COVID-19 Pandemisinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Yalnızlığın Yordayıcıları Olarak İyilik Hali ve Psikolojik Esneklik

Abstract

İlk olarak 2019 yılında Çin’de görülen COVID-19 Pandemisi, bireylerin günlük yaşam pratiklerini doğrudan etkilemiş, zamanla sosyalleşme yerine izolasyonu ön plana çıkaran bir anlayış dünyada hâkim olmuştur. COVID-19 Pandemisiyle birlikte gençlerde yalnızlık daha görünür hâle gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal ve duygusal yalnızlık düzeyleri, yalnızlık üzerinde etkiye sahip olduğu düşünülen iyilik hâli ve psikolojik esneklik açısından incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya toplam 498 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır (K= 395, E= 103. Araştırmada tek yönlü ANOVA, MANOVA ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, erkeklerin sosyal yalnızlık puan ortalamaları, kadınların sosyal yalnızlık puan ortalamalarından anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca COVID-19 Pandemi döneminde romantik ilişkisi sona erenlerin duygusal yalnızlık puan ortalamaları romantik ilişkisi devam edenlere göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. İyilik hâli ölçeğinin yaşamı anlamlandırma ve hedef odaklı olma, fiziksel iyilik hâli ve sosyal iyilik hâli alt boyutları ve psikolojik esnekliğin değerler ve değerler doğrultusunda davranma ile kabul alt boyutu sosyal yalnızlığı anlamlı bir şekilde yordarken, iyilik hâlinin yaşamı anlamlandırma ve hedef odaklı olma ile sosyal iyilik hâli alt boyutları ve psikolojik esnekliğin ise kabul alt boyutu duygusal yalnızlığın anlamlı yordayıcıları olarak bulunmuştur.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Sosyal Yalnızlık
• Duygusal Yalnızlık
• Üniversite Öğrencileri
• İyilik Hâli
• Psikolojik Esneklik

Wellness and Psychological Flexibility as Predictors of Loneliness in University Students During COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

The COVID-19 COVID-19 Pandemic, first seen in China in 2019, has directly affected the daily life practices of individuals, and an understanding that emphasizes isolation rather than socialization has become dominant in the world. With the COVID-19 Pandemic, loneliness among young people has become more visible. This study examined social and emotional loneliness among college students in relation to wellness and psychological flexibility. A total of 498 university students participated in the study (F= 395; M= 103). One-way ANOVA, MANOVA, and hierarchical regression analysis were used. According to the results of the study, the mean social loneliness scores of men were significantly higher than the mean social loneliness scores of women, and the mean emotional loneliness scores of those whose romantic relationships ended during the COVID-19 Pandemic period were significantly higher than those whose romantic relationships continued. While meaningfulness of life and goal orientation, physical wellness, and social wellness sub-dimensions of wellness, values and behaviors consistent with values, and acceptance sub-dimension of psychological flexibility significantly predicted social loneliness, meaningfulness of life and goal orientation, social wellness sub-dimensions of wellness, and acceptance sub-dimension of psychological flexibility were found to be significant predictors of emotional loneliness.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Social Loneliness
• Emotional Loneliness
• University Students
• Wellness
• Psychological Flexibility

References

1. Akdeniz, S., & Gültekin Ahçı, Z. (2023). The role of cognitive flexibility and hope in the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment: a moderated mediation model. Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 40(1), 74-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/20590776.2022.2050460
2. Akgül, H. (2020). Yetişkinler için sosyal ve duygusal yalnızlık ölçeğinin (SELSA-S) Türk kültürüne uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(21), 54-69.
3. Alheneidi, H., AlSumait, L., AlSumait, D., & Smith, A. P. (2021). Loneliness and problematic internet use during COVID-19 lock-down. Behavioral Sciences, 11(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11010005
4. Allen, J., Darlington, O., Hughes, K., & Bellis, M. A. (2022). The public health impact of loneliness during the COVID-19 COVID-19 Pandemic. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14055-2
5. Aydıner-Boylu, A., Günay, G., & Ersoy, A. F. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde algılanan sosyal desteğin yalnızlık üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Sosyoekonomi, 27(41), 211-221.
6. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma ve deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (28. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
7. Brodeur, A., Clark, A. E., Fleche, S., & Powdthavee, N. (2020). Assessing the impact of the coronavirus lockdown on unhappiness, loneliness, and boredom using Google Trends. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.12129. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.12129
8. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Routledge.

9. Ceyhan, E. ve Ceyhan, A. A. (2011). Üniversite psikolojik danışma merkezine başvuran öğrencilerin yalnızlık ve depresyon düzeyleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36, (160), 81-92.
10. Child, S. T., & Lawton, L. (2019) Loneliness and social isolation among young and late middle-age adults: Associations with personal networks and social participation, Aging & Mental Health, 23(2), 196-204. Doi: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1399345
11. Chung, Y. G., Kim, K. H., Choi, K. S., Kwon, H. J., Park, K. S., Choi, M. H., & Yom, Y. H. (2008). Korean older adults’ perceptions of the AGING PROCESS. Journal of gerontological nursing, 34(5), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20080501-11
12. Conyne, R. K. (2015). Counseling for wellness and prevention: Helping people become empowered in systems and settings. Routledge.
13. Çetin, C. ve Anuk, Ö. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi sürecinde yalnızlık ve psikolojik dayanıklılık: bir kamu üniversitesi öğrencileri örneklemi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, COVID-19 özel sayısı 2, 170-189. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/54658/733121
14. Dahlberg, L. (2021). Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1161-1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1875195
15. Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010
16. de Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 8(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259898008090
17. Demirbaş-Çelik, N., Korkut-Owen, F., & Doğan, T. (2016). Wellness of university students according to gender and age groups. International Journal of Innovative Research in Education, 3(4), 203-209.
18. Emerson, E., Fortune, N., Llewellyn, G., & Stancliffe, R. (2021). Loneliness, social support, social isolation and wellbeing among working age adults with and without disability: Cross-sectional study. Disability and Health Journal, 14(1), 100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100965
19. Ernst, M., Niederer, D., Werner, A. M., Czaja, S. J., Mikton, C., Ong, A. D., Rosen, T., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2022). Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 77(5), 660–677. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001005in
20. Essadek, A., & Rabeyron, T. (2020). Mental health of French students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 392-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.042
21. Evans, S., Alkan, E., Bhangoo, J. K., Tenenbaum, H., & Ng-Knight, T. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on mental health, wellbeing, sleep, and alcohol use in a UK student sample. Psychiatry Research, 298, 113819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113819
22. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill.
23. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. SAGE Publications.
24. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step. A Simple Study Guide and Reference (10th ed., 152-165). Pearson Education.
25. Groarke, J. M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P. E., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2020). Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. PloS One, 15(9), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239698
26. Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
27. Harris, R. (2017). ACT’i Kolay Öğrenmek (H. T. Karatepe ve K. F., Yavuz, Çev. Ed.). Litera Yayıncılık.
28. Jiang, Y., Jiang, Y., Leqi, L., & Winkielman, P. (2022). Many Ways to be Lonely: Fine-grained Characterization of Loneliness and its Potential Changes in COVID-19. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 16, pp. 405-416). https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19302
29. Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (2. Baskı). Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
30. Karakuş, S. ve Akbay, S. E. (2020). Psikolojik Esneklik Ölçeği: Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 32-43.
31. Kavoosian, N., Hosseinzadeh, K., Jaliseh, H. K., & Karboro, A. (2018). The relationship between spiritual health and loneliness among the elderly in Karaj-2016. J. Res. Relig. Health, 4(2), 7-15.
32. Kelly, M. M., DeBeer, B. B., Chamberlin, E., Claudio, T., Duarte, B., Harris, J. I., ... & Reilly, E. D. (2022). The effects of loneliness and psychological flexibility on veterans’ substance use and physical and mental health functioning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 26, 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.004
33. Khan, M. S. R., & Kadoya, Y. (2021). Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a comparison between older and younger people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157871
34. Knight, Z. G. (2017). A proposed model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(5), 1047-1058. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2066
35. Kobos, E., Knoff, B., Dziedzic, B., Maciąg, R., & Idzik, A. (2022). Loneliness and mental wellness in the Polish population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 12(2), e056368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056368
36. Korkut Owen, F., Doğan, T., Demirbaş Çelik, N. ve Owen, D. W. (2016). İyilik Hali Yıldızı Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 5013-5031. doi:10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4130
37. Indra, G. H., Radyani, A. M., & Oriza, I. I. D. (2022). The Relationship Between Stress and Wellness: The Mediating Roles of Students’ Psychological Flexibility and Loneliness During the Coronavirus COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 4(2), 1. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/proust/vol4/iss2/1
38. Lampraki, C., Hoffman, A., Roquet, A., & Jopp, D. S. (2022). Loneliness during COVID-19: Development and influencing factors. PloS One, 17(3), e0265900.
39. Latikka, R., Koivula, A., Oksa, R., Savela, N., & Oksanen, A. (2022). Loneliness and psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships with social media identity bubbles. Social Science & Medicine, 293, 114674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114674
40. Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M., & Rhew, I. C. (2020). Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 714-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.009
41. Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012). The impact of treatment components suggested by the psychological flexibility model: A meta-analysis of laboratory-based component studies. Behavior Therapy, 43(4), 741-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.003
42. Luanaigh, C. Ó., & Lawlor, B. A. (2008). Loneliness and the health of older people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal Of The Psychiatry of Late Life And Allied Sciences, 23(12), 1213-1221. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2054
43. O'Connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., McClelland, H., Melson, A. J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., ... & Robb, K. A. (2021). Mental health and wellness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 326-333. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.212
44. Okruszek, Ł., Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A., Piejka, A., Wiśniewska, M., & Żurek, K. (2020). Safe but lonely? Loneliness, anxiety, and depression symptoms and COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 579181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181
45. Pels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2016). Loneliness and physical activity: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 231-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1177849
46. Polat, F., ve Karasu, F. (2022). Investigating the Correlation Between Spiritual Wellness and Loneliness in Elderly Individuals in Turkey During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 12(3), 579-589. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1111419
47. Sayın-Kasar, K., ve Yüksel, A. Covıd-19 salgını sırasında yaşlı bireylerde uyum güçlüğü ile spiritüel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişki. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 16(1), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1008992
48. Schuster, T. L., Dobson, M., Jauregui, M., & Blanks, R. H. (2004). Wellness lifestyles I: A theoretical framework linking wellness, health lifestyles, and complementary and alternative medicine. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 10(2), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555304323062347
49. Temelli, E., Murat Büyük, D. ve Tatar, A. (2021). Sosyal beceride toplumsal cinsiyet roller ve cinsiyet farklılıkları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.48066/kusob.890316
50. Tindle, R., Hemi, A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2022). Social support, psychological flexibility and coping mediate the association between COVID-19 related stress exposure and psychological distress. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12262-w
51. Toktaş, S. ve Demir, A. (2021). COVID-19 COVID-19 Pandemisinde beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin yalnızlık ve stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.52272/srad.1014995
52. Wąsowicz, G., Mizak, S., Krawiec, J., & Białaszek, W. (2021). Mental health, wellness, and psychological flexibility in the stressful times of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647975
53. Wickens, C. M., McDonald, A. J., Elton-Marshall, T., Wells, S., Nigatu, Y. T., Jankowicz, D., & Hamilton H. A. (2021). Loneliness in the COVID-19 Pandemic: associations with age, gender and their interaction. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 136, 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.047
54. Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M., Gill, H., Phan, L., ... & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 COVID-19 Pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
55. Zahoor, H., & Mustafa, N. (2021). Mental wellness and loneliness among residents of Karachi during the second lockdown of COVID-19. Acta Scientific Neurology, 4(5), 51-55.