Pink Cards in Men's World: How Do Women in The Green Fields View Refereeing

Abstract

According to May 2019 data, there are about 6750 referees in total taking part in 13 classifications of the Turkish football leagues and about 80 of these referees are female. Only 1.18% of the football referees serving in the Turkish football leagues are female and this reveals the fact that women are inadequately represented within the football world in Turkey. This study aims to address opinions and thoughts based on the professional experience of female referees working under the umbrella of the Turkish Football Federation. The findings indicate that female referees encounter negative experiences in two different ways: “physiological” and “sociological/social”. Additionally, female referees have positive experiences under the titles of “spirituality”, “professional acquisition” and "fair-play spirit".

Keywords

• Futbol,Kadın hakem

Erkek Dünyasında Pembe Kartlar: Yeşil Sahalardaki Kadınların Hakemliğe Bakışı

Abstract

Türkiye’de 2019 yılı Mayıs ayı verilerine göre futbol liglerinde 13 klasmanda yaklaşık 6750 hakem görev yaparken bu hakemlerin yaklaşık 80 tanesi kadın hakemdir. Türkiye futbol liglerinde görev yapan hakemlerin sadece %1,18’inin kadın futbol hakemlerinden oluşması kadın futbol hakemlerinin Türkiye’deki futbol dünyası içerisinde yetersiz düzeyde temsil edildiklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu bünyesinde aktif olarak hakemlik yapan kadın hakemlerin mesleki deneyimlerine dayanarak, görüş ve düşünceleri ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular kadın hakemlerin “fizyolojik” ve “sosyolojik/toplumsal” olarak iki farklı açıdan olumsuz deneyim yaşadıklarını göstermektedir. Bunun yanı sıra kadın hakemler  “maneviyat”, “mesleki kazanım” ve “fair-play ruhu” başlıkları altında olumlu deneyim yaşamaktadırlar.

References

1. Arslan, B. (2012). Türkiye’de kadın futbolcu profili.
2. Balcı, A. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntem, Teknik ve İlkeler. Akademi Yayıncılık, Ankara.
3. Castillo, D., Yanci, J., Casajús, JA, & Cámara, J. (2016). Futbol hakemlerinin fiziksel uygunluğu ve fizyolojik özellikleri. Science & Sports , 31 (1), 27-35.
4. Caudwell, J. (2011). Gender, feminism and football studies. Soccer & Society, 12(3), 330-344.
5. Caudwell, J. (2013). Women's football in the UK: continuing with gender analyses. Routledge.
6. Clark, J. S., Apostolopoulou, A., & Gladden, J. M. (2009). Real women watch football: Gender differences in the consumption of the NFL Super Bowl broadcast. Journal of promotion Management, 15(1-2), 165-183.
7. Cleland, J., O’Gorman, J., & Webb, T. (2017). Respect? An investigation into the experience of referees in association football. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 1012690216687979.
8. Cox, B., & Thompson, S. (2001). Facing the bogey: Women, football and sexuality. Football Studies, 4(2), 7-24.

9. Forbes, A., Edwards, L., & Fleming, S. (2015). ‘Women can’t referee’: exploring the experiences of female football officials within UK football culture. Soccer & society, 16(4), 521-539.
10. Friman, M., Nyberg, C., & Norlander, T. (2004). Threats and aggression directed at soccer referees: An empirical phenomenological psychological study. The qualitative report, 9(4), 652-672.
11. Hacicaferoglu, S., & Gündogdu, C. (2014). Surveying the exposure level of intimidation (mobbing) behaviours of the football referees. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(1), 120.
12. Hofacre, S. (1994). The women's audience in professional indoor soccer. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 3(2), 25-27.
13. Jaenes Sánchez, J. C., Peñaloza Gómez, R., Méndez-Ruiz, M. P., Ponce-Carbajal, N., & Jaenes-Amarillo, P. I. (2018). Male and female grassroots football players: yellow, red cards and incidents. What's the difference?. Revista de psicología del deporte, 27(3), 0018-23.
14. James, J. D., & Ridinger, L. L. (2002). Female and male sport fans: A comparison of sport consumption motives. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25(3), 260.
15. Jones, C., & Edwards, L. L. (2013). The woman in black: Exposing sexist beliefs about female officials in elite men’s football. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 7(2), 202-216.
16. Jones, K. W. (2008). Female fandom: Identity, sexism, and men’s professional football in England. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25(4), 516-537.
17. Knijnik, J., & Horton, P. (2013). " Only beautiful women need apply" human rights and gender in Brazilian football. Creative Approaches to Research, 6(1), 60.
18. Koca, C., Bulgu, N., & Bilimleri, S. (2005). Spor Ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Genel Bir Bakış.
19. Lanfranchi, P., Eisenberg, C., Mason, T., & Wahl, A. (2009). 100 years of football: The FIFA centennial book. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
20. Larkin, J., Razack, S., & Moola, F. (2007). Gender, sport and development. Literature Reviews on Sport for Development and Peace, 89-123.
21. Lewis, C., Roberts, S., & Andrews, H. (2017). Women into coaching. Sport and Discrimination, 72, 77.
22. Leymann, H. (1993). Ätiologie und Häufigkeit von Mobbing am Arbeitsplatz-eine Übersicht über die bisherige Forschung. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 7(2), 271-284.
23. Lopez, S. (1997). Women on the ball: a guide to women's football. Scarlet Press.
24. Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
25. Nelson, M. B. (1994). The stronger women get, the more men love football: Sexism and the American culture of sports. Quill.
26. Orta, L. (2002). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Futbol Hakemliğinin Başlangıcı ve Gelişimi. Spor Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, 16.
27. Öztürk, P., & Koca, C. Futbolun “Ötekisi” Kadınlar, Fotoğrafın “Ötekisi” Fotoromanı Yazıyor.
28. Pina, J. A., Passos, A., Araújo, D., & Maynard, M. T. (2017). Football refereeing: An integrative review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise.
29. Pope, S. (2017). The feminization of sports fandom: A sociological study. Taylor & Francis.
30. Pope, S. (2018) Female Football Players And Fans.
31. Radnedge, K. (1997). The ultimate encyclopedia of soccer: the definitive illustrated guide to world soccer. Hodder & Stoughton.
32. Reid, K. (2016). The Untold Stories of Women Soccer Referees(Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa).
33. Reilly, T. (2003). Science and soccer. Routledge.
34. Rullang, C., Emrich, E., & Pierdzioch, C. (2017). Why do referees end their careers and which factors determine the duration of a referee’s career?. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS).
35. Schnyder, U., & Hossner, EJ (2016). Futbolda görev alan psikolojik meseleler: Üst düzey hakemlerle yapılan röportaj çalışması. Spor Biliminde Güncel Konular (CISS) .
36. Scraton, S., & Flintoff, A. (Eds.). (2002). Gender and sport: A reader. Psychology Press.
37. Scraton, S., Fasting, K., Pfister, G., & Bunuel, A. (1999). It's still a man's game? The experiences of top-level European women footballers. International review for the sociology of sport, 34(2), 99-111.
38. Stirling, L., & Schulz, J. (2011). Women's Football: Still in the Hands of Men. Choregia, 7(2).
39. Strittmatter, A. M., & Skirstad, B. (2017). Managing football organizations: a man’s world? Comparing women in decision-making positions in Germany and Norway and their international influence: a contextual approach. Soccer & Society, 18(1), 81-101.
40. Theberge, N. (1993). The construction of gender in sport: Women, coaching, and the naturalization of difference. Social Problems, 40(3), 301-313.
41. Wangari, G., Wango, G., & Kimani, E. (2017). Challenges Faced By Women Football Players Who Partıcıpate In Football Leagues. Journal of Developing Country Studies, 2(1), 13-35.
42. Williams, J. (2013). A Game for Rough Girls?: A History of Women's Football in Britian. Routledge.
43. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara.
44. Ziviani, J., MacDonald, D., Ward, H., Jenkins, D., & Rodger, S. (2008). Physical activity of young children: a two-year follow-up. Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics, 28(1), 25-39.
45. http://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=286&ftxtID=15573&1317pg=2
46. http://www.ktff.net/Anasayfa/Download?path=~%2FContent%2Fwebimages%2Fdosya%2FKADIN%20FUTBOLUNU%20GEL%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RME%20projesi.pdf&dosyaad%C4%B1=KADIN%20FUTBOLUNU%20GEL%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RME%20projesi.pdf
47. https://www.itohaber.com/haber/guncel/202247/yesil_sahalarin_sultanlari.html
48. http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=161
49. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.5b6ee6736da047.59223834