In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Sarcopoterium spinosum against Leishmania tropica

Abstract

Complex clinical symptoms such as ulcerative skin lesions, destructive mucosal inflammation, and disseminated
visceral infection can reveal in leishmaniasis. The conventional drugs are toxic and expensive. In addition, patients receive a long
treatment with these drugs which have adverse effects and unfortunately there are some limitations during the treatment. The aim of
this study is to investigate the in vitro anti-leishmanial activities of four different extracts of Sarcopoterium spinosum against
Leishmania tropica. Initially, different concentrations of ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, and water extracts of S. spinosum were incubated
with L. tropica promastigotes. After 72 hours of incubation, the growth of L. tropica promastigotes was significantly inhibited and the
percentage of inhibition ranged between 42.8 and 100 %. Among these extracts, the most efficient growth inhibition (100 %) was
obtained with methanol extract (at a dose of 50 µg/ml). In conclusion, S. spinosum may be a potential source for the development of
novel therapeutic agents to treat L. tropica infection.  

Keywords

• Anti-leishmanial activity
• in vitro
• Leishmania tropica
• Sarcopoterium spinosum

References

1. 1. Antinarelli LM, Pinto NC, Scio E, Coimbra ES (2015): Antileishmanial activity of some Brazilian plants, with particular reference to Casearia sylvestris. An Acad Bras Cienc, 87, 733-42.
2. 2. Balcioğlu IC, Ok ÜZ, Özbel Y, Girginkardeşler N, Özbilgin A (2012): The in vitro Effects of Azithromycin and Clarithromycin on Promastigotes and Amastigotes of Leishmania tropica. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18 (SupplA), A115-A120.
3. 3. Da Silva BJM, Da Silva RRP, Rodrigues APD, et al. (2016): Physalis angulata induces death of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis via the generation of reactive oxygen species. Micron, 82, 25–32.
4. 4. Demarchi IG, Thomazella MV, de Souza Terron M, et al. (2015): Antileishmanial activity of essential oil and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone isolated from Tetradenia riparia. Exp Parasitol, 157,128-37.
5. 5. El-On J, Ozer L, Gopas J, et al. (2013): Antileishmanial activity in Israeli plants. Annals of Tropical Medicine &Parasitology, 103, 297-306.
6. 6. Fokialakis N, Kalpoutzakis E, Tekwani BL, et al. (2007): Evaluation of the antimalarial and antileishmanial activity of plants from the Greek island of Crete. Nat Med, 61, 38– 45.
7. 7. Hamarsheh O, Azmi K, Amro A, et al. (2017): Antileishmanial Potential of Crude Plant Extracts Derived from Medicinal Plants in Palestine. Ann Clin Cytol Pathol 3, 1065.
8. 8. Karakuş M, Töz S, Ertabaklar H, et al. (2015): Evaluation of conjunctival swab sampling in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis: A two-year follow-up study in Çukurova Plain, Turkey. Vet Parasitol, 15, 295-302.

9. 9. Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Mahmoudvand H, et al. (2016): Antileishmanial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Quercus infectoria Olivier extract. Biomed Pharmacother, 8, 208-215.
10. 10. Kolodziej H, Kayser O, Kiderlen AF, et al. (2001): Antileishmanial activity of hydrolyzable tannins and their modulatory effects on nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-alpha release in macrophages in vitro. Planta Med, 67, 825-32.
11. 11. Lage PS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Mesquita JT, et al. (2015): Antileishmanial activity and evaluation of the mechanism of action of strychnobiflavone flavonoid isolated from Strychnos pseudoquina against Leishmania infantum. Parasitol Res, 114, 4625-35.
12. 12. Ostan I, Saglam H, Limoncu ME, et al. (2007): In vitro and in vivo activities of Haplophyllum myrtifolium against Leishmania tropica. New Microbiol, 30, 439-45.
13. 13. Ozbilgin A, Durmuskahya C, Kayalar H, et al. (2014): Antileishmanial activity of selected Turkish medicinal plants. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13, 2047-55.
14. 14. Ozensoy-Töz S, Sakru N, Ertabaklar H, et al. (2009): Serological and entomological survey of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Denizli province, egean region, Turkey. New. Microbiol, 32, 93-100.
15. 15. Ölgen MK, Özbel Y, Balcioğlu İC, et al. (2012): A new approach for determining the spatial risk levels for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis related with the distribution of vector species in western part of Turkey using geographical information systems and remote sensing. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18 (Suppl-A), A77-A84.
16. 16. Queiroz DP, Carollo CA, Kadri MC, et al. (2016): In vivo antileishmanial activity and chemical profile of polar extract from Selaginella sellowii. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 111, 147-54.
17. 17. Reher G, Budesinsky M. (1992): Triterpenoids from plants of sanguisorbae. Pytochemistry, 31, 3909-14.
18. 18. Rogers MB, Downing T, Smith BA, et al. (2014): Genomic confirmation of hybridisation and recent inbreeding in a vector-isolated Leishmania population. PLoS Genet, 10, e1004092.
19. 19. Sarıkaya BB, Kayalar H. (2011): Quantitative determination of a-tocopherol and quality control studies in Sarcopoterium spinosum L. Marmara Pharm J, 15, 7-10.
20. 20. Smirin P, Taler D, Abitbol G, et al. (2010): Sarcopoterium spinosum extract as an antidiabetic agent: in vitro and in vivo study. J Ethnopharmacol, 4, 10-17.
21. 21. Süngüç C (2013): Encapsulatıon of Sarcopoterım spinosum extract in zeın partıcle by usıng electrospray method. İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
22. 22. Svobodová M, Alten B, Zídková L, et al. (2008): Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by Phlebotomus tobbi. Int J Parasitol, 39, 251-56.
23. 23. Trease GE, Evans WC (2002): Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy: A Physicians's Guide to Herbal Medicine. 15th edn. W.B. Saunders.
24. 24. Vitsaropoulou EV, Philianos S. (1981): The constituents of the leaves of Sarcopoterium spinosum L Spach. (Rosaceae). Plant Med Phytother, 15, 16-20.
25. 25. World Health Organisation, Control of the leishmaniasis (2010): Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, WHO Technical Report Series, 949: pp 1-12.
26. 26. World Health Organisation, Leishmaniasis in highburden countries: an epidemiological update based on data reported in 2014 Weekly epidemiological report, No 22, 2016, 91: 287-96.
27. 27. Zhai L, Chen M, Blom J, Theander TG, Christensen SB, Kharazmi A (1999): The antileishmanial activity of novel oxygenated chalcones and their mechanism of action. J Antimic Chemother, 43, 793-803