Evaluation of Heritage Tourism, Tourist Motivaton and Memorable Tourism Experience

Year 2024, , 280 - 300, 29.02.2024

Bedriye Çilem Soylu , Bayram Şahin

https://doi.org/10.53353/atrss.1370344

Abstract

Developments with globalization have led to changes in tourists' expectations and travel preferences. With this change, tourists have turned to alternative tourism activities. Travel for cultural heritage tourism, which is one of the alternative tourism types, is also increasing. Therefore, it is important to understand the wants and needs of tourists participating in cultural heritage tourism. In this context, it is thought that revealing the motivation and memorable experience elements of tourists is important in determining tourism strategies for cultural activities. The aim of the research is to determine the motivation and memorable tourism experience elements of domestic tourists participating in the camel wrestling festival, which is rich in intangible cultural heritage. Face-to-face interviews with 14 previous attendees were conducted and analyzed using the Maxqda 20 program. As a result of the study, the motivational factors of the participants were found to be excitement, passion, cultural belonging, curiosity, family tradition, enjoyment and socializing. The factors that made the participants' experience memorable were knowledge, festival atmosphere, hedonism and participation. Recommendations were developed in line with the results obtained.

Keywords

Heritage tourism, tourist motivation, memorable tourism experience

Miras Turizmi Kapsamında Turist Motivasyonunun ve Unutulmaz Turizm Deneyiminin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Küreselleşmeyle birlikte yaşanan gelişmeler turistlerin beklenti ve seyahat tercihlerinde de değişime sebep olmuştur. Bu değişimle birlikte turistler alternatif turizm faaliyetlerine yönelmiştir. Alternatif turizm türlerinden biri olan kültürel miras turizmine yönelik seyahatler de giderek artış göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla kültürel miras turizmine katılan turistlerin istek ve ihtiyaçlarının anlaşılması elzemdir. Bu kapsamda turistlerin motivasyon ve unutulmaz deneyim unsurlarının ortaya koyulmasının kültürel etkinliklere yönelik turizm stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı somut olmayan kültürel miras açısından zengin olan deve güreşleri festivaline katılan yerli turistlerin motivasyon ve unutulmaz turizm deneyimi unsurlarının tespit edilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda daha önce deve güreşlerine katılmış 14 kişi ile yüz yüze görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler Maxqda 20 programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, katılımcıların motivasyon unsurları heyecan, tutku, kültürel aidiyet, merak, aile geleneği, eğlenme ve sosyalleşme olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Katılımcıların deneyimini unutulmaz kılan faktörler ise bilgi, festival atmosferi, hedonizm ve katılım olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Keywords

Miras turizmi, turist motivasyonu, unutulmaz turizm deneyimi

References

• Adongo, R., Choe, J. Y. & Han, H. (2017). Tourism in Hoi An, Vietnam: Impacts, perceived benefits, community attachment and support for tourism development. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 17 (2), 86–106.
• Akkuş, G. (2017). Kış turizmi destinasyonunda yaşanan unutulmaz turizm deneyimleri: Kültürlerarası karşılaştırma. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 14 (3), 223-236.
• Albayrak, T. & Caber, M. (2018). Examining the relationship between tourist motivation and satisfaction by two competing methods. Tourism Management, 69, 201-213.
• Ali, F. (2015). Heritage tourist experience, nostalgia, and behavioural intentions. Anatolia, 26 (3), 472-475.
• Aliağaoğlu, A. (2004). Sosyo-kültürel miras turizmi ve Türkiye’den örnekler. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 2 (2), 50-64.
• Alrawadieh, Z., Prayag, G., Alrawadieh, Z. & Alsalameen, M. (2019). Self-identification with a heritage tourism site, visitors’ engagement and destination loyalty: the mediating effects of overall satisfaction. The Service Industries Journal, 39 (7-8), 541-558.
• Ar, H. (2015). Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirasın Korunmasında Turist Rehberlerinin Rolü. (Yüksek lisans tezi), Balıkesir Üniversitesi: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Aydın, S. & Sezerel, H. (2017). Seyahat motivasyonlarına ilişkin bir yazın incelemesi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 7 (2), 118-140.
• Aydoğdu Atasoy, Ö. (2018). Somut olmayan kültürel mirasın korunmasında icracı kurum T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığının çalışmaları üzerine bir değerlendirme (2006-2016). (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Baloglu, S. & Uysal, M. (1996). Market segments of push and pull motivations: a canonical correlation approach. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8 (3), 32-38.
• Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel araştırma süreci: Nitel bir araştırma nasıl yapılır? Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5 (2), 368-388.
• Battour, M., Ismail, M. N., Battor, M. & Awais, M. (2017). Islamic tourism: An empirical examination of travel motivation and satisfaction in Malaysia. Current Issues in Tourism, 20 (1), 50-67.
• Bayih, B. E. & Singh, A. (2020). Modeling domestic tourism: motivations, satisfaction and tourist behavioral intentions. Heliyon, 6(9), 1-17.
• Bayrakçı, S. & Akdağ, G. (2016). Yerel yemek tüketim motivasyonlarının turistlerin tekrar ziyaret eğilimlerine etkisi: Gaziantep'i ziyaret eden yerli turistler üzerine bir araştırma. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 27 (1), 96-110.
• Biran, A., Poria, Y. & Oren, G. (2011). Sought experiences at (dark) heritage sites. Annals of Tourism Research, 38 (3), 820-841.
• Bogari, N. B., Crowther, G. & Marr, N. E. (2003). Motivation for domestic tourism: A case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tourism Analysis, 8, 137-141.
• Bogicevic, V., Seo, S., Kandampully, J. A., Liu, S. Q. & Rudd, N. A. (2019). Virtual reality presence as a preamble of tourism experience: The role of mental imagery. Tourism Management, 74, 55-64.
• Chandralal, L. & Valenzuela, F.-R. (2013). Exploring memorable tourism experiences: Antecedents and behavioural outcomes. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1 (2), 177-181.
• Chauhan, E. (2022). Residents’ motivations to participate in decision-making for cultural heritage tourism: Case study of New Delhi. Sustainability, 14 (14), 8406.
• Chen, C. F. & Chen, F. S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31 (1), 29–35.
• Chen, H. & Rahman, I. (2018). Cultural tourism: An analysis of engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience and destination loyalty. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 153-163.
• Çalık, İ. & Ödemiş, M. (2018). Gümüşhane ilinin somut olmayan kültürel miras değerlerinin sürdürülebilir turizm çerçevesinde incelenmesine yönelik nitel bir araştırma. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 16, 833-843.
• Çetin, B. & Perçin, N. Ş. (2021). Japon turistlerin seyahat motivasyonlarının turist memnuniyeti ve tekrar ziyaret etme niyeti üzerine etkisi: Kapadokya örneği. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (25), 598-623.
• Çetinkaya, N. & Yıldız, S. (2018). Somut olmayan kültürel miras unsuru Erzurum lavaş (acem) ekmeğinin turistik ürüne dönüştürülmesine yönelik bir çalışma. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (Ek1), 430-452.
• Çulha, O. (2008). Kültür turizmi kapsamında destekleyici turistik ürün olarak deve güreşi festivalleri üzerine bir alan çalışması. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 3 (12), 1827-1852.
• Dagustani, D., Kartini, D., Oesman, Y. M. & Kaltum, U. (2018). Destination image of tourist: Effect of travel motivation and memorable tourism experience. Etikonomi, 17 (2), 307-318.
• De Rojas, C. & Camarero, C. (2008). Visitors’ experience, mood and satisfaction in a heritage context: Evidence from an interpretation center. Tourism Management, 29 (3), 525-537.
• Emekli, G. (2003). Kültür mirasının kültürel turizm yaklaşımıyla değerlendirilmesi. Coğrafi Çevre Koruma ve Turizm Sempozyumu, 16-18, Nisan 2003, İzmir, s. 43-49.
• Erkekli, S. & Gülcan, B.(2021). Deneyimsel turizmde ürün kaynağı olarak SOKÜM ve Türkiye’nin potansiyeli. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 8 (4), 520-541.
• Fyall, A. & Garrod, B. (1998). Heritage tourism: At what price? Managing Leisure, 3 (4), 213–228.
• Fereday, J. ve Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5 (1), 80-92.
• Garrod, B. & Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3), 682-708.
• Gonzalo, R. P. A. (2011). Packaging heritage tourism: A value chain approach for creating heritage tourism experiences. International Journal of Agricultural Travel and Tourism, 2 (1), 71–86.
• Gözgeç Mutlu, H. Avcıkurt, C., & Filiz, A. (2020). Festival katılımcılarının motivasyonları ve turistik deneyimleri. International Journal of Contemporary Tourism Research, 4 (2), 219-233.
• Gülduran, Ç. A. & Gürdoğan, A. (2021). Çalışanların somut olmayan kültürel miras tutumlarının belirlenmesi: Muğla İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü örneği. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 8 (1), 94-119.
• Hernandez-Rojas, R. D., del Río, J. A. J., Fernandez, A. I. & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). The cultural and heritage tourist, SEM analysis: the case of The Citadel of the Catholic King. Heritage science, 9 (1), 1-19.
• Hosany, S., Sthapit, E. & Björk, P. (2022). Memorable tourism experience: A review and research agenda. Psychology & Marketing, 39 (8), 1467-1486.
• Hsu, C. H., Cai, L. A., & Li, M. (2010). Expectation, motivation, and attitude: A tourist behavioral model. Journal of travel research, 49 (3), 282-296.
• Hsu, F. C., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y. & Lee, T. J. (2022). Decision‐making behavior in the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 24 (6), 800-812.
• Huang, S. & Hsu, C.H. (2009). Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. Journal of Travel Research, 48 (1), 29-44.
• Huete-Alcocer, N. & Hernandez-Rojas, R. D. (2022). Does local cuisine influence the image of a World Heritage destination and subsequent loyalty to that destination? International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 27, 1-9.
• Jang, S.S. & Feng, R. (2007). Temporal destination revisit intention: the effects of novelty seeking and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 28, 580-590.
• Jansen-Verbeke, M. & Rekom, J. V. (1996). Scanning museum visitors: Urban tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2), 364-375.
• Ji, D. W. & Park, J. W. (2018). A study on the relationship between service quality (HISTOQAUL) and experience flow, tourism satisfaction and loyalty in cultural heritage tourism. Journal of the Korean Society for Quality Management, 46 (3), 607-624.
• Karapınar, E. & Barakazı, M. (2017). Kültürel miras turizminin sürdürülebilir turizm açısından değerlendirilmesi: Göbeklitepe ören yeri. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), 5-18.
• Kasim, A., Dzakiria, H., Park, C., Azila, N., Nor, M. & Mokhtar, F. M. (2013). Predictors of travel motivations: the case of domestic tourists to ısland destinations in northwest of Malaysia. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism Research, 24 (2), 188-205.
• Kempiak, J., Hollywood, L., Bolan, P. & McMahon-Beattie, U. (2017). The heritage tourist: An understanding of the visitor experience at heritage attractions. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23 (4), 375-392.
• Kerstetter, D. L., Confer, J. J. & Graefe, A. R. (2001). An exploration of the specialization concept within the context of heritage tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 39 (3), 267–274.
• Kim, H. & Chen, J. S. (2016). Destination image formation process: A holistic model. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 22 (2), 154-166.
• Kim, J. (2010). Determining the factors affecting the memorable nature of travel experiences. Journal of Travel and TourismMarketing, 27 (8), 780-796.
• Kim, J. H. & Ritchie, J. B. (2014). Cross-cultural validation of a memorable tourism experience scale (MTES). Journal of Travel Research, 53 (3), 323–335.
• Kim, J. H. (2018). The impact of memorable tourism experiences on loyalty behaviors: The mediating effects of destination ımage and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 57 (7), 856-870.
• Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B. & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51 (1), 12-25.
• Kim, S., Whitford, M. & Arcodia, C. (2019). Development of intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource: The intangible cultural heritage practitioners’ perspectives. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14 (5-6), 422-435.
• Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations. Tourism Management, 23, 221-232.
• Kozak, M. (2018). Bilimsel Araştırma: Tasarım, Yazım ve Yayım Teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Lam, T. & Hsu, C. H. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27 (4), 589-599.
• Lee, Y. J. (2015). Creating memorable experiences in a reuse heritage site. Annals of Tourism Research, 55, 155-170.
• Leong, D. C. K. (2016). Heritage or hesitate? Preserving authenticity in Hong Kong tourism. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 16 (4), 191–202.
• Li, M., Zhang, H., & Cai, L. (2016). A subcultural analysis of tourism motivations. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40 (1), 85-113.
• Li, Y. & Hunter, C. (2015). Community ınvolvement for sustainable heritage tourism: a conceptual model. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 5 (3), 248-26.
• Lopez-Guzman, T., Torres Naranjo, M., P´erez Galvez, J. C., & Carvache Franco, W. (2019). Segmentation and motivation of foreign tourists in world heritage sites. A case study, Quito (Ecuador). Current Issues in Tourism, 22 (10), 1170-1189.
• Lu, W., Su, Y., Su, S., Zhao, J., & Zhang, L. (2022). Perceived authenticity and experience quality in intangible cultural heritage tourism: The case of Kunqu Opera in China. Sustainability, 14 (5), 29-40.
• McDonald, H. (2011). Understanding the antecedents to public interest and engagement with heritage. European Journal of Marketing, 45 (5), 780-804.
• McKercher, B., Ho, P. S. Y., du Cros, H. & So-Ming, B. C. (2002). Activities-based segmentation of the cultural tourism market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 12 (1), 23-46.
• Medina-Viruel, M. J., Lopez-Guzman, T., Galvez, J. C. P. & Jara-Alba, C. (2019). Emotional perception and tourist satisfaction in world heritage cities: The Renaissance monumental site of úbeda and baeza, Spain. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 27, 100226.
• Meydan Uygur, S. & Baykan, E. (2007). Kültür turizmi ve turizmin kültürel varlıklar üzerindeki etkileri. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 30-49.
• Mgxekwa, B. B., Scholtz, M., & Saayman, M. (2017). Creating a memorable experience for Nelson Mandela heritage site visitors. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6 (1), 1-16.
• Moscardo, G. (1996). Mindful visitors. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 376-397.
• Neal, J., Sirgy, M., & Uysal, M. (1999). The role of satisfaction with leisure travel/tourism services and experiences in satisfaction with leisurelife and overall life. Journal of Business Research, 44 (3), 153–163.
• Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., & Ladkin, A. (2014). A typology of technology-enhanced tourism experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16, 340-350.
• Nguyen, T. H. H. & Cheung, C. (2014).The classification of heritage visitors: A case of Hue City, Vietnam. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9 (1), 35-50.
• Nguyen, T. H. H. & Cheung, C. (2015). Toward an understanding of tourists’ authentic heritage experiences: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37 (7), 999-1010.
• Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism Management,17 (3), 165-174.
• Öter, Z., & Özdoğan, O. N. (2005). Kültür amaçlı seyahat eden turistlerde destinasyon imajı: Selçuk-efes örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16 (2), 127-136.
• Özkan, Ç. & Koleoğlu, N. (2019). Turistlerin seyahat motivasyonları ve memnuniyet düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki: Kanonik korelasyon analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21 (3), 981-994. Pelit, E. & Türkoğlu, T. (2020). Somut olmayan kültürel miras kaynaklarının turizm çekiciliği kapsamında değerlendirilmesi: Ebru sanatı örneği. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 7 (1), 1-30.
• Poria, Y., Butler, R. & Airey, D. (2001). Clarifying heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 28, 1047-1049.
• Poria, Y., Butler, R. & Airey, D. (2003). The core of heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30 (1), 238-254.
• Poria, Y., Butler, R. & Airey, D. (2004). Links between tourists, heritage, and reasons for visiting heritage sites. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (1), 19-28.
• Poria, Y., Reichel, A. & Biran, A. (2006). Heritage site management: Motivations and expectations. Annals of Tourism Research, 33 (1), 162-178.
• Poria, Y., Reichel, A., & Cohen, R. (2013). Tourists perceptions of world heritage site and its designation. Tourism management, 35, 272-274.
• Qiu, Q., Zuo, Y. & Zhang, M. (2022). Intangible Cultural Heritage in Tourism: Research Review and Investigation of Future Agenda. Land, 11 (1), 1-22.
• Ramires, A., Brandao, F. & Sousa, A.C. (2018). Motivation-based cluster analysis of international tourists visiting a world heritage city: The case of Porto, Portugal. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 49-60.
• Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M. & Hatamifar, P. (2021). Understanding memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions of heritage tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 1-14.
• Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rather, R. A. & Hall, C. M. (2022). Investigating the mediating role of visitor satisfaction in the relationship between memorable tourism experiences and behavioral intentions in heritage tourism context. Tourism Review, 77 (2), 687-709.
• Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 12-21.
• Santa Cruz, F. G., Lopez-Guzman, T., Gallo, L. S. P. & Rodriguez-Gutierrez, P. (2019). Tourist loyalty and intangible cultural heritage: The case of Popayan, Colombia. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 10 (2), 172-188.
• Santa Cruz, G. F., Pemberthy Gallo, L. S., Lopez-Guzman, T. & Perez Galvez, J. C. (2020). Tourist segmentation in an intangible heritage setting: The Holy Week processions in the city of Popayan, Colombia. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15 (5), 485-499.
• Seyfi, S., Hall, C. & Rasoolimanesh, S. (2020). Exploring memorable cultural tourism experiences. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15 (3), 341-357.
• Soybalı, H. H., Çoban, E. & Türkoğlu, T. (2022). Turizm rehberliği bölümü öğrencilerinin somut olmayan kültürel miras değerlerine yönelik bilgi, deneyim ve tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Turist Rehberliği Dergisi (TURED), 5 (2), 161-181.
• Stamboulis, Y., & Skayannis, P. (2003). Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism. Tourism Management, 24 (1), 35-43.
• Swarbrooke, J. (1994). The future of the past: Heritage tourism into the 2lst century. In A. V. Seaton (Ed.), Tourism: The state of the art (pp. 222-229). Chichester: John Wiley.
• Tan, S. K., Lim, H. H., Tan, S. H. & Kok, Y. S. (2020). A cultural creativity framework for the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44 (3), 439-471.
• Timothy, D. J. & Boyd, S. W. (2003). Heritage Tourism. New York: Pearson Education.
• Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
• Tsai, C. T. (2016). Memorable tourist experiences and place attachment when consuming local food. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18 (6), 536-548.
• Tsaur, S.-H., Lin, Y.-C. & Lin, J.-H. (2006). Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource, community and tourism. Tourism Management, 27 (4), 640-653.
• Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38 (4), 1367-1386.
• Türker, A. & Çelik, İ. (2012). Somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurlarının turistik ürün olarak geliştirilmesine yönelik alternatif öneriler. Yeni Fikir Dergisi, 4 (9), 86-98.
• Uriely, N. (2005). The tourist experience: Conceptual developments. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (1), 199-216.
• Uysal, M. & Hagan, L. A. R. (1993). Motivation of pleasure travel and tourism. Encyclopedia of Hospitality and Tourism, 21, 798-810.
• Vong, L. T.-N. & Ung, A. (2012). Exploring critical factors of Macau’s heritage tourism: what heritage tourists are looking for when visiting the city’s iconic heritage site. Asia Pacific Journal Oftourism Research, 17 (3), 231-245.
• Waitt, G. (2000). Consuming heritage: Perceived historical authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (4), 835-862.
• Wang, X. & Mei, H. (2006). Tourist satisfaction of tourism destination: model and empirical study. Journal of Beijing International Studies University (Tourism Edition), (137), 58-62.
• Wu, H. C. & Li, T. (2017). A study of experiential quality, perceived value, heritage image, experiential satisfaction, and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41 (8), 904-944.
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yoon, Y. & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26 (1), 45-56.
• Yu, C. P., Chang, W. C. & Ramanpong, J. (2019). Assessing visitors’ memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) in forest recreation destination: A case study in Xitou nature education area. Forests, 10 (8), 636.
• Zhang, H., Wu, Y. & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 326-336.