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Teknoloji ile Zenginleştirilmiş Öğrenmeye Yönelik Öğretim Elemanı Geliştirme Altyapısı

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 21 - 38, 15.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.415537

Abstract



 Eğitimin ulusal sınırlardan küresel bir boyuta taşındığı ve bilgi toplumu olma yolunda politikaların ön plana çıktığı günümüzde, Türkiye’de yükseköğretim kurumları ve öğrenci sayısındaki büyümenin salt niceliksel değil niteliksel olarak da amaçlanması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle bu kurumlarda çalışan öğretim elemanlarının mesleki gelişimi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu gelişimin temel hedeflerinden biri öğretim ve öğrenmeyi etkileyen faktörlerin önde geleni olan teknolojinin en etkin şekilde kullanılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada, yurtdışında teknoloji ile zenginleştirilmiş öğrenmeyi hedefleyen bir üniversitenin öğretim elemanı mesleki gelişim altyapısı gözlem ve görüşmelerle incelenmiştir. Nicel araştırma yaklaşımı ile öğretim elemanlarının kullandıkları teknolojik ortam, araç ve yöntemlere ilişkin veriler bir anketle toplanmıştır. Kurumda etkin temel girişimler, Öğretim Tasarımı Bölümü, Öğretim Elemanı Gelişim Komitesi ve Öğretim Elemanı Öğrenme Topluluklarıdır. Sonuçta öğretim üyelerinin, en çok çevrimiçi Öğrenme Yönetim Sisteminin kullandığı; materyallere erişim, ders etkinliklerini yönetmek ve öğrencilerle iletişimde yarar sağladıkları belirlenmiştir. Kendilerini geliştirmek için bir uzmana danışmayı daha çok tercih etmektedirler. Türkiye için önerilen, çevrimiçi eğitim ile öğretim elemanı geliştirme çalışmalarının ülkemizin kurumsal ve akademik yapısına uygun olarak ele alınmasıdır. 

References

  • Bilgiç, H. G., Doğan, D. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2011). Türkiye’de yükseköğretimde çevrimiçi öğretimin durumu: İhtiyaçlar, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 1(2), 80-87. doi:10.2399/yod.11.080
  • Blyth, R. D., May, M. K. & Rainbolt, J. G. (2006). Effective live online faculty development workshops: One Model. Educause Quarterly (4).
  • Brew, A., Boud, D. (1996). Preparing for new academic roles: A holistic approach to development. The International Journal for Academic Development, 1(2), 17-25. doi:10.1080/1360/44960010203
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem. ISBN: 9789944919289
  • Centra, J. A. (1976). Faculty development practices in U.S. colleges and universities. New Jersey: Educational Testing Service.
  • Chism, N., Gosling, D. & Sorcinelli, M.D. (2010). International faculty development. K. Herr ve D. Robertson (Ed.), A Guide to faculty development, 243-258. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN:978-0-470-40557-4
  • Cox, M. D. (2004). Introduction to faculty learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 97, 5-23. doi: 10.1002/tl.129
  • Çağıltay, K. (2010). Eğitim ve teknoloji: Bardak dolu mu boş mu ya da nasıl doldururuz? ÖDTÜ’lüler Bülteni, Mart 2010.
  • Çetinsaya, G. (2014). Büyüme, kalite, uluslararasılaşma: Türkiye yükseköğretimi için bir yol haritası. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Yayın No: 2014/2. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. ISBN:978-978-975-7916
  • Dahlstrom, E. (2015). Educational Technology and Faculty Development in Higher Education. Research report. Louisville, CO: ECAR, June 2015. Erişim https://library.educause.edu/resources/2015/6/educational-technology-and-faculty-development-in-higher-education
  • Dede, C. (2003). Distributed-learning communities as a model for educating teachers. R. Ferdig vd. (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2004, (s. 3-12). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
  • Diaz, M. J. F., Santaolalla, R. C. & Gonzalez, A. G. (2010). Faculty attitudes and training needs to respond the new European higher education challenges. Higher Education, 60 (1), 101–118.
  • Dünya Bankası (2000). Higher education in developing countries: Peril and Promise. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington DC: The World Bank. ISBN: 0-8213-4630-X
  • Eddy, P. L. (2007). Faculty development in rural community colleges. New Directions for Community Colleges, (137), 65-76. doi:10.1002/cc.271
  • Elçi, A. & Yaratan, H. (2012). Faculty Beliefs and Needs: Opening the Gate to ICT-based Professional Development in Teaching and Learning. Germany: Lambert Academic. ISBN: 978-3659313943
  • Ferman, T. (2002). Academic professional development practice: What lecturers find valuable. The International Journal for Academic Development, 7(2), 146-158. doi:10.1080/1360144032000071305
  • Field, J. (2005). e-mentoring. S. Fallows ve R. Bhanot (Ed.), The staff and educational development series (SEDA). Quality issues in ICT-based higher education. NY: RoutledgeFalmer. ISBN:0-415-33520-5
  • Gillespie, K. J. (2010). Organizational Development. Gillespie, K. J. ve Robertson, D.L. (Ed.) A guide to faculty development. CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN:978-0- 470-40557-4
  • Gregory, J. & Salmon, G. (2013). Professional development for online university teaching. Distance Education, 34(3), 256-270. doi:10.1080/01587919.2013 .835771
  • Harland, T., Staniforth, D. (2003). Academic Development as Academic Work. International Journal for Academic Development, 8(1/2), 25–35. doi:10.1080/1360144042000277919
  • HEFCE (2009). Enhancing learning and teaching through the use of technology: A revised approach to HEFCE’s strategy for e-learning. Higher Education Founding Council for England. Erişim http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/09_12.pdf
  • Hubball, H. T., Poole, G. (2003). A learning-centered faculty certificate programme on university teaching. International Journal for Academic Development, 8(1/2), 11-24. doi: 10.1080/1360144042000277900
  • ICED (2006). The International Consortium for Educational Development in Higher Education. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 67-69. doi:10.1080/13601440600787869
  • Kabakçı, I., Odabaşı, H. F. (2008). The organization of the faculty development programs for research assistants: The Case of Education Faculties in Turkey. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology (TOJET), 7(3).
  • Kızıltepe, Z. (2010). Purposes and identities of higher education institutions, and relatedly the role of the faculty. Eurasian Journal of Education and Research, (40), 17-31.
  • Kiraz, E., Özdemir, D. (2006). The relationship between educational ideologies and technology acceptance in preservice teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 9(2), 152-165.
  • Kisner, M. J., Elliott, F. E., Foster, P. M., Covington, M. A., King, M. G. & Liou, K. T. (1998). Professional development needs assessment survey of inservice clients of the center for vocational professional personnel development at the Pennsylvania State University. Pittsburg: Pennsylvania State University, The Center for Vocational Professional Personnel Development.
  • Knowles, M. (1984). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. Houston: Gulf. ISBN:0-87201-005-8
  • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning experience as a source of learning and development. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780132952613
  • Lally, V. & McConnell, D. (2005). Networked professional development. Fallows & R. Bhanot (Ed.), The staff and educational development series, Quality issues in ICT-based higher education. NY: RoutledgeFalmer. ISBN:0–415–33520–5
  • Layne, J., Froyd, J, Simpson, N., Caso, R. & Merton, P. (2004). Understanding and improving faculty professional development in teaching. ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference’da sunuldu. Erişim http://fie-conference.org/fie2004/papers/1420.pdf
  • Lawler, P. A. & King, K. P. (2000). Planning for effective faculty development: Using adult learning strategies. Professional Practices in adult education and human resource development. FL: Krieger. ISBN: 1-57524-105-6
  • McQuiggan, C. A. (2007). The Role of Faculty Development in Online Teaching’s Potential to Question Teaching Beliefs and Assumptions. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 10(3).
  • Moeini, H. (2003). A Need Analysis Study for Faculty Development Programs in METU and Structural Equations Modeling of Faculty Needs. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Middle East Technical University, Ankara. Erişim http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/445320/index.pdf
  • Odabaşı, H. F. (2003). Faculty point of view on faculty development. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (24), 86-89.
  • Odabaşı, H. F. (2005) The status and need for faculty development in Turkey. International Journal of Academic Development, 10(2), 139-142.
  • ÖSYS (2016). 2016 ÖSYS yerleştirme sonuçlarına ilişkin sayısal bilgiler. Erişim http://dokuman.osym.gov.tr/pdfdokuman/2016/LYS/YerlestirmeSayisalBilgiler10082016.pdf
  • Randall, L. E. (2008). Rethinking faculty development: Toward sustaining a community of learners. Senate Forum, 24(1),18-22.
  • Richlin, L. & Essington, A. (2004). Overview of Faculty Learning Communities. M. D. Cox ve L. Richlin (Ed.), Building faculty learning communities (s. 5-23). New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 97, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN: 978-0-7879-7568-5
  • Rhoades, G. (2012). Faculty Engagement to Enhance Student Attainment. Paper prepared for National Commission on Higher Education Attainment. Erişim https://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Documents/Faculty-Engagement-to-Enhance-Student-Attainment--Rhoades.pdf
  • Saena, A. (2003). Arizona State University East Professional Development Survey Report. Erişim http://poly.asu.edu/Final%20Survey%20Report[1].pdf
  • Salmon, G., Angood, R. (2013). Sleeping with the enemy. British Journal of Educational Technology. 44(6), 916-925. doi: 10.1111/bjet.12097
  • Shephard, K. (2004). The role of educational developers in the expansion of educational technology. International Journal for Academic Development, 9(1), 67–83. doi: 10.1080/1360144042000296062
  • Sherer, P.D., Shea, T. P. & Kristensen, E. (2003). Online communities of practice: A catalyst for faculty development. Innovative Higher Education, 27(3), 183-194. doi:10.1023/A:1022355226924
  • Soran, H., Akkoyunlu, B. & Kavak, Y. (2006). Life-long learning skills and training faculty members: A project at Hacettepe University. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 30, 201-210.
  • Sorcinelli, M. D., Austin, A. E., Eddy, P. L. & Beach, A.L. (2006). The evolution of faculty development. Creating the Future of Faculty Development: Learning From the Past, Understanding the Present. MA: Anker. ISBN: 978-1-882982-87-5
  • Sydow, D. L. (1993). A plan for revitalization: Maximizing professional development Opportunity. Report prepared for the Virginia Community College System in April, 1993.
  • Sydow, D. L. (1998). Outcomes of the VCCS Professional Development Initiative: 1993-1998. Report prepared for the Virginia Community College System (VCCS) in February, 1998.
  • Taylor, A. & McQuiggan, C. (2008). Faculty development programming: If we build it, will they come? Educause Quarterly, No. 3.
  • Ünver, G. (2010). Faculty members’ efficiency in learner- centered approach: Perspectives. Eurasian Journal of Education and Research, (41).
  • Vaughan, N. (2004). Technology in support of Faculty Learning Communities. M. D. Cox ve L. Richlin (Ed.), Building faculty learning communities (s. 5-23). New Directions for Teaching and Learning: No. 97, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN: 978-0- 7879-7568-5
  • Villar Angulo, L. M. & Alegre de la Rosa, O. M. (2006). Online faculty development in the Canary Islands: A study of e-mentoring. Higher Education in Europe, 31(1), 65-81. doi:10.1080/03797720600861243
  • Wallin, D.L. & Smith, C. L. (2005). Professional development needs of full-time faculty in technical Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 29(1), 87-108.
  • Yılmaz, D. & Kılıçoğlu, G. (2013). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations. European Journal of Research on Education, 1(1), 14-21.
  • YÖK (2016). Yükseköğrenim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi. Erişim http://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 21 - 38, 15.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.415537

Abstract

References

  • Bilgiç, H. G., Doğan, D. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2011). Türkiye’de yükseköğretimde çevrimiçi öğretimin durumu: İhtiyaçlar, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 1(2), 80-87. doi:10.2399/yod.11.080
  • Blyth, R. D., May, M. K. & Rainbolt, J. G. (2006). Effective live online faculty development workshops: One Model. Educause Quarterly (4).
  • Brew, A., Boud, D. (1996). Preparing for new academic roles: A holistic approach to development. The International Journal for Academic Development, 1(2), 17-25. doi:10.1080/1360/44960010203
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem. ISBN: 9789944919289
  • Centra, J. A. (1976). Faculty development practices in U.S. colleges and universities. New Jersey: Educational Testing Service.
  • Chism, N., Gosling, D. & Sorcinelli, M.D. (2010). International faculty development. K. Herr ve D. Robertson (Ed.), A Guide to faculty development, 243-258. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN:978-0-470-40557-4
  • Cox, M. D. (2004). Introduction to faculty learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 97, 5-23. doi: 10.1002/tl.129
  • Çağıltay, K. (2010). Eğitim ve teknoloji: Bardak dolu mu boş mu ya da nasıl doldururuz? ÖDTÜ’lüler Bülteni, Mart 2010.
  • Çetinsaya, G. (2014). Büyüme, kalite, uluslararasılaşma: Türkiye yükseköğretimi için bir yol haritası. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Yayın No: 2014/2. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. ISBN:978-978-975-7916
  • Dahlstrom, E. (2015). Educational Technology and Faculty Development in Higher Education. Research report. Louisville, CO: ECAR, June 2015. Erişim https://library.educause.edu/resources/2015/6/educational-technology-and-faculty-development-in-higher-education
  • Dede, C. (2003). Distributed-learning communities as a model for educating teachers. R. Ferdig vd. (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2004, (s. 3-12). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
  • Diaz, M. J. F., Santaolalla, R. C. & Gonzalez, A. G. (2010). Faculty attitudes and training needs to respond the new European higher education challenges. Higher Education, 60 (1), 101–118.
  • Dünya Bankası (2000). Higher education in developing countries: Peril and Promise. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington DC: The World Bank. ISBN: 0-8213-4630-X
  • Eddy, P. L. (2007). Faculty development in rural community colleges. New Directions for Community Colleges, (137), 65-76. doi:10.1002/cc.271
  • Elçi, A. & Yaratan, H. (2012). Faculty Beliefs and Needs: Opening the Gate to ICT-based Professional Development in Teaching and Learning. Germany: Lambert Academic. ISBN: 978-3659313943
  • Ferman, T. (2002). Academic professional development practice: What lecturers find valuable. The International Journal for Academic Development, 7(2), 146-158. doi:10.1080/1360144032000071305
  • Field, J. (2005). e-mentoring. S. Fallows ve R. Bhanot (Ed.), The staff and educational development series (SEDA). Quality issues in ICT-based higher education. NY: RoutledgeFalmer. ISBN:0-415-33520-5
  • Gillespie, K. J. (2010). Organizational Development. Gillespie, K. J. ve Robertson, D.L. (Ed.) A guide to faculty development. CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN:978-0- 470-40557-4
  • Gregory, J. & Salmon, G. (2013). Professional development for online university teaching. Distance Education, 34(3), 256-270. doi:10.1080/01587919.2013 .835771
  • Harland, T., Staniforth, D. (2003). Academic Development as Academic Work. International Journal for Academic Development, 8(1/2), 25–35. doi:10.1080/1360144042000277919
  • HEFCE (2009). Enhancing learning and teaching through the use of technology: A revised approach to HEFCE’s strategy for e-learning. Higher Education Founding Council for England. Erişim http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/09_12.pdf
  • Hubball, H. T., Poole, G. (2003). A learning-centered faculty certificate programme on university teaching. International Journal for Academic Development, 8(1/2), 11-24. doi: 10.1080/1360144042000277900
  • ICED (2006). The International Consortium for Educational Development in Higher Education. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 67-69. doi:10.1080/13601440600787869
  • Kabakçı, I., Odabaşı, H. F. (2008). The organization of the faculty development programs for research assistants: The Case of Education Faculties in Turkey. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology (TOJET), 7(3).
  • Kızıltepe, Z. (2010). Purposes and identities of higher education institutions, and relatedly the role of the faculty. Eurasian Journal of Education and Research, (40), 17-31.
  • Kiraz, E., Özdemir, D. (2006). The relationship between educational ideologies and technology acceptance in preservice teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 9(2), 152-165.
  • Kisner, M. J., Elliott, F. E., Foster, P. M., Covington, M. A., King, M. G. & Liou, K. T. (1998). Professional development needs assessment survey of inservice clients of the center for vocational professional personnel development at the Pennsylvania State University. Pittsburg: Pennsylvania State University, The Center for Vocational Professional Personnel Development.
  • Knowles, M. (1984). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. Houston: Gulf. ISBN:0-87201-005-8
  • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning experience as a source of learning and development. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780132952613
  • Lally, V. & McConnell, D. (2005). Networked professional development. Fallows & R. Bhanot (Ed.), The staff and educational development series, Quality issues in ICT-based higher education. NY: RoutledgeFalmer. ISBN:0–415–33520–5
  • Layne, J., Froyd, J, Simpson, N., Caso, R. & Merton, P. (2004). Understanding and improving faculty professional development in teaching. ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference’da sunuldu. Erişim http://fie-conference.org/fie2004/papers/1420.pdf
  • Lawler, P. A. & King, K. P. (2000). Planning for effective faculty development: Using adult learning strategies. Professional Practices in adult education and human resource development. FL: Krieger. ISBN: 1-57524-105-6
  • McQuiggan, C. A. (2007). The Role of Faculty Development in Online Teaching’s Potential to Question Teaching Beliefs and Assumptions. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 10(3).
  • Moeini, H. (2003). A Need Analysis Study for Faculty Development Programs in METU and Structural Equations Modeling of Faculty Needs. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Middle East Technical University, Ankara. Erişim http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/445320/index.pdf
  • Odabaşı, H. F. (2003). Faculty point of view on faculty development. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (24), 86-89.
  • Odabaşı, H. F. (2005) The status and need for faculty development in Turkey. International Journal of Academic Development, 10(2), 139-142.
  • ÖSYS (2016). 2016 ÖSYS yerleştirme sonuçlarına ilişkin sayısal bilgiler. Erişim http://dokuman.osym.gov.tr/pdfdokuman/2016/LYS/YerlestirmeSayisalBilgiler10082016.pdf
  • Randall, L. E. (2008). Rethinking faculty development: Toward sustaining a community of learners. Senate Forum, 24(1),18-22.
  • Richlin, L. & Essington, A. (2004). Overview of Faculty Learning Communities. M. D. Cox ve L. Richlin (Ed.), Building faculty learning communities (s. 5-23). New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 97, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN: 978-0-7879-7568-5
  • Rhoades, G. (2012). Faculty Engagement to Enhance Student Attainment. Paper prepared for National Commission on Higher Education Attainment. Erişim https://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Documents/Faculty-Engagement-to-Enhance-Student-Attainment--Rhoades.pdf
  • Saena, A. (2003). Arizona State University East Professional Development Survey Report. Erişim http://poly.asu.edu/Final%20Survey%20Report[1].pdf
  • Salmon, G., Angood, R. (2013). Sleeping with the enemy. British Journal of Educational Technology. 44(6), 916-925. doi: 10.1111/bjet.12097
  • Shephard, K. (2004). The role of educational developers in the expansion of educational technology. International Journal for Academic Development, 9(1), 67–83. doi: 10.1080/1360144042000296062
  • Sherer, P.D., Shea, T. P. & Kristensen, E. (2003). Online communities of practice: A catalyst for faculty development. Innovative Higher Education, 27(3), 183-194. doi:10.1023/A:1022355226924
  • Soran, H., Akkoyunlu, B. & Kavak, Y. (2006). Life-long learning skills and training faculty members: A project at Hacettepe University. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 30, 201-210.
  • Sorcinelli, M. D., Austin, A. E., Eddy, P. L. & Beach, A.L. (2006). The evolution of faculty development. Creating the Future of Faculty Development: Learning From the Past, Understanding the Present. MA: Anker. ISBN: 978-1-882982-87-5
  • Sydow, D. L. (1993). A plan for revitalization: Maximizing professional development Opportunity. Report prepared for the Virginia Community College System in April, 1993.
  • Sydow, D. L. (1998). Outcomes of the VCCS Professional Development Initiative: 1993-1998. Report prepared for the Virginia Community College System (VCCS) in February, 1998.
  • Taylor, A. & McQuiggan, C. (2008). Faculty development programming: If we build it, will they come? Educause Quarterly, No. 3.
  • Ünver, G. (2010). Faculty members’ efficiency in learner- centered approach: Perspectives. Eurasian Journal of Education and Research, (41).
  • Vaughan, N. (2004). Technology in support of Faculty Learning Communities. M. D. Cox ve L. Richlin (Ed.), Building faculty learning communities (s. 5-23). New Directions for Teaching and Learning: No. 97, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN: 978-0- 7879-7568-5
  • Villar Angulo, L. M. & Alegre de la Rosa, O. M. (2006). Online faculty development in the Canary Islands: A study of e-mentoring. Higher Education in Europe, 31(1), 65-81. doi:10.1080/03797720600861243
  • Wallin, D.L. & Smith, C. L. (2005). Professional development needs of full-time faculty in technical Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 29(1), 87-108.
  • Yılmaz, D. & Kılıçoğlu, G. (2013). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations. European Journal of Research on Education, 1(1), 14-21.
  • YÖK (2016). Yükseköğrenim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi. Erişim http://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Alev Elçi

Publication Date December 15, 2016
Submission Date July 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 16 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Elçi, Y. D. D. A. (2016). Teknoloji ile Zenginleştirilmiş Öğrenmeye Yönelik Öğretim Elemanı Geliştirme Altyapısı. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(4), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.415537

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