Investigation of Health Beliefs of Those Engaging in Regular Exercise and with Sedentary Lifestyle

Year 2022, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 180 - 193, 31.12.2022

Merve Uca , Kenan Sivrikaya , Hamdi Özivgen

Abstract

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between health beliefs and risk awareness of those exercising regularly in their leisure time and who adopt a sedentary lifestyle. To this end, we collected the data from randomly selected 211 individuals (114 doing regular exercise and 97 sedentary people) using a demographic information form and the Health Belief Model Scale for Exercise (HBMS-E) developed by Esparza Villar et al. (2017) and adapted into Turkish by Yılmaz and Kartal (2021). The Likert-type scale consists of a total of 25 items within five subscales. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 program through descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation analysis at the significance level of 0.05. Findings revealed significant differences between those regularly exercising in their leisure time and the sedentary people in the HBMS-E (total score and subscales). In addition, study parameters of the exercise group showed strong correlations with their scores on the HBMS-E. Overall, it was concluded that the health belief and risk awareness of those who exercise regularly were higher than those adopting a sedentary lifestyle.

Keywords

Leisure Time, Exercise, Health Belief, Risk Awareness.

Serbest Zamanlarında Düzenli Egzersiz Yapan ve Sedanter Kişilerin Sağlık İnançlarının İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı; serbest zamanlarında düzenli egzersiz yapan ve sedanterlerin, sağlık inançları ve risk farkındalığı ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Bu araştırmanın verileri tesadüfü örneklem modeli ile belirlenen; serbest zamanlarında düzenli egzersiz yapan 114 ve 97 sedanter olmak üzere toplam 211 kişiye uygulanmıştır. Veriler demografik yapı bilgi formu ve Esparza Del Villar ve ark. (2017) tarafından geliştirilen Egzersiz Sağlık İnanç Modeli Ölçeğinin (ESİMÖ) Yılmaz ve Kartal (2021) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanarak geliştirilen ESİMÖ ile elde edilmiştir. ESİMÖ; Beş alt boyut ve 25 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçek Likert tipinde puanlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 22 paket programında tanımlayıcı istatistik, bağımsız t testi, One Way Anova ve Pearson korelasyon yöntemleri ile analiz edilmiş olup, sonuçlar 0,05 anlam düzeyinde test edilmiştir. Yapılan istatistik analizler sonucunda araştırma gurupları arasında toplam ölçek ve alt boyutların tümünde serbest zamanlarında düzenli olarak egzersiz yapan grupla sedanter grup arasında 0,01 düzeyinde anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, serbest zamanlarında düzenli egzersiz yapan grubun tüm alt parametreleri arasında yüksek düzeyde pozitif korelasyon değeri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde düzenli olarak egzersiz yapanların sağlık inanç ve risk farkındalığının sedanterlere göre daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Serbest Zaman, Egzersiz, Sağlık İnanç, Risk Farkındalığı.

References

• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(4), 191e215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)
• Biddle, S. J. H., & Nigg, C. R. (1970). Theories of exercise behavior. The International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17(2), 290e304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00113-0
• Booth, A., Clarke, M., Dooley, G., et al. (2012). The nuts and bolts of PROSPERO: an international prospective register of systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-1-2
• Buckworth, J., & Nigg, C. (2004). Physical activity, exercise, and sedentary behavior in college students. Journal of American College Health., 53(1), 28–34.
• Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication, 25(8), 661-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.521906
• Caspersen, C. J, Pereira, M. A., & Curran, K. M. (2000). Changes in physical activity patterns in the United States, by sex and cross-sectional age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 1601-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009000-00013
• Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 45–65). Jossey-Bass.
• Cho, S. H., & Lee, H. (2013). Factors associated with physical activity among Chinese immigrant women. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 43(6), 760e9. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.6.760
• Cotman, C.W., & Berchtold, N.C. (2002). Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences, 25(6), 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143
• Currie, K., Spink, J., & Rajendran, M. (2000). Well-Written Health Information: A Guide.
• Dailey, K. D. (2001). Application of the health belief model to increase exercise behavior. Fullerton: California State University. p. 63.
• Esparza Del Villar, O. A., Montañez-Alvarado, P., Gutiérrez-Vega, M., Carrillo-Saucedo, I. C., Gurrola-Peña, G. M., Ruvalcaba-Romero, N. A., et al. (2017). Factor structure and internal reliability of an exercise health belief model scale in a Mexican population. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4150-x.
• Golinowska, S., Groot, W., Baji, P. et al. (2016). Health promotion targeting older people. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 345. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1514-3
• Greaney, M. L., Less, F. D., White, A. A., Dayton, S. F., Riebe, D., Blissmer, B., et al. (2009). College Students’ barriers and enablers for healthful weight management: A qualitative study. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41(4), 281–6.
• Haase, A., Steptoe, A., Sallis, J. F., & Wardle, J. (2004). Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: Associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development. Preventive Medicine, 39(1), 182-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.028
• Hayden, J. (2009). Health belief model. introduction to health behavior theory. Canada. Jones and Barlett Publishers.
• Janssen, I., & LeBlanch, A.G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
• Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The Health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818401100101
• Keating, X. F. D., Guan, J. M., Pinero, J. C., & Bridges, D. M. (2005). A meta-analysis of college students’ physical activity behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 116–25.
• Kelley, G. A., & Kelley, K.S. (2015). Evidential value that exercise improves BMI z-score in overweight and obese children and adolescents. BioMed Research International, (15), 1-5.
• Kelley, W. M., Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2015). In search of a human self-regulation system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 38, 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014243
• Krueger, R. A. (1998). Analyzing & reporting focus group results. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
• Leslie, E., Owen, N., Salmon, J., Bauman, A., Sallis, J. F., & Lo, S. K. (1999). Insufficiently active Australian college students: perceived personal, social, and environmental influences. Preventive Medicine, 28(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1998.0375
• Li, C., Unger, J. B., Schuster, D., Rohrbach, L. A., Howard-Pitney, B., & Norman, G. (2003). Youths’ exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): associations with health beliefs and social pressure. Addictive Behaviors, 28(1), 39e53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00215-5
• Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Varo, J. J., Santos, J. L., DeIrala, J., Gibney, M., Kearney, J., et al. (2001). Prevalence of physical activity during leisure time in the European Union. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 1142 – 6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200107000-00011
• Mattson, M. (1999). Toward a reconceptualization of communication cues to action in the Health Belief Model: HIV test counseling. Communication Monographs, 66(3), 240e65. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759909376476
• Maxwell, J. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Morgan, D. L. (1998). The focus group guidebook. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
• Morgan, D. L. and Scannell, A. U, (1998). Research Methods: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Information Resources, USA.
• Musich, S., Wang, S. S., Hawkins, K., & Greame, C. (2017). The frequency and health benefits of physical activity for older adults. Population health management, 20(3), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2016.0071
• Nelson, M. C., Kocos, R., Lytle, L. A., & Perry, C. L. (2009). Understanding the perceived determinants of weight-related behaviors in late adolescence: A qualitative analysis among college youth. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41(4), 287–92.
• Owen, N., Leslie, E., Salmon, J., Fotheringham, M. J. (2000). Environmental determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 28(4), 153–158.
• Prince, S. A., Saunders, T. J., Gresty, K., & Reid, R. D. (2014). A comparison of the effectiveness of physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions in reducing sedentary time in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Obesity Reviews, 15(11), 905–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12215
• Romaguera, D., Guevara, M., Norat, T., Langenberg, C., Forouhi, N. G., Sharp, S., Slimani, N., Schulze, M. B., et al. (2011). Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study: the InterAct project. Diabetes Care, 34(9), 1913-1918. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0891
• Rouse, P. C. (2010). Biddle SJH. An ecological momentary assessment of the physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns of university students. Health Education Journal, 69(1), 116–25.
• Salem, G. J., Skinner, J. S., Chodzkozajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Singh, M. A. F., & Minson, C. T. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exer., 41(7), 1510–1530. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c Sallis, J. F., & Owen, N. (2002). Ecological Models of Health Behavior. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Salmon, J., Tremblay, M., Marshall, S., & Hume, C. (2011). Health risks, correlates, and ınterventions to reduce sedentary behavior in young people. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41, 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.001.
• Sarkin J. A., Nichols, J. F., Sallis, J. F., & Calfas, K. J. (2000). Self-report measures and scoring protocols affect prevalence estimates of meeting physical activity guidelines. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 32, 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00022
• Sothern, M. S., Loftin, M., Suskind, R. M., et al. (1999).The health ben-efits of physical activity in children and adolescents: implications for chronic disease prevention. European Journal of Pediatrics, 158, 271-4.
• Soto, F., Lacoste, J., Papenfuss, R., & Gutiérrez, A. (1977). El modelo de creencias en salud. Un enfoque teórico para la prevención del SIDA. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 7, 335–341.
• Steptoe, A., Wardle, J., Fuller, R., Holte, A., Justo, J., Sanderman, R., et al. (1997). Leisure-time physical exercise: Prevalence, attitudinal and behavioral correlates in young Europeans from 21 countries. Preventive Medicine, 26, 845 – 54.
• Sudholz, B., Salmon, J., & Mussap, A. (2018). Workplace health beliefs concerning physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Occup Med., 68(9), 631–634.
• Taylor, S. E. (2007). Health psychology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion-Healthy People 2010. Nasnewsletter, 15(3), 3.
• Uijtdewilligen, L., Nauta, J., Singh, A. S., van Mechelen, W., Twisk, J. W., van der Horst, K., et al. (2011). Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in young people: A review and quality synthesis of prospective studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 896–905. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090197
• Vainio, H., Bianchini, F. (2002). IARC handbooks of cancer prevention: weight control and physical activity. IARC. Lyons.
• Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801–9. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051351
• Wan, O., Wan, R., Patterson, I., & Pegg, S. (2013). Using a Health Belief Model to investigate the walking behaviour of residents living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Annals of Leisure Research, 16(1), 16-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2013.769422
• Webber, S. C., Ripat, J. D., Pachu, N. S., Strachan, S. M. (2020). Exploring physical activity and sedentary behaviour: perspectives of individuals with osteoarthritis and knee arthroplasty. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(14), 1971–1978. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1543463
• Williams, E. P., Mesidor, M., Winters, K., et al. (2015). Overweight and obesity: Prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Curr., Obes Rep., 4, 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-015-0169-4
• World Bank. (2003). World Bank development report. New York: World Bank and Oxford Univ Press.
• World Health Organization. (2002). WHO mega country health promotion network: Behavioural risk factor surveillance guide. World Health Organization. Geneva.
• World Health Organization. WHO mega country health promotion network: Behavioural risk factor surveillance guide. World Health Organization. Geneva.
• Yılmaz, M. D., Kartal, A. (2021). Egzersiz Sağlık İnanç Modeli Ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi, (1), 42-61.