önerilerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Uzun, Y., & Arıkan, H. (2024, Ağustos). Yapay zeka ile engelli bireylerin sosyal hayata entegrasyonu: Çözümler ve örnekler. Yeni Türkiye, (138), 325–335.
  • Waddell, K. (2016). How Algorithms Can Bring Down Minorities' Credit Scores. The Atlantic. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/12/how-algorithms-can-bring-down- minoritiescredit-scores/509333/.
  • WeWalk. (2025). WeWalk akıllı baston. Retrie¬ved 18.07.2025 from https://wewalk.io/tr/hakkimizda/
  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2011). World report on disability World Health Organization.
  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2025). Disability. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability#tab=tab_1,
  • Wu, S., Reynolds, L., Li, X., & Guzmán, F. (2019). Design and evaluation of a social media writing support tool for people with dyslexia. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–14).
  • Yolcuoğlu, İ. G (2012). Sosyal Hizmete Giriş. Ankara: SABEV Yayınları.
  • Zhang, H., Liao, X., Liang, S., Tong, L., Shen, J., Peng, B., Wu, L., Gao, L., Jia, Q., Ren, L., Luo, L., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025). The impact of information technology applications on the quality of life of disabled older adults in nursing homes in China: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1560306. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpubh.2025. 1560306
  • Zhang, S. (2025). Küçük çocuklarda otizm için yapay zeka destekli erken tarama, tanı ve müdahale. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1513809. https://doi.org /10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1513809
  • Zhang, W., Yang, C., Cao, Z., Li, Z., Zhuo, L., Tan, Y., et al. (2023). Detecting individuals with severe mental illness using artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging. EBioMedicine, 90, 104541.
  • Zhao, X., Cox, A., & Xuanning, C. (2025). The use of generative AI by students with disabilities in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 66, 101014. 1-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101014
  • Zingoni, A., Taborri, J., Panetti, V., Bonechi, S., Aparicio-Martínez, P., Pinzi, S., & Calabrò, G. (2021). Investigating issues and needs of dyslexic students at university: Proof of concept of an artificial intelligence and virtual reality-based supporting platform and preliminary results. Applied Sciences, 11(10), 4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104624

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 34, 231 - 252, 01.01.2026

Abstract

References

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  • Tlili, A., Zhang, X., & Huang, R. (2024). Towards next-generation user interfaces: Chinese perspective of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) to support people with disabilities. Nafath, Issue 26. Mada Center, Qatar.
  • Toper, F., Aslan, H. & Özpolat, A.O. (2023). Türkiye’deki Sosyal Hizmet Kurumlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi. Journal of History School, 62,125-158.
  • Turner, A. (2020). “No evidence” machine learning works well in children’s social care. Erişim Adresi: https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2020/09/10/evidence-machine-learning-works-well-childrens-socialcare-study-finds/Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2025.
  • Uysal S, (2019). Sosyal Hizmet Eğitim ve Mesleğinin Geleceğine Dair Akademisyenler, Sosyal Çalışmacılar, Öğrenciler ve Mezunların Görüş ve Önerilerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Uzun, Y., & Arıkan, H. (2024, Ağustos). Yapay zeka ile engelli bireylerin sosyal hayata entegrasyonu: Çözümler ve örnekler. Yeni Türkiye, (138), 325–335.
  • Waddell, K. (2016). How Algorithms Can Bring Down Minorities' Credit Scores. The Atlantic. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/12/how-algorithms-can-bring-down- minoritiescredit-scores/509333/.
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  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2025). Disability. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability#tab=tab_1,
  • Wu, S., Reynolds, L., Li, X., & Guzmán, F. (2019). Design and evaluation of a social media writing support tool for people with dyslexia. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–14).
  • Yolcuoğlu, İ. G (2012). Sosyal Hizmete Giriş. Ankara: SABEV Yayınları.
  • Zhang, H., Liao, X., Liang, S., Tong, L., Shen, J., Peng, B., Wu, L., Gao, L., Jia, Q., Ren, L., Luo, L., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025). The impact of information technology applications on the quality of life of disabled older adults in nursing homes in China: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1560306. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpubh.2025. 1560306
  • Zhang, S. (2025). Küçük çocuklarda otizm için yapay zeka destekli erken tarama, tanı ve müdahale. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1513809. https://doi.org /10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1513809
  • Zhang, W., Yang, C., Cao, Z., Li, Z., Zhuo, L., Tan, Y., et al. (2023). Detecting individuals with severe mental illness using artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging. EBioMedicine, 90, 104541.
  • Zhao, X., Cox, A., & Xuanning, C. (2025). The use of generative AI by students with disabilities in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 66, 101014. 1-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101014
  • Zingoni, A., Taborri, J., Panetti, V., Bonechi, S., Aparicio-Martínez, P., Pinzi, S., & Calabrò, G. (2021). Investigating issues and needs of dyslexic students at university: Proof of concept of an artificial intelligence and virtual reality-based supporting platform and preliminary results. Applied Sciences, 11(10), 4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104624

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 34, 231 - 252, 01.01.2026

Abstract

References

  • Akdeniz, E. T., Öztürk, E., & Tiktaş Çelik, S. (2025). Sosyal hizmette yapay zekâ uygulamaları: Olanaklar, sınırlılıklar ve etik tartışmalar. In 12th International Paris Congress on Social Sciences & Humanities (pp. 304–320). Liberty Academic Publishers.
  • AI, S. (2025). Microsoft Seeing AI Retrieved 18.06.2025 from https:/ /www.microsoft.com/en-us/ga¬rage/wall-of-fame/seeing-ai/
  • Akyüz, K. F. & Köroğlu, C. Z. (2024). “Engellilik Bağlamında Makro Sosyal Hizmet ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 10(2):247-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10 897953
  • Almufareh, M. F., Tehsin, S., Humayun, M., & Kausar, S. (2023). Intellectual disability and technology: An artificial intelligence perspective and framework. Journal of Disability Research, 2(4), 58–70. https://doi.org/10.57197/JDR-2023-0055
  • Alptekin, K. (2016). Başlangıçtan Bugüne ve Yarına: Türkiye'de Sosyal Hizmet Eğitimi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Asıl, S. (2025). Yapay Zekâ Etiği: Temel İlkeler, Sorunlar ve Disiplinlerarası Yaklaşımlar. İNİF E- Dergi, 10(1), 152-175.
  • Ava: Live Captioning App for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing. (2025). Ava. https://www.ava.me/
  • Aydın, A., & Müftüoğlu, Z. (2021). Ulusal yapay zekâ stratejisi ile ülkemiz yeni bir atılım başlatmıştır. TRT Akademi Analiz/Değerlendirme, 6(13), 889–895.
  • Aydin, S., Akpinar Aslan, E., & Batmaz, S. (2025). Physically disabled individuals’ coping styles and resilience by disability type and onset. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 28, 105–112. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2025.66564
  • Balling, L. W., Mølgaard, L. L., Townend, O., & Nielsen, J. B. B. (2021). The collaboration between hearing aid users and artificial intelligence to optimize sound. Seminars in Hearing, 42(3), 282–294.
  • Be My Eyes. (2025). Be My Eyes: Helping blind see. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/tr/app/be-my-eyes-helping-blind-see/id905177575
  • Bookman, M., Mondelli, F., & Yokoyama, S. (2024). Putting virtual reality to disability activism: Co-creation and intersectional pedagogical usage in Japan. International Journal of Disability and Social Justice, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.13169/intljofdissocjus.4.1.0010
  • Bookshare. (2025). Bookshare: Accessible ebooks for people with print disabilities. Erişim adresi: https://www.bookshare.org/
  • Borozancı, İ., Sezer, S., Türe, D., Panış, B. İ., Arıcı, A. & Bolat, G. B. (2021). Pandemi sürecinde fiziksel engelli bireylerin sorun ve beklentileri üzerine nitel bir inceleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 21 (2), 269-289.
  • Bravou, V., & Drigas, A. (2022). Applications of virtual reality for autism inclusion: A review. Retos, 45, 779–785. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.92078
  • Bulut, S. (2015). Görme engellilere yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi. Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 1(1), 138-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.18020/kesit.7
  • Bulut, S. & Bulut, G. (2016). usage of three dimensional technology in teaching Turkish language to the people with visually ımpaired. Jass Studies-International Journal of Social Science, 0(46), 319-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3445
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  • Camgoz, N. C., Hadfield, S., Koller, O., Ney, H., & Bowden, R. (2018). Neural sign language translation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, Utah, 18–22 June 2018 (pp. 7784–7793).
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Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 34, 231 - 252, 01.01.2026

Abstract

References

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  • Singh, M. (2018). GnoSys app translates sign language into speech in real time using the power of AI. Newz Hook. https://newzhook.com/story/20387/
  • Singh, V. (2025). AI-powered assistive technologies for people with disabilities: Developing AI solutions that aid individuals with various disabilities in daily tasks. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 27, 292–309. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2025/v27i21410
  • Smith, M. L., & Neupane, S. (2018). Artificial intelligence and human development: Toward a research agenda. International Development Research Centre.
  • Susuz, Ç., & Güçiz Doğan, B. (2020). Halk sağlığı bakışıyla otizm spektrum bozukluğu. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 5(2), 297–310. https:// doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.684075
  • Teach Access. (2025). Where AI meets accessibility: Considerations for higher education. Every Learner Everywhere. https://www. everylearnereverywhere.org /resources/where-ai-meets-accessibility-considerations-for-higher-education/
  • Tek, S., Çobanoğlu, A., Çelik, F.C. ve Küçükkaya, Ş. (2022). Dezavantajlı/Risk Altındaki Gruplar: Azınlıklar. H. Doğan (Ed.), Sosyal Hizmette Dezavantajlı/Risk Altındaki Gruplar II içinde (s.39-41). Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Tlili, A., Zhang, X., & Huang, R. (2024). Towards next-generation user interfaces: Chinese perspective of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) to support people with disabilities. Nafath, Issue 26. Mada Center, Qatar.
  • Toper, F., Aslan, H. & Özpolat, A.O. (2023). Türkiye’deki Sosyal Hizmet Kurumlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi. Journal of History School, 62,125-158.
  • Turner, A. (2020). “No evidence” machine learning works well in children’s social care. Erişim Adresi: https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2020/09/10/evidence-machine-learning-works-well-childrens-socialcare-study-finds/Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2025.
  • Uysal S, (2019). Sosyal Hizmet Eğitim ve Mesleğinin Geleceğine Dair Akademisyenler, Sosyal Çalışmacılar, Öğrenciler ve Mezunların Görüş ve Önerilerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Uzun, Y., & Arıkan, H. (2024, Ağustos). Yapay zeka ile engelli bireylerin sosyal hayata entegrasyonu: Çözümler ve örnekler. Yeni Türkiye, (138), 325–335.
  • Waddell, K. (2016). How Algorithms Can Bring Down Minorities' Credit Scores. The Atlantic. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/12/how-algorithms-can-bring-down- minoritiescredit-scores/509333/.
  • WeWalk. (2025). WeWalk akıllı baston. Retrie¬ved 18.07.2025 from https://wewalk.io/tr/hakkimizda/
  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2011). World report on disability World Health Organization.
  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2025). Disability. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability#tab=tab_1,
  • Wu, S., Reynolds, L., Li, X., & Guzmán, F. (2019). Design and evaluation of a social media writing support tool for people with dyslexia. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–14).
  • Yolcuoğlu, İ. G (2012). Sosyal Hizmete Giriş. Ankara: SABEV Yayınları.
  • Zhang, H., Liao, X., Liang, S., Tong, L., Shen, J., Peng, B., Wu, L., Gao, L., Jia, Q., Ren, L., Luo, L., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025). The impact of information technology applications on the quality of life of disabled older adults in nursing homes in China: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1560306. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpubh.2025. 1560306
  • Zhang, S. (2025). Küçük çocuklarda otizm için yapay zeka destekli erken tarama, tanı ve müdahale. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1513809. https://doi.org /10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1513809
  • Zhang, W., Yang, C., Cao, Z., Li, Z., Zhuo, L., Tan, Y., et al. (2023). Detecting individuals with severe mental illness using artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging. EBioMedicine, 90, 104541.
  • Zhao, X., Cox, A., & Xuanning, C. (2025). The use of generative AI by students with disabilities in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 66, 101014. 1-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101014
  • Zingoni, A., Taborri, J., Panetti, V., Bonechi, S., Aparicio-Martínez, P., Pinzi, S., & Calabrò, G. (2021). Investigating issues and needs of dyslexic students at university: Proof of concept of an artificial intelligence and virtual reality-based supporting platform and preliminary results. Applied Sciences, 11(10), 4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104624

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 34, 231 - 252, 01.01.2026

Abstract

References

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  • Susuz, Ç., & Güçiz Doğan, B. (2020). Halk sağlığı bakışıyla otizm spektrum bozukluğu. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 5(2), 297–310. https:// doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.684075
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  • Toper, F., Aslan, H. & Özpolat, A.O. (2023). Türkiye’deki Sosyal Hizmet Kurumlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi. Journal of History School, 62,125-158.
  • Turner, A. (2020). “No evidence” machine learning works well in children’s social care. Erişim Adresi: https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2020/09/10/evidence-machine-learning-works-well-childrens-socialcare-study-finds/Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2025.
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  • Yolcuoğlu, İ. G (2012). Sosyal Hizmete Giriş. Ankara: SABEV Yayınları.
  • Zhang, H., Liao, X., Liang, S., Tong, L., Shen, J., Peng, B., Wu, L., Gao, L., Jia, Q., Ren, L., Luo, L., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025). The impact of information technology applications on the quality of life of disabled older adults in nursing homes in China: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1560306. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpubh.2025. 1560306
  • Zhang, S. (2025). Küçük çocuklarda otizm için yapay zeka destekli erken tarama, tanı ve müdahale. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1513809. https://doi.org /10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1513809
  • Zhang, W., Yang, C., Cao, Z., Li, Z., Zhuo, L., Tan, Y., et al. (2023). Detecting individuals with severe mental illness using artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging. EBioMedicine, 90, 104541.
  • Zhao, X., Cox, A., & Xuanning, C. (2025). The use of generative AI by students with disabilities in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 66, 101014. 1-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101014
  • Zingoni, A., Taborri, J., Panetti, V., Bonechi, S., Aparicio-Martínez, P., Pinzi, S., & Calabrò, G. (2021). Investigating issues and needs of dyslexic students at university: Proof of concept of an artificial intelligence and virtual reality-based supporting platform and preliminary results. Applied Sciences, 11(10), 4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104624
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social Work (Other), Disabled Groups
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Çetintaş 0000-0003-2753-8428

Submission Date September 8, 2025
Acceptance Date December 26, 2025
Publication Date January 1, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 34

Cite

APA Çetintaş, F. (2026). Sosyal Hizmet Mesleğinde Engelli Bireylere Yönelik Yapay Zekâ Destekli Uygulamalar ve Mesleki Kullanım Önerileri. Asya Studies, 9(34), 231-252.

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