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Rethinking Populism Geopolitically: Authoritarian Populism and Migration Politics in Britain and Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 297 - 308, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1011407

Abstract

This research aims to analyse the authoritarian populism-migration nexus and to evaluate why and how authoritarian populist rhetoric vary in different geopolitical contexts. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies on populism and its impact on international politics and foreign policy. However, there is a dearth of research on the specific impact of authoritarian populist discourse on migration in different geopolitical specificities. This article will engage with two key research objectives to fill this gap. First, it examines the interaction between authoritarian populist rhetoric on managing migration in Britain and Turkey. Second, it interrogates whether the authoritarian populist impact on migration in these countries has overlapping features. This article contends that, as far as the authoritarian populism-migration nexus is concerned, populism is developed geopolitically.

References

  • Acharya A and Buzan B (2019) The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at Its Centenary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Adaman F and Akbulut B (2020) Erdoğan’s three-pillared neoliberalism: Authoritarianism, populism and developmentalism. Geoforum. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.12.013.
  • Adaman F, Arsel M and Akbulut B (2018) Neoliberal developmentalism, authoritarian populism, and extractivism in the countryside: the Soma mining disaster in Turkey. The Journal of Peasant Studies 46(3): 1–23.
  • Adamson FB and Tsourapas G (2019) The Migration State in the Global South: Nationalizing, Developmental, and Neoliberal Models of Migration Management. International Migration Review 54(3): 853–882. DOI: 10.1177/0197918319879057.
  • Akçay Ü (2018) Neoliberal Populism in Turkey and Its Crisis. Institute for International Political Economy Berlin: 1 31. DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.30704.76801.
  • Akçay Ü (2020) Authoritarian consolidation dynamics in Turkey. Contemporary Politics: 1–26.
  • Altinors, G (2016) Minarets and Golden Arches: State, Capital and Resistance in Neoliberal Turkey. University of Nottingham, Ph.D Thesis. [Online] Available at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37869/.
  • Altınörs, G (2020) Devamlılık mı Kırılma mı? Brexit Sonrası Dönemde Birleşik Krallık–Türkiye İlişkilerinin Karşılaştırmalı Dış Politika Analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 40, 285–302.
  • Anderl F and Witt A (2020) Problematising the Global in Global IR. Millennium: Journal of International Studies.
  • Aytaç SE and Öniş Z (2014) Varieties of Populism in a Changing Global Context: The Divergent Paths of Erdoğan and Kirchnerismo. Comparative Politics 47(1): 41-59(19).
  • Baban, F., Ilcan, S., & Rygiel, K. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: pathways to precarity, differential inclusion, and negotiated citizenship rights. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(1), 1–17.
  • Bahçe S and Köse AH (2017) Social Classes and the Neo-Liberal Poverty Regime in Turkey, 2002–2011. Journal of Contemporary Asia 47(4): 1–21.
  • Barr, R. R. (2018) ‘Populism as a Political Strategy’, in C. de la Torre (eds) Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, New York: Routledge.
  • Baykan, T. 2018. The Justice and Development Party in Turkey: Populism, Personalism, Organisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bélanger D and Saracoglu C (2018a) The governance of Syrian refugees in Turkey: The state-capital nexus and its discontents. Mediterranean Politics 25(4): 1–20.
  • Bélanger D and Saracoglu C (2018b) The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises.: 278–294. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.013.67.
  • Bhagat, A., & Soederberg, S. (2019). Placing Refugees in Authoritarian Neoliberalism: Reflections from Berlin and Paris. South Atlantic Quarterly, 118(2), 421–438.
  • Bieler A and Morton AD (2008) The Deficits of Discourse in IPE: Turning Base Metal into Gold? International Studies Quarterly 52(1): 103 128.
  • Bieler A and Morton AD (2018) Global Capitalism, Global War, Global Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bruff I (2014) The Rise of Authoritarian Neoliberalism. Rethinking Marxism 26(1): 113–129. DOI: 10.1080/08935696.2013.843250.
  • Bruff I and Tansel CB (2019) Authoritarian neoliberalism: trajectories of knowledge production and praxis. Globalizations 16(3): 1–12.
  • Chryssogelos A (2017) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.467.
  • De Cleen, B. (2017) ‘Populism and Nationalism’, in C. R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dennison J and Geddes A (2018) Brexit and the perils of ‘Europeanised’ migration. Journal of European Public Policy 25(8): 1–17.
  • Destradi, S, and Plagemann, J. (2019) Populism and International Relations: (Un) predictability, personalisation, and the reinforcement of existing trends in world politics. Review of International Studies, 45(5), 711-730
  • Erol, E. et al. (2018). Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Türkiye’de Emek Piyasasına Dahil Olma Süreçleri ve Etkileri: İstanbul Tekstil Sektörü Örneği. Istanbul: Birlesik Metal-Is.
  • Favell A and Barbulescu R (2018) Brexit, ‘Immigration’ and Anti-Discrimination. In: Diamond P, Nedergaard P, and Rosamond B (eds) The Routledge Handbook of the Politics of Brexit. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 118–133.
  • Fine S 2018 Borders and Mobility in Turkey: Governing Souls and States (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan)
  • Fisunoğlu, A., & Sert, D. Ş. (2019). Refugees and Elections: The Effects of Syrians on Voting Behavior in Turkey. International Migration, 57(2), 298–312.
  • Gamble A (1994) The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism. Second Edition. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave.
  • Gamble A (2018) Taking back control: the political implications of Brexit. Journal of European Public Policy 25(8): 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2018.1467952.
  • Goodwin MJ and Milazzo C (2017) Taking back control? Investigating the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19(3): 450-464.
  • Hadiz, V. 2016. Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hadiz, V., and A. Chryssogelos. 2017. “Populism in World Politics: A Comparative Cross-Regional Perspective.” International Political Science Review 38 (4): 399–411.
  • Hall, S. (1985). Authoritarian Populism: A Reply to Jessop et al. New Left Review, I/151(May-Jun), 115 124.
  • Hobson JM (2020) Multicultural Origins of the Global Economy: Beyond the Western-Centric Frontier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hogan, J., & Haltinner, K. (2015). Floods, Invaders, and Parasites: Immigration Threat Narratives and Right-Wing Populism in the USA, UK and Australia. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 36(5), 520–543.
  • Holliday SJ (2019) Populism, the International and Methodological Nationalism: Global Order and the Iran–Israel Nexus. Political Studies 68(1): 3–19.
  • Ikenberry GJ (2018) The end of liberal international order? International Affairs 94(1): 7–23.
  • İşleyen, B. (2018b). Transit mobility governance in Turkey. Political Geography, 62, 23–32.
  • Kaya, A., Robert, M.-V., & Tecmen, A. (2019). Populism in Turkey and France: nativism, multiculturalism and Euroskepticism. Turkish Studies, 21(3), 1–31.
  • Laclau, E. (2005) On Populist Reason, London: Verso.
  • Lazaridis, G. & Wadia, K. (2015) The Securitisation of Migration in the EU Debates since 9/11, London: Palgrave.
  • Löfflmann G (2019) America First and the Populist Impact on US Foreign Policy. Survival 61(6): 115–138. DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2019.1688573.
  • Manunza, L. (2017) ‘From Mare Nostrum to Triton: Humanitarian Emergencies and Neoliberal Migration Management in the Mediterranean’ in C. B. Tansel (ed) States of Discipline: Authoritarian Neoliberalism and the Contested Reproduction of Capitalist Order, London & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International.
  • Moffitt B (2016) The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Mudde C. & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017) Populism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2016) Europe’s Populist Surge: A Long Time in the Making, Foreign Policy 95(Nov-Dec) 25-30.
  • Öniş Z and Kutlay M (2020) The Global Political Economy of Right-wing Populism: Deconstructing the Paradox. The International Spectator: 1–19.
  • Ostiguy P, Panizza F and Moffitt B (2021) Populism in Global Perspective. New York and Oxon: Routledge.
  • Plagemann J and Destradi S (2018) Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India. Foreign Policy Analysis 15(2).
  • Poulantzas, N. (1978) State, Power, Socialism, London: Verso
  • Rodrik, D. (2018). Populism and the economics of globalization. Journal of International Business Policy, 1(1–2), 12–33.
  • Ruzza, C. (2009). Populism and euroscepticism: Towards uncivil society? Policy and Society, 28(1), 87–98.
  • Stengel, F.A., MacDonald, D.B. & Nabers, D. (2019). Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter-and Transnational Dimensions. Palgrave-Macmillan.
  • Strange S (1996) The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tansel, CB (2017) Authoritarian neoliberalism: Towards a new research agenda. In C. B. Tansel (Ed.), States of discipline: Authoritarian neoliberalism and the contested reproduction of capitalist order (pp. 1–28). London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
  • Taş H (2020) The formulation and implementation of populist foreign policy: Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean. Mediterranean Politics: 1–25.
  • Verbeek, B. & Zaslove, A. (2017) ‘Populism and Foreign Policy’, in C. R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wajner DF (2021a) Exploring the Foreign Policies of Populist Governments: (Latin) America First. Journal of International Relations and Development.
  • Wajner DF (2021b) Global Populism: Sources, Patterns, and Effects. In: Palgrave Handbook of Populism.
  • Wajner DF. (2019) Making (Latin) America Great Again: Lessons from Populist Foreign Policies in the Americas, In F Stengel DB MacDonald and D Nabers, Populism and World Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, 195-225.
  • Wehner LE and Thies CG (2020) The nexus of populism and foreign policy: The case of Latin America. International Relations.
  • Weyland, K. (2017) ‘Populism: A Political-Strategic Approach’, in C. R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Yalvaç F and Joseph J (2019) Understanding populist politics in Turkey: a hegemonic depth approach. Review of International Studies 45(5): 786–804.
  • Zakaria F (1997) The Rise of Illiberal Democracy. Foreign Affairs 76(6): 22-43.

Popülizmi Jeopolitik Olarak Yeniden Düşünmek: Britanya ve Türkiye'de Otoriter Popülizm ve Göç Politikaları

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 297 - 308, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1011407

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı otoriter popülizm-göç neksusunu analiz etmek ve neden ve niye otoriter popülist retoriğin farklı jeopolitik bağlam ile değiştiğini değerlendirmektir. Yakın zamanda popülizmin uluslararası siyaset ve dış politika üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen çalışmaların sayısında ciddi bir artış olmuştur. Ancak farklı jeopolitik özelliklerde otoriter popülist söylemin göç üzerindeki spesifik etkisine ilişkin araştırma eksikliği bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, bu boşluğu doldurmak için iki temel araştırma hedefini ele alacaktır. İlk olarak, İngiltere ve Türkiye'de göçün yönetimine ilişkin otoriter popülist söylem arasındaki etkileşimi inceleyecektir. İkinci olarak, bu ülkelerdeki göç üzerindeki otoriter popülist etkinin örtüşen özelliklere sahip olup olmadığını sorgulayacaktır. Bu makale, otoriter popülizm-göç ilişkisi söz konusu olduğunda popülizmin jeopolitik olarak geliştiğini iddia etmektedir.

References

  • Acharya A and Buzan B (2019) The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at Its Centenary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Adaman F and Akbulut B (2020) Erdoğan’s three-pillared neoliberalism: Authoritarianism, populism and developmentalism. Geoforum. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.12.013.
  • Adaman F, Arsel M and Akbulut B (2018) Neoliberal developmentalism, authoritarian populism, and extractivism in the countryside: the Soma mining disaster in Turkey. The Journal of Peasant Studies 46(3): 1–23.
  • Adamson FB and Tsourapas G (2019) The Migration State in the Global South: Nationalizing, Developmental, and Neoliberal Models of Migration Management. International Migration Review 54(3): 853–882. DOI: 10.1177/0197918319879057.
  • Akçay Ü (2018) Neoliberal Populism in Turkey and Its Crisis. Institute for International Political Economy Berlin: 1 31. DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.30704.76801.
  • Akçay Ü (2020) Authoritarian consolidation dynamics in Turkey. Contemporary Politics: 1–26.
  • Altinors, G (2016) Minarets and Golden Arches: State, Capital and Resistance in Neoliberal Turkey. University of Nottingham, Ph.D Thesis. [Online] Available at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37869/.
  • Altınörs, G (2020) Devamlılık mı Kırılma mı? Brexit Sonrası Dönemde Birleşik Krallık–Türkiye İlişkilerinin Karşılaştırmalı Dış Politika Analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 40, 285–302.
  • Anderl F and Witt A (2020) Problematising the Global in Global IR. Millennium: Journal of International Studies.
  • Aytaç SE and Öniş Z (2014) Varieties of Populism in a Changing Global Context: The Divergent Paths of Erdoğan and Kirchnerismo. Comparative Politics 47(1): 41-59(19).
  • Baban, F., Ilcan, S., & Rygiel, K. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: pathways to precarity, differential inclusion, and negotiated citizenship rights. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(1), 1–17.
  • Bahçe S and Köse AH (2017) Social Classes and the Neo-Liberal Poverty Regime in Turkey, 2002–2011. Journal of Contemporary Asia 47(4): 1–21.
  • Barr, R. R. (2018) ‘Populism as a Political Strategy’, in C. de la Torre (eds) Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, New York: Routledge.
  • Baykan, T. 2018. The Justice and Development Party in Turkey: Populism, Personalism, Organisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bélanger D and Saracoglu C (2018a) The governance of Syrian refugees in Turkey: The state-capital nexus and its discontents. Mediterranean Politics 25(4): 1–20.
  • Bélanger D and Saracoglu C (2018b) The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises.: 278–294. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.013.67.
  • Bhagat, A., & Soederberg, S. (2019). Placing Refugees in Authoritarian Neoliberalism: Reflections from Berlin and Paris. South Atlantic Quarterly, 118(2), 421–438.
  • Bieler A and Morton AD (2008) The Deficits of Discourse in IPE: Turning Base Metal into Gold? International Studies Quarterly 52(1): 103 128.
  • Bieler A and Morton AD (2018) Global Capitalism, Global War, Global Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bruff I (2014) The Rise of Authoritarian Neoliberalism. Rethinking Marxism 26(1): 113–129. DOI: 10.1080/08935696.2013.843250.
  • Bruff I and Tansel CB (2019) Authoritarian neoliberalism: trajectories of knowledge production and praxis. Globalizations 16(3): 1–12.
  • Chryssogelos A (2017) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.467.
  • De Cleen, B. (2017) ‘Populism and Nationalism’, in C. R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dennison J and Geddes A (2018) Brexit and the perils of ‘Europeanised’ migration. Journal of European Public Policy 25(8): 1–17.
  • Destradi, S, and Plagemann, J. (2019) Populism and International Relations: (Un) predictability, personalisation, and the reinforcement of existing trends in world politics. Review of International Studies, 45(5), 711-730
  • Erol, E. et al. (2018). Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Türkiye’de Emek Piyasasına Dahil Olma Süreçleri ve Etkileri: İstanbul Tekstil Sektörü Örneği. Istanbul: Birlesik Metal-Is.
  • Favell A and Barbulescu R (2018) Brexit, ‘Immigration’ and Anti-Discrimination. In: Diamond P, Nedergaard P, and Rosamond B (eds) The Routledge Handbook of the Politics of Brexit. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 118–133.
  • Fine S 2018 Borders and Mobility in Turkey: Governing Souls and States (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan)
  • Fisunoğlu, A., & Sert, D. Ş. (2019). Refugees and Elections: The Effects of Syrians on Voting Behavior in Turkey. International Migration, 57(2), 298–312.
  • Gamble A (1994) The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism. Second Edition. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave.
  • Gamble A (2018) Taking back control: the political implications of Brexit. Journal of European Public Policy 25(8): 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2018.1467952.
  • Goodwin MJ and Milazzo C (2017) Taking back control? Investigating the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19(3): 450-464.
  • Hadiz, V. 2016. Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hadiz, V., and A. Chryssogelos. 2017. “Populism in World Politics: A Comparative Cross-Regional Perspective.” International Political Science Review 38 (4): 399–411.
  • Hall, S. (1985). Authoritarian Populism: A Reply to Jessop et al. New Left Review, I/151(May-Jun), 115 124.
  • Hobson JM (2020) Multicultural Origins of the Global Economy: Beyond the Western-Centric Frontier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hogan, J., & Haltinner, K. (2015). Floods, Invaders, and Parasites: Immigration Threat Narratives and Right-Wing Populism in the USA, UK and Australia. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 36(5), 520–543.
  • Holliday SJ (2019) Populism, the International and Methodological Nationalism: Global Order and the Iran–Israel Nexus. Political Studies 68(1): 3–19.
  • Ikenberry GJ (2018) The end of liberal international order? International Affairs 94(1): 7–23.
  • İşleyen, B. (2018b). Transit mobility governance in Turkey. Political Geography, 62, 23–32.
  • Kaya, A., Robert, M.-V., & Tecmen, A. (2019). Populism in Turkey and France: nativism, multiculturalism and Euroskepticism. Turkish Studies, 21(3), 1–31.
  • Laclau, E. (2005) On Populist Reason, London: Verso.
  • Lazaridis, G. & Wadia, K. (2015) The Securitisation of Migration in the EU Debates since 9/11, London: Palgrave.
  • Löfflmann G (2019) America First and the Populist Impact on US Foreign Policy. Survival 61(6): 115–138. DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2019.1688573.
  • Manunza, L. (2017) ‘From Mare Nostrum to Triton: Humanitarian Emergencies and Neoliberal Migration Management in the Mediterranean’ in C. B. Tansel (ed) States of Discipline: Authoritarian Neoliberalism and the Contested Reproduction of Capitalist Order, London & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International.
  • Moffitt B (2016) The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Mudde C. & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017) Populism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2016) Europe’s Populist Surge: A Long Time in the Making, Foreign Policy 95(Nov-Dec) 25-30.
  • Öniş Z and Kutlay M (2020) The Global Political Economy of Right-wing Populism: Deconstructing the Paradox. The International Spectator: 1–19.
  • Ostiguy P, Panizza F and Moffitt B (2021) Populism in Global Perspective. New York and Oxon: Routledge.
  • Plagemann J and Destradi S (2018) Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India. Foreign Policy Analysis 15(2).
  • Poulantzas, N. (1978) State, Power, Socialism, London: Verso
  • Rodrik, D. (2018). Populism and the economics of globalization. Journal of International Business Policy, 1(1–2), 12–33.
  • Ruzza, C. (2009). Populism and euroscepticism: Towards uncivil society? Policy and Society, 28(1), 87–98.
  • Stengel, F.A., MacDonald, D.B. & Nabers, D. (2019). Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter-and Transnational Dimensions. Palgrave-Macmillan.
  • Strange S (1996) The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tansel, CB (2017) Authoritarian neoliberalism: Towards a new research agenda. In C. B. Tansel (Ed.), States of discipline: Authoritarian neoliberalism and the contested reproduction of capitalist order (pp. 1–28). London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
  • Taş H (2020) The formulation and implementation of populist foreign policy: Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean. Mediterranean Politics: 1–25.
  • Verbeek, B. & Zaslove, A. (2017) ‘Populism and Foreign Policy’, in C. R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wajner DF (2021a) Exploring the Foreign Policies of Populist Governments: (Latin) America First. Journal of International Relations and Development.
  • Wajner DF (2021b) Global Populism: Sources, Patterns, and Effects. In: Palgrave Handbook of Populism.
  • Wajner DF. (2019) Making (Latin) America Great Again: Lessons from Populist Foreign Policies in the Americas, In F Stengel DB MacDonald and D Nabers, Populism and World Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, 195-225.
  • Wehner LE and Thies CG (2020) The nexus of populism and foreign policy: The case of Latin America. International Relations.
  • Weyland, K. (2017) ‘Populism: A Political-Strategic Approach’, in C. R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Yalvaç F and Joseph J (2019) Understanding populist politics in Turkey: a hegemonic depth approach. Review of International Studies 45(5): 786–804.
  • Zakaria F (1997) The Rise of Illiberal Democracy. Foreign Affairs 76(6): 22-43.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Görkem Altınörs 0000-0001-7314-9349

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date October 18, 2021
Acceptance Date November 11, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altınörs, G. (2021). Rethinking Populism Geopolitically: Authoritarian Populism and Migration Politics in Britain and Turkey. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 297-308. https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1011407