Soloi Nekropolis’ini Kıbrıs-Arkaik Ölü Gömme Gelenekleri Dâhilinde Bağlama Oturtmak

Abstract

Kıbrıs nekropolis’lerine olan arkeolojik ilgi geç 19. yüzyılda başlamış ve günümüze kadar artan bir hızla devam etmiştir. Bunun sonucunda Kıbrıslıların ölü gömme alışkanlıklarına dair ciddi bir bilgi birikimi oluşmuştur. Bu birikim bu çalışma bünyesinde Kıbrıs Ölü Gömme Gelenekleri olarak anılacaktır. Ancak bu alana sergilenen tüm bilimsel yaklaşımlar bazı nekro-polis’lerin bilimsel çalışmalarda sürekli göz ardı edilmesi neticesinde hiçbir zaman bütünleşik olamamıştır. Soloi nekropolis’i de bu durumda bir istisna değildir. Bu çalışma bu göz ardı edilişi Soloi’un özellikle Kıbrıs-Arkaik (MÖ 750-480) nekropolis’ine odaklanacak şekilde gidermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunu başarabilmek adına 74 öncesi kazıların düzensiz yayınları ile 74 sonrası kurtarma kazılarının hiç yayınlan-mamış bilgileri bir arada yorumlanmıştır. Ortaya çıkan resmin çağdaş Kıbrıs nekropolis’leri ile karşılaştırılması bizlere Soloi’un açıkça Kıbrıs Ölü Gömme Çevreni’nin önemli bir üyesi ve katkı sağlayıcısı olduğunu göstermiştir. Soloi nekropolis’inin mezar tipolojileri ve envanterleri ama özellikle de bazı ölü gömme adetleri bağlamında sergilediği ben-zerlikler bizim ada-geneli ölü gömme inançlarını daha iyi anlayabilmemizi sağlamıştır.

Keywords

• Soloi
• Kıbrıs-Arkaik
• Seramik
• Maske ve Figürinler
• Ölü Gömme Ritüelleri
• Hayvan Kurbanı

Contextualising the Necropolis of Soloi within the Cypro-Archaic Mortuary Horizon

Abstract

Archaeological interest in the Cypriot necropoleis began in the late 19th century and has increased at a growing pace to the present day. As a result, there is a significant quantity of data related to Cypriot mortuary behaviour, which is referred to as the “Cypriot mortuary horizon” in this paper. However, studies of this so-called horizon have not been holistic, and some necropoleis have been consistently ignored by researchers. The necropolis of Soloi is one of these overlooked examples. This study aims to correct this oversight by focusing on the Cypro-Archaic (750-480 B.C.) necropolis of Soloi. Accordingly, the separately published results of the pre-1974 excavations are interpreted together with the unpublished data of the post-1974 rescue excavations. A comparison of the emerging picture with contemporary Cypriote necropoleis shows that Soloi was an essential component in the creation of the Cypriote mortuary horizon. The similarities it displays in tomb typologies and inventories, and, most importantly, to certain funerary behaviours identified elsewhere on Cyprus enables a better understanding of the pan-island mortuary world.

Keywords

• Soloi
• Cypro-Archaic
• Ceramics
• Masks and Figurines
• Funerary Rites
• Animal Sacrifice

References

1. Alexandridou A. 2013, “Destructions at the Grave Ritual Burning and Breaking in 7th-century B.C. Attica”. Ed. J. Driessen, Destruction: Archaeological, Philological and Historical Perspectives. Belgium, 271-286.
2. Anderson J. K. 1954, “Excavation on the Kofina Ridges. Chios”. BSA 49, 123-182.
3. Averett E. W. 2015, “Masks and Ritual Performence on the Island of Cyprus”. AJA 119/1, 3-45.
4. Benson J. L. 1972, Bamboula at Kourion; The Necropolis and the Finds Excavated by J. F. Daniel. Philadelphia.
5. Blackwell N. G. 2010, “Mortuary Variability at Salamis (Cyprus): Relationships Between and Within the Royal Necropolis and the Cellarka Cemetery”. JMA 23/2, 143-167.
6. Calvet V. & Yon M. 1977, “Ceramique Trouvee a Salamine (Fouilles de la Ville)”. Ed. E. Gjerstad, Greek Geometric and Archaic Pottery found in Cyprus. Stockholm, 9-21.
7. Cannavò A. & Fourrier S. & Rabot A. 2018, Fouilles dans les Nécropoles de Kition (2012-2014). Kition-Bamboula VII. Lyon.
8. Carstens A. M. 2006, “Cypriot Chamber Tombs”. Ed. L. Wriedt Sørensen & K. Winther Jacobsen, Panayia Ema¬tousa II. Political, Cultural, Ethnic and Social Relations in Cyprus. Approaches to Regional Studies. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 6/2. Aarhus, 125-179.

9. Cesnola L. P. di 1877, Cyprus: It’s Ancient Cities, Tombs and Temples. New York.
10. Christou D. 1973, “ΝΕΑΙ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΑΙ ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑΙ ΕΚ ΤΗΣ ΝΕΚΡΟΠΟΛΕIΣ ΤIΝ ΣΟΛIΝ”. RDAC, 91-102.
11. Clerc G. 1991, La Nécropole d'Amathonte, Tombes 110-385. Études Chypriotes 13. Nicosia.
12. Clerc G. 2014, “Aegyptiaca de la Necropole d’Agios Georgios”. Ed. S. Hadjisavvas, The Phoenician Necropolis of Kition II. Nicosia, 56-134.
13. Coldstream J. N. 1995, “Greek Archaic and Geometric Imports from the Tombs of Amathus”. RDAC, 199-214.
14. Cook R. M. & Dupont P. 1998, East Greek Pottery. London – New York.
15. Culican W. 1975, “Some Phoenician Masks and Other Terracottas”. Berytus 24, 47-87.
16. Donohoe J. 1998, The Lapithos-Lower Geometric Cemetery: An Early Iron Age Necropolis in Cyprus. Michigan.
17. Ekroth G. 2007, “Meat in Ancient Greece: Sacrificial, Sacred or Secular?”. Ed. W. van Andringa, Sacrifice et Mar¬ché de la Viande dans le Monde Romain: Rituel, Commerce et Pratiques Alimentaires. Belgium, 249-72.
18. Flourentzos P. 2007, The Sarcophagus of Palaipafos. Nicosia.
19. Flourentzos P. 2011, Two Exceptional Sarcophagi from Larnaca. Nicosia.
20. Gagniers J. des & Kahil I. G. & Ginouves R. & Tinh T. T. 1967, “Trois Campagnes de Foullies a Soloi”. RDAC, 50-58.
21. Gagniers J. des 1975, “Excavations at Soli”. Ed. N. Robertson, The Archaeology of Cyprus – Recent Developments. New Jersey, 211-232.
22. Garland R. 1985, The Greek Way of Death. New York.
23. Gill D. W. J. 1991, “Pots and Trade: Spacefillers or Objects d’art?”. JHS 111, 29-47.
24. Gjerstad E. & Lindros J. & Sjøqvist E. & Westholm A. 1935, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931 Vol. II. Stockholm.
25. Gjerstad E. & Lindros J. & Sjøqvist E. & Westholm A. 1937, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931 Vol. III. Stockholm.
26. Gjerstad E. 1948, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV.2 The Cypro-Geometric, Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical Periods. Stockholm.
27. Gjerstad E. 1960, “Pottery Types: Cypro‐Geometric to Cypro‐Classical”. OpsAth III, 105‐122.
28. Gjerstad E. 1977, “Pottery from Various Parts of Cyprus”. Ed. E. Gjerstad, Greek Geometric and Archaic Pottery found in Cyprus. Stockholm, 23-59.
29. Hadjicosti M. 1993, “The Late Archaic and Classical Cemetery of Agioi Omologites, Nicosia in the Light of New Evidence”. RDAC, 173-194.
30. Hadjicosti M. 1997, “The Family Tomb of a Warrior of the Cypro-Archaic I Period at Mari”. RDAC, 251-266.
31. Hadjioannou K. 1970, “The Cellarka Burial Offerings – An Analysis and Interpretation”. Ed. V. Karageorghis, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis II. Nicosia, 306-312.
32. Hadjisavvas S. 2012, The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition I. Nicosia.
33. Hadjisavvas S. 2014, The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition II. Nicosia.
34. Hermary A. 1996, Figurines en Terre Cuite des Foullies Anglaise d’Amathonte. Nicosia.
35. Hermary A. 2000, Les Figurines en Terre Cuite Archaiques et Classiques-Les Sculptures en Pierre. Amathonte V. Paris.
36. Hogarth D. G. 1889, Devia Cypria: Notes on an Archaeological Journey in Cyprus in 1888. London.
37. Janes S. 2013, “Death and Burial in the Age of the Cypriot City-Kingdoms: Social Complexity Based on the Mor¬tuary Evidence”. BASOR 370, 145-168.
38. Johnston A. W. 1979, Trademarks on Greek Vases. Warminster.
39. Karageorghis V. & Raptou E. 2014, Necropoleis at Palaepaphos from the End of the Late Bronze Age to the Cypro-Archaic Period. Nicosia.
40. Karageorghis V. 1966, “Chroniques des Fouilles et Découvertes Archéologiques à Chypre en 1965". BCH 90, 297-389.
41. Karageorghis V. 1967a, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis I. Nicosia.
42. Karageorghis V. 1967b, “Chroniques des Foullies et Découvertes Archéologiques à Chypre en 1966”. BCH 91, 275-370.
43. Karageorghis V. 1967c, “Nouvelles Tombes des Guerriers a Palaepaphos”. BCH 91, 202-245.
44. Karageorghis V. 1968, “Chroniques des Foullies et Découvertes Archéologiques à Chypre en 1967”. BCH 92/1, 261-358.
45. Karageorghis V. 1969, Salamis in Cyprus: Homeric, Hellenistic and Roman. London.
46. Karageorghis V. 1970a, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis II. Nicosia.
47. Karageorghis V. 1970b, “Chroniques des Foullies et Découvertes Archéologiques à Chypre en 1969”. BCH 94, 191-300.
48. Karageorghis V. 1971, “Chroniques des Foullies et Découvertes Archéologiques à Chypre en 1970”. BCH 95/1, 289-379.
49. Karageorghis V. 1973a, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis III. Nicosia.
50. Karageorghis V. 1973b, “Chroniques des Foullies et Découvertes Archéologiques à Chypre en 1972”. BCH 97/2, 601-689.
51. Karageorghis V. 1987, La Nécropole d'Amathonte Tombes 113-367 Vol. 2-Ceramiques Non Chypriotes. Études Chypriotes 8. Nicosia.
52. Karageorghis V. 2002, Early Cyprus-Crossroads of the Mediterranean. Los Angeles.
53. Kees H. 1952, “Anubis”. Ed. H. Bonnet, Reallexicon der Agyptischen Religionsgeschichte. Berlin, 40-45.
54. Kurtz D. & Boardman J. 1971, Greek Burial Customs. New York.
55. Laffineur R. 1986, Amathonte III-Testimonia 3 L’Orfevrerie. Paris.
56. Mirto M. S. 2012, Death in the Greek World: From Homer to Classical Age. Norman.
57. Morris I. 1992, Death-Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge.
58. Nicolaou I. & Michaelidou K. 1985, “Excavations at the Eastern Necropolis of Amathous in 1984”. RDAC, 257-285.
59. Ohnefalsch-Richter M. 1893, Kypros-The Bible and Homer. Berlin.
60. Parks D. 1998, “Excavations at Kourion's Amathus Gate cemetery, 1997”. RDAC, 171-185.
61. Raptou E. 2019, “La Necropole Cellarka de Salamine – Une Réévaluation”. Ed. S. Rogge, C. Ioannou & T. Mavrojannis, Salamis of Cyprus: History and Archaeology from the Earliest Times to Late Antiquity. Münster, 208-227.
62. Reyes A. T. 1994, Archaic Cyprus-A Study of the Textual and Archaeological Evidence. Oxford.
63. Rupp D. 2005, “Transmission and Assimilation in Context; An Economic Model for the Selection and Use of Greek and Phoenician Ceramic Imports in Eighth Century BC Cypriot Society”. Ed. J. Clarke, Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford, 48-58.
64. Sezgin Y. 2012, Arkaik Dönem İonia Üretimi Ticari Amphoralar. İstanbul.
65. Sørensen L. W. 1988, “Greek Pottery from the Geometric to Arhaic Period Found in Cyprus”. Acta Hyperborea I, 12-32.
66. Vlachou V. 2012, “1.e. Death and Burial-Death and Burial in the Greek World”. Ed. A. Hermary, Thesaurus Cul¬tus et Rituum Antiquorum VIII-Addendum to vol. VI Death and Burial. Los Angeles, 365-384.
67. Westholm A. 1941, “Built Tombs in Cyprus”. OpsArch II, 29-58.
68. Wright G. R. H. 1992, Ancient Buildings in Cyprus. Leiden.
69. Yon M. & Callot O. 1987, “Nouvelles Decouvertes dans la Necropole Ouest de Kition (Aghios Giorghios, Epoque Classique)”. RDAC, 149-170.