Examining the Effect of Videos on Youtube Travel Channels on Individuals' Perceptions of Their Own Countries in the Context of Self-Orientalism

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 1337 - 1358, 30.09.2024

Burhan Kılıç , Sertaç Kaya , Halil Saç

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1460832

Abstract

Travel channels broadcasting on the YouTube platform help users get an idea about the country that is the subject of the video. This study examines how travel videos about Western countries affect Turkish users' perspectives on their own countries. For this purpose, three of the most subscribed travel channels on YouTube were analyzed. In order to create a dataset for the study, the comments of the content on the channels selected as a sample were collected with the help of MAXQDA program. The comments on the three most viewed videos about Western countries on each of these channels were analyzed through content analysis and discourse analysis. It was observed that the content of YouTube travel channels provided space for users to reveal their self-orientalist views about their countries. As a result of the study, it was determined that there are self-orientalist comments in the video contents that could be divided into economic, cultural, legal, geographical location, demographic, and general themes.

Keywords

Orientalism, Self-orientalism, Social Media, YouTube

Youtube Gezi Kanallarındaki Videoların Bireylerin Kendi Ülkelerine Dair Algılarına Etkisinin Self-Oryantalizm Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Abstract

YouTube platformu üzerinden yayın yapan gezi kanalları, kullanıcıların videoya konu edilen ülke hakkında fikir edinmelerine katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Batı ülkelerini konu alan gezi videolarının Türkiye'deki kullanıcıların kendi ülkelerine karşı bakış açılarını nasıl etkilediğini incelemektedir. Bu amaçla YouTube’da gezi içerikleri yayınlayan kanallardan en çok abonesi bulunan üç tanesi incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya veri kümesi oluşturmak amacıyla örneklem olarak belirlenen kanallardaki içeriklerin yorumları MAXQDA programı yardımıyla toplanmıştır. Bu kanalların her birinde bulunan Batı ülkelerini konu alan ve en çok izlenen üç videoya yapılan yorumlar içerik analizi ve söylem analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. YouTube gezi kanalları içeriklerinin kullanıcıların ülkelerine dair self-oryantalist görüşlerini açığa çıkarmasına alan tanıdığı görülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda video içeriklerinde ekonomik, kültürel, hukuki, coğrafi konum, demografik ve genel temalarına ayrılabilecek self-oryantalist yorumların olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Oryantalizm, Self-oryantalizm, Sosyal Medya, YouTube

References

• Arlı, A. (2009). Oryantalizm, oksidentalizm ve Şerif Mardin. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
• Blank, G. ve Lutz, C. (2018). Benefits and harms from internet use: A differentiated analysis of Great Britain. New Media ve Society, 20(2), 618-640. doi.org/10.1177/1461444816667135
• Bruns, A. (2009, Eylül). From prosumer to produser: Understanding user-led content creation. Transforming Audiences konferansında sunulan bildiri, London. doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508181
• Cevizci, A. (2017). Aydınlanma felsefesi. Ankara: Say Yayınları.
• Dervišević, H. (2021). From orientalism to self-orientalism in the Bosnian context. Znakovi Vremena-Časopis Za Filozofiju, Religiju, Znanost İ Društvenu Praksu, 24(89/90), 139-155. Erişim adresi: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1035031
• Dirlik, A. (1996). Chinese history and the question of orientalism. History and Theory, 35(4), 96-118. doi.org/10.2307/2505446
• Drew, J. (1998). Cultural composition: Stuart Hall on ethnicity and the discursive turn. JAC, 171-196. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20866181
• Duara, P. (1995). Rescuing history from the nation: Questioning narratives of modern China. London: University of Chicago Press.
• Ellison, K. ve Matthews, C. (2010). Virtual history: A socially networked pedagogy of enlightenment. Educational Research, 52(3), 297-307. doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2010.504065
• Erkuş, A. (2019). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
• Fairclough, N. ve Wodak, R. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis. T. A. van Dijk (Yay. Haz.). Discourse as social ınteraction: Vol. 2. içinde (s. 258-284). London: Sage.
• Fitzek, F. H. ve Katz, M. D. (2007). Cognitive wireless networks: Concepts, methodologies and visions inspiring the age of enlightenment of wireless communications. Dordrecht: Springer Science ve Business Media.
• Fleischacker, S. (2013). What is enlightenment?. Oxon: Routledge.
• Gellner, E. (2007). “Kudretli kalem: Tersyüz edilmiş sömürgeciliğin çifte standartları.” (B. Koçak, Çev.). A. Yıldız (Yay. Haz.). Oryantalizm: Tartışma metinleri içinde (s. 438-448). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
• Geray, H. (2017). İletişim alanından örneklerle toplumsal araştırmalarda nicel ve nitel yöntemlere giriş. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
• Gondwe, G. (2022, Eylül). Enlightenment, ‘critical’, and ‘administrative’ paradigms in media and communication research–a philosophical overview. Critical’, and ‘Administrative’Paradigms in Media and Communication Research–A Philosophical Overview konferansında sunulan bildiri. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4220182
• Halliday, F. (1993). ‘Orientalism’ and its critics. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 20(2), 145-163. doi.org/10.1080/13530199308705577
• Hankins, T. L. (1985). Science and the enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hayden, M. B. (2007). “Sürekli çoğalan oryantalizmler: Eski Yugoslavya örneği”. A. Yıldız (Yay. Haz.). Oryantalizm: Tartışma metinleri içinde (s. 355-375). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
• Hildebrandt, M., Bus, J. ve Crompton, M. (Yay. Haz.). (2012). Digital enlightenment yearbook 2012. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
• Hobson, J. M. (2004). The eastern origins of western civilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Israel, J. (2006). Enlightenment! Which enlightenment?. Journal of the History of Ideas, 67(3), 523-545. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30141040
• Jia, W. (2016, Kasım). Retracted: Enlightenment from the innovative application of 4G communication technology in the mobile library. 2016 International Conference on Smart City and Systems Engineering (ICSCSE) konferansında sunulan bildiri (153-156). IEEE. doi.org/10.1109/ICSCSE.2016.0050
• Jouhki, J. (2006). Imagining the other: Orientalism and occidentalism in Tamil-European relations in South India. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
• Kent, J. (2002). The enlightenment. P. Byrne and L. Houlden (Yay. haz.) Companion encyclopedia of theology içinde, (s. 251-272). London: Routledge.
• Kobayashi, K., Jackson, S. J. ve Sam, M. P. (2019). Globalization, creative alliance and self-orientalism: Negotiating Japanese identity within asics global advertising production. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(1), 157-174. doi.org/10.1177/1367877917733812
• Kontny, O. (2002). Üçgenin tabanını yok sayan Pythagoras: Oryantalizm ve ataerkillik üzerine. Doğu Batı, 4(20), 117-135.
• Kyriakides, C., Bajjali, L., McLuhan, A. ve Anderson, K. (2018). Beyond refuge: Contested orientalism and persons of self-rescue. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 59-78. doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0015
• Lewis, B. (1982). The question of orientalism. New York: New York Review of Books.
• Lockman, Z. (2009). Contending visions of the middle east: The history and politics of orientalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• MacKenzie, J. M. (1995). Orientalism: History, theory and the arts. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Mani, L. ve Frankenberg, R. (1985). The challenge of orientalism. Economy and Society, 14(2), 174-192. doi.org/10.1080/03085148500000009
• Mitchell, T. (1993). Orientalism in Ragaan: Embassy’s imaginative geography. Meanjin, 52(2), 265-276. Erişim tarihi: https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.180131600957174
• Mitchell, T. (2004). Self-Orientalism, reverse orientalism and Pan-Asian pop cultural flows in Dick Lee’s transit lounge. K. Iwabuchi, M. Thomas and S. Muecke (Yay. haz.). Rogue Flows: Trans-Asian Cultural Traffic içinde, (s. 95-119). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
• Muri, A. (2007). The enlightenment cyborg: A history of communications and control in the human machine 1660-1830. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
• Mutman, M. (2002). Şarkiyatçılık kuramsal bir not. Doğu Batı, 4(20), 105-115.
• Ong, A. (1998). Flexible citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality. Durham: Duke University Press.
• Outram, D. (2019). The enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Parla, J. (2015). Efendilik, şarkiyatçılık, kölelik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Prakash, G. (1995). Orientalism now. History and Theory, 34(3), 199-212. doi.org/10.2307/2505621
• Reisigl, M. ve Wodak, R. (2009). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). R. Wodak, ve M. Meyer (Yay. Haz.). Methods for critical discourse analysis içinde (s. 87-121). London: Sage.
• Reisigl, M. (2017). The discourse-historical approach. J. Flowerdew ve J. E. Richardson, The routledge handbook of critical discourse studies, (s. 44-59). Oxon: Routledge.
• Rice, R. E. (1992). Task analyzability, use of new media, and effectiveness: A multi-site exploration of media richness. Organization Science, 3(4), 475-500. doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.4.475
• Said, E. W. (1979). Orientelism: Western conceptions of the orient. New York: Vintage Books.
• Said, E. W. (1985). Orientalism reconsidered. Race and Class, 27(2), 1-15. doi.org/10.1177/030639688502700201
• Sardar, Z. (1999). Orientalism. Buckhingham: Open University Press.
• Siskin, C., Warner, W. (Yay. Haz.). (2010). This is enlightenment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Turner, B. S. (1994). Orientalism, postmodernism and globalism. London: Routledge.
• Uhls, Y. T., Ellison, N. B. ve Subrahmanyam, K. (2017). Benefits and costs of social media in adolescence. Pediatrics, 140, 67-70. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758E
• Uluç, G. (2009). Medya ve oryantalizm: Yabancı, farklı ve garip. İstanbul: Anahtar Kitaplar.
• Vitak, J. ve Ellison, N. B. (2013). ‘There’sa network out there you might as well tap’: Exploring the benefits of and barriers to exchanging informational and support-based resources on Facebook. New Media ve Society, 15(2), 243-259. doi.org/10.1177/1461444812451566
• We Are Social ve Meltwater. (2023). Digital 2023: Turkey. Erişim adresi: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-turkey
• Tang, K. Y. (2008). From philosophy of history to political philosophy: An ideological investigation of globalization. International Review of Sociology–Revue Internationale de Sociologie, 18(2), 197-209. doi.org/10.1080/03906700802087746
• Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Zhang, X. (2006). The globalized logic of orientalism. Contemporary Chinese Thought, 37(4), 48-54. doi.org/10.2753/CSP1097-1467370403