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Leadership awareness: A conceptual approach within the framework of the so-called leadership model

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 256 - 269, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1757479

Abstract

This study aims to theoretically reconstruct the concept of leadership awareness by drawing on established approaches in the awareness literature and positioning it within the framework of the So-Called Leadership Model. While awareness is addressed multidimensionally in the fields of psychology and management, how and to what extent these types of awareness relate to leadership behaviors has not been adequately structured within a coherent theoretical framework. In this context, conceptual components such as self-awareness, social awareness, and organizational awareness—rooted in different disciplines—are analyzed and integrated into the So-Called Leadership Model, which classifies leadership behaviors across three core dimensions: skill, awareness, and desire. Utilizing a conceptual analysis methodology, the study explains the determining role of awareness levels in the emergence of various leadership styles, particularly highlighting the intersections between low awareness and both “so-called” and “dark” leadership tendencies. The study suggests that not all types of awareness are equally functional in leadership development and emphasizes the importance of selectively addressing them. Accordingly, the paper offers both theoretical contributions to the leadership literature and practical insights for leadership training and organizational development initiatives.

References

  • Ackley, D. (2016). The self-aware leader: A proven model for reinventing yourself. AMACOM.
  • Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2014). Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 487–511.
  • Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315–338.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman
  • Bloland, S. (2000). Bill Clinton and John E Kennedy: The Dark Side of Charisma. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 10, 285 - 289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481881009348541.
  • Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Berson, Y., Waldman, D. A., & Pearce, C. L. (2015). Enhancing leader vision formation through follower-focused leader behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(3), 453–469.
  • Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant leadership: Renewing yourself and connecting with others through mindfulness, hope, and compassion. Harvard Business School Press.
  • Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616.
  • Bunting, M. (2022). Vertical growth: How self-awareness transforms leaders and organizations. Wiley.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
  • Caldwell, C., & Hayes, L. A. (2016). Self-efficacy and self-awareness: Moral insights to increased leader effectiveness. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 1143–1158.
  • Carden, L., Jones, R., Passmore, J., & Rodgers, B. (2021). Defining self‐awareness in the context of adult development: A systematic literature review. Journal of Management Education, 45(3), 369–395.
  • Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2015). Confidence: Overcoming low self-esteem, insecurity, and self-doubt. Penguin Random House.
  • Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2020). Why do so many incompetent men become leaders? (And how to fix it). Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Chan, K. Y., & Drasgow, F. (2001). Toward a theory of individual differences and leadership: Understanding the motivation to lead. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 481–498.
  • Claxton, G., Owen, D., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). Hubris in leadership: A peril of unbridled intuition? Leadership, 11(1), 57–78
  • Collins, J. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leap…and others don’t. Harper Business.
  • Cultural Awareness Scale (TOAD). (2017). Technical manual and interpretation guide. University of Toledo.
  • Da Fonseca, S., Myres, H., & Hofmeyr, K. (2022). The influence of self-awareness on effective leadership outcomes in South Africa. South African Journal of Business Management, 53(1)
  • Day, D. V., Gronn, P., & Salas, E. (2014). Leadership capacity in teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 1–20.
  • Debnam, R. (2006). Executive blind spots: The hidden threats to organizational success. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Deloitte. (2023). Global human capital trends report. https://www2.deloitte.com
  • Erkutlu, H., & Chafra, J. (2018). Despotic leadership and organizational deviance. Journal of Strategy and Management, 11(2), 150–165.
  • Fragouli, E. (2018). The dark-side of charisma and charismatic leadership. Business and Management Review,
  • 9(4), 298-307.
  • Gallup. (2008). Turning around your turnover problem. Gallup Business Journal. https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/106912/turning-around-your-turnover-problem.aspx
  • Gallup. (2023). State of the global workplace: 2023 report. https://www.gallup.com
  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday Anchor.
  • Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.
  • Goleman, D. (2017). Emotional intelligence: 25th anniversary edition. Bantam Books.
  • Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529.
  • Hurrell, S. A. (2017). Rethinking the soft skills deficit blame game: Employers, skills withdrawal, and the reporting of soft skills gaps. Human Relations, 70(1), 80–99.
  • Jaccard, J., & Jacoby, J. (2010). Theory construction and model-building skills: A practical guide for social scientists. Guilford Press.
  • Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 855–875
  • Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership: What it is, how it happens, why it matters. Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Kriger, M., & Zhovtobryukh, Y. (2016). The Role of Charismatic, Transformational, and Transactional Leadership. , 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40380-3_5.
  • Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2012). The leadership challenge (5th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). The allure of toxic leaders: Why we follow destructive bosses and corrupt politicians—and how we can survive them. Oxford University Press.
  • Maxwell, J. C. (2021). The self-aware leader. HarperCollins Leadership.
  • McKinsey & Company. (2022). The state of organizations 2022. https://www.mckinsey.com
  • McCall, M. W., Jr., & Lombardo, M. M. (1983). Off the track: Why and how successful executives get derailed (Technical Report No. 21). Center for Creative Leadership. https://doi.org/10.35613/ccl.1983.1083
  • Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Owen, D. (2006). Hubris and nemesis in heads of government. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(11), 548–551
  • Park, H. S., & Guan, X. (2019). The development and validation of the incompetent-confident leadership scale. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051818824531
  • Picone, P. M., Dagnino, G. B., & Mina, A. (2014). The origin of failure: A multidisciplinary appraisal of the hubris hypothesis and a proposed research agenda. Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(4), 447–468.
  • Pfeffer, J. (2015). Leadership BS: Fixing workplaces and careers one truth at a time. Harper Business.
  • Reitz, M., Waller, L., & Chaskalson, M. (2020). Developing leaders through mindfulness practice. The Journal of Business Ethics, 165(2), 213–229.
  • Rivers, C. (2021). Mindfulness and business education: Developing self-aware future leaders. Routledge.
  • Robison, J. (2008). Turning around your turnover problem. Gallup Business Journal. https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/106912/turning-around-your-turnover-problem.aspx
  • Ropo, A., & Hunt, J. G. (1995). Entrepreneurial processes as virtuous and vicious spirals in a changing opportunity structure: A paradoxical perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(3), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879501900307
  • SHRM. (2021). Workplace culture report. Society for Human Resource Management. https://www.shrm.org
  • Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138–158.
  • Şen, E. (2017). Kurumsallaşma ve kurumsal yönetişim. Beta Yayınları
  • Thoroughgood, C. N., Padilla, A., Hunter, S. T., & Tate, B. W. (2012). The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated with destructive leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 897–917.
  • Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. Free Press.
  • Whetten, D. A. (1989). What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 490–495.
  • Young, J. H. (2016). Mindfulness-based strategic awareness training: A complete program for leaders and individuals. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.

Liderlik farkındalığı: Mış gibi liderlik modeli çerçevesinde kavramsal bir yaklaşım

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 256 - 269, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1757479

Abstract

Bu çalışma, liderlik farkındalığı kavramını mevcut farkındalık literatüründeki yaklaşımlardan yararlanarak kuramsal düzlemde yapılandırmakta ve bu kavramı Mış Gibi Liderlik Modeli çerçevesinde konumlandırmaktadır. Farkındalık, özellikle psikoloji ve yönetim literatüründe çok boyutlu biçimde ele alınmakta ancak bu farkındalık türlerinin liderlik davranışlarıyla nasıl ve ne ölçüde ilişkili olduğu, kuramsal bir bütünlük içinde yeterince yapılandırılmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, öz-farkındalık, sosyal farkındalık ve örgütsel farkındalık gibi farklı disiplinlerden beslenen kavramsal unsurlar analiz edilerek, liderlik davranışlarının beceri, farkındalık ve arzu olmak üzere üç temel boyutta değerlendirildiği Mış Gibi Liderlik Modeli ile bütünleştirilmiştir. Kavramsal analiz yöntemiyle yürütülen çalışmada, farkındalık düzeyinin liderlik türlerinin oluşumundaki belirleyici rolü açıklanmakta; düşük farkındalık durumlarının özellikle “mış gibi” ve karanlık liderlik eğilimleriyle nasıl kesiştiği tartışılmaktadır. Çalışma, liderlik gelişim süreçlerinde farkındalık türlerinin seçici biçimde ele alınması gerektiğine dikkat çekmekte ve bu doğrultuda hem kuramsal hem de pratik katkılar sunmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmada herhangi bir deneysel uygulama, insan veya hayvan katılımcı bulunmamaktadır; dolayısıyla etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir. Makale, intihal taramasından geçirilmiş olup herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır. Tüm yazar(lar), çalışmanın özgün olduğunu, başka bir yerde yayımlanmadığını ve yayımlanmak üzere değerlendirilmediğini beyan eder.

Supporting Institution

Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi

References

  • Ackley, D. (2016). The self-aware leader: A proven model for reinventing yourself. AMACOM.
  • Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2014). Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 487–511.
  • Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315–338.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman
  • Bloland, S. (2000). Bill Clinton and John E Kennedy: The Dark Side of Charisma. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 10, 285 - 289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481881009348541.
  • Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Berson, Y., Waldman, D. A., & Pearce, C. L. (2015). Enhancing leader vision formation through follower-focused leader behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(3), 453–469.
  • Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant leadership: Renewing yourself and connecting with others through mindfulness, hope, and compassion. Harvard Business School Press.
  • Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616.
  • Bunting, M. (2022). Vertical growth: How self-awareness transforms leaders and organizations. Wiley.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
  • Caldwell, C., & Hayes, L. A. (2016). Self-efficacy and self-awareness: Moral insights to increased leader effectiveness. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 1143–1158.
  • Carden, L., Jones, R., Passmore, J., & Rodgers, B. (2021). Defining self‐awareness in the context of adult development: A systematic literature review. Journal of Management Education, 45(3), 369–395.
  • Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2015). Confidence: Overcoming low self-esteem, insecurity, and self-doubt. Penguin Random House.
  • Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2020). Why do so many incompetent men become leaders? (And how to fix it). Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Chan, K. Y., & Drasgow, F. (2001). Toward a theory of individual differences and leadership: Understanding the motivation to lead. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 481–498.
  • Claxton, G., Owen, D., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). Hubris in leadership: A peril of unbridled intuition? Leadership, 11(1), 57–78
  • Collins, J. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leap…and others don’t. Harper Business.
  • Cultural Awareness Scale (TOAD). (2017). Technical manual and interpretation guide. University of Toledo.
  • Da Fonseca, S., Myres, H., & Hofmeyr, K. (2022). The influence of self-awareness on effective leadership outcomes in South Africa. South African Journal of Business Management, 53(1)
  • Day, D. V., Gronn, P., & Salas, E. (2014). Leadership capacity in teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 1–20.
  • Debnam, R. (2006). Executive blind spots: The hidden threats to organizational success. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Deloitte. (2023). Global human capital trends report. https://www2.deloitte.com
  • Erkutlu, H., & Chafra, J. (2018). Despotic leadership and organizational deviance. Journal of Strategy and Management, 11(2), 150–165.
  • Fragouli, E. (2018). The dark-side of charisma and charismatic leadership. Business and Management Review,
  • 9(4), 298-307.
  • Gallup. (2008). Turning around your turnover problem. Gallup Business Journal. https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/106912/turning-around-your-turnover-problem.aspx
  • Gallup. (2023). State of the global workplace: 2023 report. https://www.gallup.com
  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday Anchor.
  • Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.
  • Goleman, D. (2017). Emotional intelligence: 25th anniversary edition. Bantam Books.
  • Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529.
  • Hurrell, S. A. (2017). Rethinking the soft skills deficit blame game: Employers, skills withdrawal, and the reporting of soft skills gaps. Human Relations, 70(1), 80–99.
  • Jaccard, J., & Jacoby, J. (2010). Theory construction and model-building skills: A practical guide for social scientists. Guilford Press.
  • Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 855–875
  • Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership: What it is, how it happens, why it matters. Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Kriger, M., & Zhovtobryukh, Y. (2016). The Role of Charismatic, Transformational, and Transactional Leadership. , 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40380-3_5.
  • Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2012). The leadership challenge (5th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
  • Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). The allure of toxic leaders: Why we follow destructive bosses and corrupt politicians—and how we can survive them. Oxford University Press.
  • Maxwell, J. C. (2021). The self-aware leader. HarperCollins Leadership.
  • McKinsey & Company. (2022). The state of organizations 2022. https://www.mckinsey.com
  • McCall, M. W., Jr., & Lombardo, M. M. (1983). Off the track: Why and how successful executives get derailed (Technical Report No. 21). Center for Creative Leadership. https://doi.org/10.35613/ccl.1983.1083
  • Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Owen, D. (2006). Hubris and nemesis in heads of government. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(11), 548–551
  • Park, H. S., & Guan, X. (2019). The development and validation of the incompetent-confident leadership scale. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051818824531
  • Picone, P. M., Dagnino, G. B., & Mina, A. (2014). The origin of failure: A multidisciplinary appraisal of the hubris hypothesis and a proposed research agenda. Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(4), 447–468.
  • Pfeffer, J. (2015). Leadership BS: Fixing workplaces and careers one truth at a time. Harper Business.
  • Reitz, M., Waller, L., & Chaskalson, M. (2020). Developing leaders through mindfulness practice. The Journal of Business Ethics, 165(2), 213–229.
  • Rivers, C. (2021). Mindfulness and business education: Developing self-aware future leaders. Routledge.
  • Robison, J. (2008). Turning around your turnover problem. Gallup Business Journal. https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/106912/turning-around-your-turnover-problem.aspx
  • Ropo, A., & Hunt, J. G. (1995). Entrepreneurial processes as virtuous and vicious spirals in a changing opportunity structure: A paradoxical perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(3), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879501900307
  • SHRM. (2021). Workplace culture report. Society for Human Resource Management. https://www.shrm.org
  • Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138–158.
  • Şen, E. (2017). Kurumsallaşma ve kurumsal yönetişim. Beta Yayınları
  • Thoroughgood, C. N., Padilla, A., Hunter, S. T., & Tate, B. W. (2012). The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated with destructive leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 897–917.
  • Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. Free Press.
  • Whetten, D. A. (1989). What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 490–495.
  • Young, J. H. (2016). Mindfulness-based strategic awareness training: A complete program for leaders and individuals. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Alihan Pasin 0000-0003-2847-6214

Erdal Şen 0000-0002-9172-9926

Submission Date August 4, 2025
Acceptance Date October 5, 2025
Publication Date November 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Pasin, A., & Şen, E. (2025). Liderlik farkındalığı: Mış gibi liderlik modeli çerçevesinde kavramsal bir yaklaşım. Business Economics and Management Research Journal, 8(3), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1757479

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