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Jim Jones and Peoples Temple Cult: Speeches of a Dark Leader Leading Them to Mass Suicide and Impreventability of Such Result

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 597 - 616, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1382972

Abstract

This study searches dark leadership and leadership’s dark sides through the life and speeches of Jim Jones, one of the darkest phenomena in history. There are those who love the light, those who are caught up in the mystery of darkness. Jones's leadership contained deep darkness, as his followers in the Peoples Temple cult had seen -or preferred to see- brighter sides of their founder and "father". The mass suicide (some call it murder/massacre) of more than 900 cult members within an hour at Jones’s request, in Jonestown/Guyana on November 18, 1978, is considered as a rare disaster. This study with phenomenological approach of qualitative research examines a significant part of Jones’s recorded speeches for clues leading them to such disaster. In fact, this disaster has come in a clear way while some followers noticed, and it was discussed in the US government and their public. Nevertheless, the result couldn’t change. The reason was the effective trump card every dark leader holds; "Our leader must know something!" to keep their leadership until the end, unhealthy hope with the opposite can never be proven, though. The purpose of this study has been to assess the role/effect of speeches made by dark leaders, and to investigate possible ways to prevent or diminish the possible destructive consequences. Dark leadership is often the winner. To succeed against the dark leadership; the questioning, conscientious, courageous followers willing to oppose the leader are required. Pressure, stigmatizing them as traitors might diminish their effort. Therefore, similar loops should be expected to repeat in every new dark leadership.

Project Number

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References

  • Aktaş, H. (2022). Kültürel temelleri ile otokratik ve narsistik liderlik (1. bs.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Ashforth, B. E. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47(7), 755-778, doi:10.1177/001872679404700701
  • Baş, T. ve Akturan, U. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde bilgisayar destekli nitel araştırma yöntemleri (3. bs.). Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Başar, U. (2020). A multilevel study of relationships between leaders’ dark triad and employee burnout: Mediating role of perceived dark leadership, Journal of Business Research-Turk, 12(3), 2407-2423. doi:10.20491/isarder.2020.983
  • Başar, U. ve Açıkgöz, S. (2020). Çalışanın karanlık liderlik algısı ile intikam alma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide nevrotizmin düzenleyici rolü. 28. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi (Online) Bildiriler Kitabı. Ankara: Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi, 410-421.
  • Beltran, W. (2013). Jonestown, paradise lost: An investigation of Jim Jones and the People’s Temple. The Eastern Illinois University Political Science Review, 3(1), 1-19. Erişim adresi: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/eiupsr/vol3/iss1/3
  • Bradsher, G. (2015). Hitler’s final words (his political testament, personal will, and marriage certificate: From the bunker in Berlin to the National Archives. Prologue, Spring (Bahar) sayısı (30 Nisan), 16-25. Erişim adresi: https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/ prologue/2015/spring/hitler-will.pdf
  • Buğra, T. (2020). Gençliğim eyvah (26. bs). İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları.
  • Çoban, C (2022). The dark side of leadership: A conceptual assessment of toxic leadership. Business, Economics and Management Research Journal (BEMAREJ), 5(1), 50-61. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1977827
  • Dağıstan, U (2023). The phenomenon of dark leadership a conceptual evaluation. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (AÜSBD), 23(4), 1071-1090.
  • De Hoogh, A. H. B. ve Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: a multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297–311. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
  • Endicott, W. (Los Angeles Times) (1981). Leo Ryan's daughter joins cult. The Washington Post. Erişim adresi (14 Haziran 2023): https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle.
  • Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S. ve Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 207–216. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002
  • Fascia, S. (2018). The value of dark leadership. Journal of Strategy, Operations & Economics (JSOE), 3(2), 1-6. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323264960_The_Value_of_Dark_Leadership
  • Frisk, L. (2021). The narrative of Ma Anand Sheela: Charisma and institutionalization in the Osho movement. Nova Religio, 24(4), 41-57. doi:10.1525/nr.2021.24.4.41
  • Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phemomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235-260. doi:10.1163/156916297X00103
  • Glad, B. (2002). Why tyrants go too far: Malignant narcissism and absolute power. Political Psychology, 23(1), 1-37. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3792241
  • Guinn, J. (2017). The road to Jonestown: Jim Jones and Peoples Temple. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Harvey, S. (2021). Jim Jones, Jonestown, and the Peoples Temple of the disciples of Christ. James Crossley and Alastair Lockhart (eds.), Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements içinde. Erişim adresi: www.cdamm.org/articles/peoples-temple.
  • Higgs, M. (2009). The good, the bad and the ugly: Leadership and narcissism. Journal of Change Management, 9(2), 165-178. doi:10.1080/14697010902879111
  • Judge, J. (1985). The black hole of Guyana: The untold story of the Jonestown massacre. Erişim adresi: https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/JohnJudge/Jonestown.pdf.
  • Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership: What it is, how it happens, why it matters? Boston (MA): Harvard Business School Press.
  • Kelley, J. L. (2019). ‘I have to be all things to all people’: Jim Jones, nurture failure, and apocalypticism (Chapter 20). Mayer, C. H. and Kovary, Z. (Eds.), New Trends in Psychobiography içinde (s. 363-379). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Klaus, K. ve Moon, H. (2023). Examining dark personality traits and leader-member relationships. Open Access Journal of Addiction and Psychology, 7(3), 1-7. doi: 10.33552/OAJAP.2023.07.000661
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). The allure of toxic leaders: Why we follow destructive bosses and corrupt politicians — and how we can survive them. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2011). Toxic leadership: A rejoinder. Representation, 47(3), 331-342. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 271995041_Toxic_leadership_A_rejoinder
  • Machiavelli, N. (2010). The prince. Erişim adresi: https://www.planetebook.com/the-prince
  • Mackey, J. D., Ellen III, B. P., McAllister, C. P. ve Alexander, K. C. (2021). The dark side of leadership: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of destructive leadership research. Journal of Business Research, 132(August), 705-718. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.037
  • McIntosh, G. L. ve Rima, S. D. (1997). Overcoming the dark side of leadership: The paradox of personal dysfunction. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Netflix (2018). Wild wild country (Documentary film). Yönetmenler: Chapman Way ve Maclain Way. Altı bölüm. Duplass Brothers Productions.
  • Netflix (2021a). House of secrets: The Burari deaths. Historical documentaries. Üç bölüm. Yapımcılar: Leena Yadav ve Anubhav Chopra.
  • Netflix (2021b). Searching for Sheela (Indian documentary film). Yönetmen: Shakun Batra. Bir bölüm. Dharmatic Jouska Films.
  • Nugent, J. P. (1979). White night. New York: Rawson, Wade Publishers.
  • Ordun, G. (2021). Bilgi işletmelerinde insan davranışı ve yönetimi (1. Bs.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Öztekin, H. A. (2020). Hiç kimse görmek istemeyen biri kadar kör olamaz - İbni Sina (Çağları aşan bir deha). İstanbul: Destek Yayınları.
  • Pelletier, K. L. (2010). Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behavior and rhetoric. Leadership, 6(4), 373-389. doi:10.1177/1742715010379308
  • Polelle, M. R. (2008). Leadership: Fifty great leaders and the worlds they made (1. bs.). Westport (CT/USA): Greenwood Press.
  • Robbins, S. P. ve Judge, T. A. (2017). Organizational behavior (17. Bs.). Global Edition. UK: Pearson.
  • Rose, S. (1979). Jesus and Jim Jones. New York: The Pilgrim Press.
  • Schyns, B., Wisse, B. ve Sanders, S. (2019). Shady strategic behavior: Recognizing strategic followership of dark triad followers. Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(2), 234–249. doi:10.5465/amp.2017.0005
  • SDSU (San Diego State University) (2023). Alternative considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Erişim adresi: https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=43
  • Sheela, M. A. (2012). Don’t kill him! The story of my life with Bhagwan Rajneesh. Hindistan, Yeni Delhi (New Delhi): Fingerprint (Prakash Books).
  • Silver, C. F. (2013). Review of Heaven’s Gate: Postmodernity and Popular Culture in a Suicide Group by George D. Chryssides.Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 16(4), 135-136. doi: 10.1525/nr.2013.16.4.135
  • Tekindal, M. ve Uğuz Arsu, Ş. (2020). Nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 20(1), 153-182. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1355632
  • Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190. doi:10.2307/1556375 Varagur, K. (2019). Indian guru Rajneesh’s ex-aide to star in new documentary. Associated Press, Hindistan, Yeni Delhi (New Delhi). Erişim adresi: https://apnews.com/ article/b05d1ecb488c4d67b976781fbcd4d709
  • Zeller, B. E. (2014). Heaven's Gate: America's UFO religion. New York: NYU Press.

Jim Jones ve Halkın Tapınağı Tarikatı: Karanlık Bir Liderin Toplu İntihara Götüren Konuşmaları ve Sonucun Önlenemezliği

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 597 - 616, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1382972

Abstract

Bu çalışmada karanlık liderlik ve liderliğin karanlık yanları, tarihin en karanlık fenomenlerinden olan Jim Jones’un yaşamı ve konuşmaları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Karanlık çoğumuzu korkutsa da iyi yanları yok değildir, örneğin; fazladan ayrıntılarla uğraştırmaz, kiri-pası ve sevimsiz gerçekleri örter, renkleri siyahın tonlarına indirger. Dolayısıyla aydınlığı sevenler gibi, karanlığın gizemine kapılan da az değildir. Jim Jones’un liderliği derin karanlıklar barındırsa da kurucusu, hatta “babası” olduğu Halkın Tapınağı tarikatında, sadık takipçilerinin en çok gördüğü -veya görmek istediği- O’nun aydınlık yüzü olmuştur. Aydınlık arttıkça gerisindeki gölge ve karanlık görünmez olur. Halkın Tapınağı tarikatından 900’den fazla kişinin, Jim Jones’un isteğiyle 18 Kasım 1978’de Jonestown/Guyana’da bir saat içinde toplu intiharı (Bazıları toplu katliam demektedir.) nadir görülen felaketlerdendir. Nitel araştırmalardan fenomenoloji yaklaşımlı bu çalışmada Jim Jones ve onun yıllar boyunca ses kaydına aldırdığı yüzlerce konuşmasının önemli bölümü incelenmiş, bu felakete götüren konuşmalarının ipuçları irdelenmiştir. Aslında felaket geliyorum demiş, takipçilerinin bir kısmı fark etmiş, ABD hükûmeti ve kamuoyunda felaket olasılıkları tartışılmış, ancak sonuç yine de değişmemiştir. Çünkü karanlık liderlerin ellerinde sımsıkı tuttukları bir kozu vardır: Son ana kadar canlı tuttukları “Liderimizin mutlaka bildiği vardır!” şeklindeki sağlıksız umut, tersinin de kanıtlanamaz oluşudur. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı; lider konuşmalarının karanlık liderlikteki rolünü/etkisini değerlendirmek, bu konuşmaların olası yıkıcı sonuçlarını gerçekleşmeden önleyebilmenin veya daha aza indirgemenin yollarını araştırmaktır. Araştırmada görülmüştür ki, karanlık liderlik çoğunlukla kazanan taraftır. Karanlık liderlikten kurtulmanın basit ve etkili yolu; lidere karşı koyabilecek sorgulayıcı, vicdanlı, cesur takipçilerden geçmektedir. Ancak bu takipçilere karşı oluşturulacak baskı ortamına ve hainlik benzeri damgalamalara dayanmak hiç de kolay olmayacaktır. Bu nedenle her yeni karanlık liderlikte benzer döngülerin tekrar edip durması şaşırtıcı olmamalıdır.

Ethical Statement

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Supporting Institution

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Thanks

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References

  • Aktaş, H. (2022). Kültürel temelleri ile otokratik ve narsistik liderlik (1. bs.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Ashforth, B. E. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47(7), 755-778, doi:10.1177/001872679404700701
  • Baş, T. ve Akturan, U. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde bilgisayar destekli nitel araştırma yöntemleri (3. bs.). Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Başar, U. (2020). A multilevel study of relationships between leaders’ dark triad and employee burnout: Mediating role of perceived dark leadership, Journal of Business Research-Turk, 12(3), 2407-2423. doi:10.20491/isarder.2020.983
  • Başar, U. ve Açıkgöz, S. (2020). Çalışanın karanlık liderlik algısı ile intikam alma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide nevrotizmin düzenleyici rolü. 28. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi (Online) Bildiriler Kitabı. Ankara: Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi, 410-421.
  • Beltran, W. (2013). Jonestown, paradise lost: An investigation of Jim Jones and the People’s Temple. The Eastern Illinois University Political Science Review, 3(1), 1-19. Erişim adresi: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/eiupsr/vol3/iss1/3
  • Bradsher, G. (2015). Hitler’s final words (his political testament, personal will, and marriage certificate: From the bunker in Berlin to the National Archives. Prologue, Spring (Bahar) sayısı (30 Nisan), 16-25. Erişim adresi: https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/ prologue/2015/spring/hitler-will.pdf
  • Buğra, T. (2020). Gençliğim eyvah (26. bs). İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları.
  • Çoban, C (2022). The dark side of leadership: A conceptual assessment of toxic leadership. Business, Economics and Management Research Journal (BEMAREJ), 5(1), 50-61. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1977827
  • Dağıstan, U (2023). The phenomenon of dark leadership a conceptual evaluation. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (AÜSBD), 23(4), 1071-1090.
  • De Hoogh, A. H. B. ve Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: a multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297–311. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
  • Endicott, W. (Los Angeles Times) (1981). Leo Ryan's daughter joins cult. The Washington Post. Erişim adresi (14 Haziran 2023): https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle.
  • Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S. ve Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 207–216. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002
  • Fascia, S. (2018). The value of dark leadership. Journal of Strategy, Operations & Economics (JSOE), 3(2), 1-6. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323264960_The_Value_of_Dark_Leadership
  • Frisk, L. (2021). The narrative of Ma Anand Sheela: Charisma and institutionalization in the Osho movement. Nova Religio, 24(4), 41-57. doi:10.1525/nr.2021.24.4.41
  • Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phemomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235-260. doi:10.1163/156916297X00103
  • Glad, B. (2002). Why tyrants go too far: Malignant narcissism and absolute power. Political Psychology, 23(1), 1-37. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3792241
  • Guinn, J. (2017). The road to Jonestown: Jim Jones and Peoples Temple. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Harvey, S. (2021). Jim Jones, Jonestown, and the Peoples Temple of the disciples of Christ. James Crossley and Alastair Lockhart (eds.), Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements içinde. Erişim adresi: www.cdamm.org/articles/peoples-temple.
  • Higgs, M. (2009). The good, the bad and the ugly: Leadership and narcissism. Journal of Change Management, 9(2), 165-178. doi:10.1080/14697010902879111
  • Judge, J. (1985). The black hole of Guyana: The untold story of the Jonestown massacre. Erişim adresi: https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/JohnJudge/Jonestown.pdf.
  • Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership: What it is, how it happens, why it matters? Boston (MA): Harvard Business School Press.
  • Kelley, J. L. (2019). ‘I have to be all things to all people’: Jim Jones, nurture failure, and apocalypticism (Chapter 20). Mayer, C. H. and Kovary, Z. (Eds.), New Trends in Psychobiography içinde (s. 363-379). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Klaus, K. ve Moon, H. (2023). Examining dark personality traits and leader-member relationships. Open Access Journal of Addiction and Psychology, 7(3), 1-7. doi: 10.33552/OAJAP.2023.07.000661
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). The allure of toxic leaders: Why we follow destructive bosses and corrupt politicians — and how we can survive them. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2011). Toxic leadership: A rejoinder. Representation, 47(3), 331-342. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 271995041_Toxic_leadership_A_rejoinder
  • Machiavelli, N. (2010). The prince. Erişim adresi: https://www.planetebook.com/the-prince
  • Mackey, J. D., Ellen III, B. P., McAllister, C. P. ve Alexander, K. C. (2021). The dark side of leadership: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of destructive leadership research. Journal of Business Research, 132(August), 705-718. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.037
  • McIntosh, G. L. ve Rima, S. D. (1997). Overcoming the dark side of leadership: The paradox of personal dysfunction. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Netflix (2018). Wild wild country (Documentary film). Yönetmenler: Chapman Way ve Maclain Way. Altı bölüm. Duplass Brothers Productions.
  • Netflix (2021a). House of secrets: The Burari deaths. Historical documentaries. Üç bölüm. Yapımcılar: Leena Yadav ve Anubhav Chopra.
  • Netflix (2021b). Searching for Sheela (Indian documentary film). Yönetmen: Shakun Batra. Bir bölüm. Dharmatic Jouska Films.
  • Nugent, J. P. (1979). White night. New York: Rawson, Wade Publishers.
  • Ordun, G. (2021). Bilgi işletmelerinde insan davranışı ve yönetimi (1. Bs.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Öztekin, H. A. (2020). Hiç kimse görmek istemeyen biri kadar kör olamaz - İbni Sina (Çağları aşan bir deha). İstanbul: Destek Yayınları.
  • Pelletier, K. L. (2010). Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behavior and rhetoric. Leadership, 6(4), 373-389. doi:10.1177/1742715010379308
  • Polelle, M. R. (2008). Leadership: Fifty great leaders and the worlds they made (1. bs.). Westport (CT/USA): Greenwood Press.
  • Robbins, S. P. ve Judge, T. A. (2017). Organizational behavior (17. Bs.). Global Edition. UK: Pearson.
  • Rose, S. (1979). Jesus and Jim Jones. New York: The Pilgrim Press.
  • Schyns, B., Wisse, B. ve Sanders, S. (2019). Shady strategic behavior: Recognizing strategic followership of dark triad followers. Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(2), 234–249. doi:10.5465/amp.2017.0005
  • SDSU (San Diego State University) (2023). Alternative considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Erişim adresi: https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=43
  • Sheela, M. A. (2012). Don’t kill him! The story of my life with Bhagwan Rajneesh. Hindistan, Yeni Delhi (New Delhi): Fingerprint (Prakash Books).
  • Silver, C. F. (2013). Review of Heaven’s Gate: Postmodernity and Popular Culture in a Suicide Group by George D. Chryssides.Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 16(4), 135-136. doi: 10.1525/nr.2013.16.4.135
  • Tekindal, M. ve Uğuz Arsu, Ş. (2020). Nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 20(1), 153-182. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1355632
  • Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190. doi:10.2307/1556375 Varagur, K. (2019). Indian guru Rajneesh’s ex-aide to star in new documentary. Associated Press, Hindistan, Yeni Delhi (New Delhi). Erişim adresi: https://apnews.com/ article/b05d1ecb488c4d67b976781fbcd4d709
  • Zeller, B. E. (2014). Heaven's Gate: America's UFO religion. New York: NYU Press.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Leadership
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ruhi Bağçivan 0000-0002-2036-9820

Project Number -
Publication Date June 27, 2024
Submission Date October 29, 2023
Acceptance Date April 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bağçivan, R. (2024). Jim Jones ve Halkın Tapınağı Tarikatı: Karanlık Bir Liderin Toplu İntihara Götüren Konuşmaları ve Sonucun Önlenemezliği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 597-616. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1382972

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