İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNDE AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ YETKİSİ: VEREIN KLIMASENIORINNEN SCHWEIZ VE DİĞERLERİ/İSVİÇRE KARARI

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 1017 - 1060, 30.09.2025

Firdes Şeyda Kahraman

Öz

Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz ve Diğerleri/İsviçre kararı insan haklarının korunması açısından emsal niteliğinde olup mahkeme iklim değişikliğinin ciddi etkilerine karşı devletin koruma yükümlülüğünü, tüm Avrupa Konseyi üye devletlerinin vatandaşları bakımından yeni bir insan hakkı olarak tanımıştır. Avrupa Konseyi’ne üye devletlerin iklimin korunması konusundaki pozitif yükümlülüklerinin yanı sıra Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları tarafından iklim kriziyle ilgili insan haklarının yargı yoluyla uygulanması açısından da kararın etkileri geniş kapsamlıdır. İklim değişikliği davaları, yargının rolünün giderek daha belirgin hale geldiği, gelişmekte olan bir alandır. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nde çevre hakkı açıkça yer almasa da çevrenin korunması Sözleşme çerçevesinde yorumlanmaktadır. Mahkeme, iklim değişikliği davalarında dava ehliyeti ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nin 2. ve 8. maddelerinin bu tür davalara nasıl uygulanacağına ilişkin yeni ilkeler belirlemiştir. Kararın başlıca sonucu, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nin 8. maddesinin, bireylerin iklim değişikliğinin ciddi olumsuz etkilerinden devlet tarafından etkili bir şekilde korunma hakkını içerdiğidir. Söz konusu karar, iklim değişikliğinin insan hakları ve hükümet politikalarının tüm alanlarını kapsayan bir sorun olduğu yönündeki artan farkındalığı teyit etmektedir. Mahkeme’nin iklim değişikliği ile ilgili olarak geliştirdiği yeni metodolojik yaklaşım özetlenmekte ve incelenmektedir. Amaç, Mahkeme’nin yaklaşımının özellikle çevre hukukuna ilişkin içtihatlarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, benzersizliğini ortaya koymaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim değişikliği , İnsan hakları , İsviçre , Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi

Kaynakça

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• Yüksel, C. (2022). “İklim değişikliğiyle mücadelede bir araç olarak uluslararası insan hakları hukuku,” Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, 10 (2), 339-366.