Türkiye’de Hastane Çevirmenliğinde Rol ve Etik

Abstract

Daha kapsamlı bir çalışmanın bir bölümü olan bu çalışmanın amacı, sözlü çeviride bir saha çalışması örneği oluşturan hastane çevirmenlerinin mikro düzeydeki davranışlarını makro düzeyde etikle bağdaştırarak incelemektir. Bu çalışma, sözlü çeviri çalışmaları kapsamında hastane ortamında ve sağlık bağlamında bir saha çalışması olarak planlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, sağlık çevirmenliği yapılan durumlardan ve gerçek hastane ortamlarından toplanan verilere dayanarak alanla ilgili bir bakış açısı ortaya koyan bu çalışma iki düzeyde analizden oluşmaktadır. Sözlü çeviride saha çalışması yöntemi, izleme, soru sorma, ve kaydetmekten oluşur. Buna uygun olarak saha çalışması yöntemi kullanılarak ve doğal verilere dayanarak bu çalışmada veri toplama yöntemleri, on dört hastane çevirmeniyle röportaj, katılımcı gözlem (çevirmen, doktor, hasta ve hastane yöneticileri) ile yirmi yedi kayıttan alınmış olan doktor- hasta görüşmelerinin ses kayıtlarından üç tanesinin detaylı incelemesinden oluşmaktadır. Çevirmenin davranışları, Türkiye’de hastane çevirmenliğine ilişkin etik kurallar ve ulusal standartların eksikliğiyle ilişkili olarak tartışılacaktır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de sağlık çevirmenliğine dair etik kuralların ve belirli bir meslek tanımının eksikliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu durum, hastane çalışanları, çevirmenler ve hastalar için zorluklara sebep olmaktadır ve verilen hizmetin kalitesini riske atmaktadır. Görüşme yapılan iki çevirmenin ses kayıtları incelenen çevirmenler olduğu dikkate alınarak, bulgular ayrıca çevirmenlerin uyguladıklarını söyledikleri ile çeviri esnasında uyguladıkları arasında farklılıklar olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmadaki amaçlardan biri de bu farklılıkların ortaya konulmasıdır.

Keywords

• Sağlık çevirmenliği,çevirmenin rolü,etik,vaka çalışması

Role and Ethics in Healthcare Interpreting in Turkey

Abstract

The objective of this study, which was designed as part of a larger study, is to analyze the healthcare interpreter's behaviour at micro-level in relation to ethics at macro-level, constituting an example of fieldwork in interpreting studies. Thus, the study consists of two levels of analysis, aiming at providing an overview of the field based on real-life data. In accordance with the fieldwork strategy, which adopts an approach that consists of watching, asking, and recording, the focus is on naturally occurring data, consisting of interviews with fourteen healthcare interpreters, participant observation at healthcare settings, and the micro-analysis of three interpreted doctor – patient interviews out of twenty-seven interpreted doctor – patient interviews. Interpreter behaviour is analyzed in relation to a discussion on (lack of) codes of ethics and conduct and national standards in healthcare settings in Turkey. This study reveals the lack of an explicit job description and a lack of codes of ethics/ conduct in Turkey. This causes challenges in practice for healthcare providers and interpreters as well as patients and implies a risk for quality of service. Since two interpreters interviewed were also those whose recordings were cited, the findings also point to a possible gap between what the interpreters say they do and what they actually do during interpretation at hospitals. One of the objectives of the present study is to put forward this gap.    

Keywords

• Healthcare interpreting,role of interpreters,ethics,case study

References

1. A National Code of Ethics for Interpreters in Healthcare. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.ncihc.org/ethics-and-standards-of-practice.
2. Aguilar-Solano, M. (2015). Non-professional volunteer interpreting as an institutionalized practice in healthcare: A study on interpreters' personal narratives. Translation & Interpreting: The International Journal for Translation and Interpreting Research, 17(3), 132- 148.
3. Angelelli, C. (2004). Medical interpreting and cross-cultural communication. UK: Cambridge University Press.
4. Angelelli, C. (2006). Validating professional standards and codes: Challenges and opportunities. Interpreting, 8(2), 175-193.
5. Balcı Tison, A. (2015). The interpreter's involvement in a translated institution: A case study on sermon interpreting (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Rovira i Virgili University: Tarragona
6. Bancroft, M. (2005). The interpreter's world tour: An environmental scan of standards of practice for interpreters. Menlo Park, California: The California Endowment.
7. Bancroft, M. (2015). Community interpreting. A profession rooted in social justice. H. Mikkelson & R. Jourdenais (Eds), The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting (pp. 217- 235). London and New York: Routledge.
8. Berg-Seligson, S. (1990). The bilingual courtroom: Interpreters in the judicial process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

9. Bolden, G. (2000). Towards understanding practices of medical interpreting: Interpreters' involvement in history taking. Discourse Studies, 2(4), 387- 419.
10. Diriker, E. & Tahir-Gürçağlar, Ş. (2004). Community Interpreting In Turkey. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 14, 73–92.
11. Doğan, A. & Kahraman, R. (2011). Emergency and Disaster Interpreting in Turkey- Ten Years of a Unique Endeavour. Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters, 28(2), 61-76.
12. Edwards, A. (1988). Ethical Conduct for the Court Interpreter. The Court Manager, 3(2), 22-25.
13. Fenton, S. (1997). The Role of Interpreter in the Adversarial Courtroom. S. E. Carr, R. P. Roberts, A. Dufour & D. Steyn (Eds.), The Critical Link: Interpreters in the Community (pp. 29- 34). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
14. Gonzalez, R., Vasquez, V. & Mikkelson, H. (1991). Fundamentals of court interpreting: Theory, policy and practice. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.
15. Güven, M. (2014). Distance learning as an effective tool for medical interpreting training in Turkey. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and eLearning, 29(2), 116- 130.
16. Hale, S. B., Napier, J. (2013). Research methods in interpreting: A practical resource. London: Bloomsbury.
17. Hale, S. B. (2007). Community interpreting. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
18. Hlavac, J., Beagley, J. & Zucchi, E. (2018). Applications of policy and the advancement of patients’ health outcomes through interpreting services: data and viewpoints from a major public healthcare provider. The International Journal for Translation & Interpreting Research, 10(1), 111- 136.
19. Ibrahim, Z. (2004). The interpreter as advocate: Malaysian court interpreting as a case point. In Cecilia Wadensjö and Birgitta Edmund Dimitrova (Eds), The Critical Link 4: Professionalisation of interpreting in the community (pp. 205- 213). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
20. Irish Translators' and Interpreters' Association. (2009). ITIA Codes of ethics for community interpreters. Retrieved from http://www.translatorsassociation.ie/
21. Jacobsen, B. (2002). Pragmatic meaning in court interpreting: An empirical study of additions in consecutively interpreted question-answer dialogues (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Denmark: the Aarhus School of Business.
22. Jiang, L. (2008). From community interpreting to discourse interpreting: A Triadic Discourse Interpreting Model (TRIM) (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Saarbrücken: University of Saarland.
23. Kahraman, R. (2003). Afette rehber çevirmenlik (Unpublished Master Thesis). İstanbul: İstanbul University.
24. Kahraman, R. (2010). Göç ve çeviri: İltica başvurularında sözlü çeviri uygulamaları ve toplum çevirmeninin rolü (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Istanbul: Istanbul University.
25. Krystallidou, D., Pype, P. (2018). How interpreters influence patient participation in medical consultations: The confluence of verbal and nonverbal dimensions of interpreter-mediated clinical communication. Patient Education and Counselling, 101(10), 1804-1813.
26. Krystallidou, D., Remael, A., De Boe, E., Hendrickx, K., Tsakitzidis, G., Van de Geuchte, S. & Pype, P. (2017). Investigating empathy in interpreter-mediated simulated consultations: An explorative study. Patient Education and Counselling, 33-42.
27. Laster, K., Taylor, V. (1994). Interpreters and the legal system. Sydney: The Federation Press.
28. Leanza, Y. (2007). Roles of community interpreters in pediatrics as seen by interpreters, physicians and researchers. F. Pöchhacker & M. Shlesinger (Eds), Healthcare Interpreting: Discourse and Interaction (pp. 11- 35). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
29. Metzger, M. (1999). Sign language interpreting: deconstructing the myth of neutrality. Washington (DC.): Gallaudet U.P.
30. Mikkelson, H. (2012). The professionalization of community interpreting. Retrieved from https://aiic.net/page/1546/the-professionalization-of-community-interpreting/lang/1
31. Napier, J. (2002). Sign language interpreting: Linguistic coping strategies. Coleford, UK: Douglas McLean. DOI: 10.1002/dei.171
32. Niska, H. (2002). Community interpreting training: Past, Present, Future. In Giuliana Garzone and Maurizio Viezzi (Eds), Interpreting in The 21st century: Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 133- 144). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
33. Ortega Herráez, J. M., Foulquié Rubio, A. I. (2008). Interpreting in police settings in Spain: Service providers’ and interpreters’ perspectives. In Carmen Valero-Garces and Anne Martin (Eds), Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting (pp. 123- 146). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
34. Öztürk, T. (2015). Küresel hareketlilik etkisinde Türkiye'de sağlık çevirmenliği uygulamaları: Çevirmen görüşlerine dayalı bir çalışma (Unpublished Master Thesis). Sakarya: Sakarya University.
35. Pöchhacker, F. (1999). ‘Getting Organized': The evolution of community interpreting. Interpreting, 4(1), 125–140.
36. Pöchhacker, F. (2004). Introducing ,nterpreting studies. London: Routledge.
37. Pöllabauer, S. (2004). Interpreting in Asylum Hearings: Issues of role, responsibility and power. Interpreting, 6(2), 143-180.
38. Ross, J., Dereboy, I. (2009). Ad-hoc interpreters in medical settings in eastern and southeastern Anatolia: Findings of a recent study. Unpublished manuscript. Roy, C. (2000). Interpreting as a discourse process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Sauerwein, F. S. (2006). Dolmetschen bei polizeilichen Vernehmungen und grenzpolizeilichen Einreisebefragungen: Eine explorative translationswissenschaftliche Untersuchung zum Community Interpreting. Frankfurt /Berlin/Bern: Peter Lang.
40. Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analyzing talk, text and interaction. Sage Publications: London.
41. Slapp, A. M. (2004). Community interpreting in Deutschland: Gegenwaertige Situation und Perspektive für die Zukunft. München: M. Medienbauer.
42. Spradley, J. (1979). The ethnographic interview. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
43. Turan, D. (2016). Sağlık hizmetlerinde sözlü çeviri hizmetleri. Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları.