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Küresel Tedarik Ağları ve Yönetim-Organizasyon Sorunları: Çok Boyutlu Bir Literatür İncelemesi

Year 2017, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 313 - 326, 16.04.2017

Abstract

Bu çalışma, disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımda, sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik küreselleşme süreçleriyle biçimlenen küresel tedarik ağlarının beraberinde getirdiği yönetim ve organizasyon sorunları üzerine yapılan çalışmaları incelemektedir. İlgili literatürdeki çalışmaların, uluslararası düzeyde karşılaştırılabilir ve genelleştirilebilir verilerin sınırlı olması nedeniyle genellikle teorik açıklamalarla kısıtlı kaldığı görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, sayıları gittikçe artan teorik çalışmaları destekler biçimde az sayıdaki ampirik çalışma, çok uluslu işletmelerin yanında Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki yerel işletmelerin de küresel tedarik ağlarına katılımlarının farklı mekanizmalardan hem ülke hem de işletme düzeyinde faydalar sağlayacağını belirtmektedir. Çalışmalar, özellikle yerel işletmelerin küresel tedarik ağlarına entegrasyon sürecinde karşılaşacağı sorunların, belirsizlik, düzenleyici engeller, kültür ve kurumlar bakımından bölgesel farklılıklar ve kaynak kısıtı ile küresel iş çevrelerindeki değişimlere hazır ve adapte olamama temelinde geliştiği sonucuna varmaktadır. Küresel tedarik ağlarının ortaya çıkardığı yönetim ve organizasyon sorunlarına çözüm arayan işletmeler için öneriler ise özetle onların ‘sınırsız’ ve ‘esnek’ yönetim yapılarına sahip olmaları gerektiğine vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu gereklilik hem ülkeler hem de işletmeler için yeni politik dönüşüm inisiyatiflerini tartışmaya açarak ileriki çalışmalara ışık tutmaktadır.

References

  • Aker, D. A. & Mcloughlin, D. D. (2010). Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives. 1st Edition, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Armstrong, M. (2008). Strategic Human Resource Management-A Guide to Action. 4th Edition, London: Kogan Page. Arend, R. J. & Wisner, J. D. (2005). Small Business And Supply Chain Management: Is There A Fit?. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(3): 403-436. Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T. & Kerr, S. (2002). The Boundaryless Organization: Breaking the Chains of Organization Structure, Revised and Updated. 2nd Edition, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc. Atkin, B. & Brooks, A. (2009). Total Facility Management. 3rd Edition, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell Publishing. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120. Barney, J. B. (2011). Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. 4th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall & Pearson. Barrat, C. & Whitehead, M. (2004). Buying for Business: Insights in Purchasing and Supply Management. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Bayraktar, E., Demirbag, M., Koh, S.C. L., Tatoglu, E. & Zaim, H. (2009). A Causal Analysis of The Impact of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management Practices on Operational Performance: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics 122(1): 133-149. Bessant, J. (2003). High-Involvement Innovation: Building and Sustaining Competitive Advantage Through Continuous Change. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Blanchard, D. (2010). Supply Chain Management Best Practices. 2nd Edition, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Brandes, H., Lilliecreutz, J. & Brege, S. (1997). Outsourcing-Success or Failure?. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 3(2): 63-75. Caspari, C. (2003). Participation in Global Value Chains as a Vehicle for SME Upgrading: A Literature Review. Geneva: International Labour Office. Cetinkaya, B., Cuthbertson, R., Ewer, G., Klaas-wıssıng, T., Piotrowicz, W. & Tyssen, C. (2011). Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Practical Ideas for Moving Towards Best Practice. London: Springer. Clegg, B., Gholami, R. & Omurgonulsen, M. (2013). Quality Management and Performance: A Comparison between the UK and Turkey. Production Planning & Control, 24, 1015-1031. Collis, D. (2014). International Strategy: Context, Concepts and Implications. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. Cooper, M. C., Lambert, D. M., Pagh, J. D. (1997). Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1): 1-14. Crone, R. K. (1992). Outsmart Your Outsourcer: The Three Ps of Negotiation. Credit Union Executive, 32(3): 24-9. Cuthbertson, R. & Piotrowicz, W. (2011). Performance Measurement Systems in Supply Chains: A Framework for Contextual Analysis. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(6): 583-602. De Long, D. W. & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing Cultural Barriers to Knowledge Management. Academy of Management Executive, 14(4): 113-27. Debnath, S. C. & Tokuda, A. (2013). Value-based Management in Japanese Keiretsu and Korean Chaebols. Ritsumeikan International Affairs, 11(2013): 45-70. Doh, J. P. (2005). Offshore Outsourcing: Implications for International Business and Strategic Management Theory and Practice. Journal of Management Studies, 42(3): 698-704. Earl, M. J. (1996). The Risks of Outsourcing IT. Sloan Management Review, 37(3): 26-32. Estampe, D. (2014). Supply Chain Performance and Evaluation Models. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. Fawcett, S. E., Allred, C., Magnan, G. M. & Ogden, J. (2009). Benchmarking the Viability of SCM for Entrepreneurial Business Model Design. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 16(1): 5-29. French, R. (2011). Organizational Behaviour. 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons. Gilpin, D. R. & Murphy, P. J. (2008). Crisis Management in a Complex World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gordon, M. L. & Walsh, T. P. (1997). Outsourcing Technology In Government: Owned, Controlled, or Regulated Institutions. Journal of Government Information, 24(4): 267-83. Hanson, G. H., Mataloni, R. J. & Slaughter, M. J. (2004). Vertical Production Networks in Multinational Firms. https://gps.ucsd.edu/_files/faculty/hanson/hanson_publication_it_vertical.pdf Harris, A., Giunipero, L. C. & Hult, T. M. (1998). Impact of Organizational and Contract Flexibility on Outsourcing Contracts. Industrial Marketing Management, 27(5): 373-384. Hendry, J. (1995). Culture, Community and Networks: The Hidden Cost of Outsourcing. European Management Journal, 13(2): 193-200. Hiles, A. (2011). Reputation Management: Building and Protecting Your Company's Profile in a Digital World. (Ed.), London: Bloomsburry Publishing. Hitt, M. A. (2011). Relevance of Strategic Management Theory and Research for Supply Chain Management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 47(1): 9-13. Hodson, R. & Sullivan, T. A. (2011). The Social Organization of Work. 5th Ed., Belmont: Cengage-Wadsworth. Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. The Executive, 7(1): 81-94. Hollinshead, G. (2009). International and Comparative Human Resource Management. New York: McGraw. Jennings, D. (2002). Strategic Sourcing: Benefits, Problems and A Contextual Model. Management Decision, 40(1): 26-34. Kahraman, C. & Öztayşi, B. (2014). Supply Chain Management Under Fuzziness: Recent Developments and Techniques. (Eds), New York: Sipringer. Kaiser, K., Pich, M. & Schecter, I. J. (2015). Becoming A Top Manager: Tools and Lessons in Transitioning to General Management. New York: Jossey-Bass. Koh, S. C. L., Demirbag, M., Bayraktar, E., Tatoglu, E. & Zaim, S. (2007). The Impact of Supply Chain Management Practices on Performance of SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(1): 103-124. Kouvelis, P., Dong, L., Boyabatlı, O. & Li, R. (2011). Handbook of Integrated Risk Management in Global Supply Chains. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Kremic, T., Tukel, O. I. & Rom, W. O. (2006). Outsourcing Decision Support: A Survey of Benefits, Risks, and Decision Factors. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 11(6): 467-482. Lambert, D. M. & Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in Supply Chain Management. Industrial Marketing Management, 29 (1): 65-83. Lane, H. W. & Maznevski, M. (2014). International Management Behavior: Global and Sustainable Leadership. 7th Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Louisot, J. & Ketcham, C. (2014). ERM-Enterprise Risk Management: Issues and Cases. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Macharis, C., Melo, S., Woxenıus, J. & Lier, T. V. (2014). Sustainable Logistics. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Mcdonald, F. & Burton, F. (2002). International Business. High Holborn: Thomson. Mendenhall, M. E., Jensen, R. J., Black, J. S. & Gregersen, H. B. (2003). Human Resource Management Challenges in the Age of Globalization. Organizational Dynamics, 32(3): 261-274. Mentzer, J. T., Dewitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D. & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining Supply Chain Management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2): 1-25. Mishra, P. & Sharma, R. K. (2015). Integration of Six Sigma and ISM to Improve Supply Chain Coordination-A Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering, 3(1):75-85. Park, A., Nayyar, G. & Low, P. (2013). Supply Chain Perspectives and Issues: A Literature Review. Geneva: WTO Publications. Pohl, M. & Tolhurst, N. (2010). Responsible Business: How to Manage a CSR Strategy Successfully. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. OECD (2008). Enhancing the Role of SMEs in Global Value Chains. Paris: OECD Publishing. Roberts, P. (2001). Corporate Competence in FM: Current Problems and Issues”, Facilities, 19(7-8): 269-75. Porter, M. E. (2008). Clusters and Competition: New Agendas for Companies, Governments, and Institutions. M. E. Porter (Ed.), On Competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 213-302. Quinn, J. B. & Hilmer, F. G. (1994). Strategic Outsourcing. Sloan Management Review, 35(4):43-55. Rugman, A. M., Collinson, S. & Hodgetts, R. M. (2006). International Business. 4th Edition, Essex: Pearson Education. Russell, R. S. & Taylor, B. W. (2014). Operations and Supply Chain Management, 8th, Edition International Student Version, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Sanders, N. R. (2011). Supply Chain Management: A Global Perspective. London: Wiley Global Education. Sarlak, M.A. (2011). The New Faces of Organizations in the 21st Century: A Management and Business Reference Book. Toronto: NAISIT Publishers. Sollish, F. & Semanik, J. (2011). Strategic Global Sourcing: Best Practices. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Sukati, I., Hamid, A., Baharun, R., Yusoff, R. Md (2012). The Study of Supply Chain Management Strategy and Practices on Supply Chain Performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 40, 225-233. Thakkar, J., Kanda, A. & Deshmukh. S. G. (2008). Supply Chain Management In SMEs: Development of Constructs and Propositions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(1): 97-131. Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. New York: William Morrow & Company. Tolbert, P. S. & Arthur, J. B. (1990). Institutionalization and Negotiations in Organizations. B. H. Sheppard, M. H. Bazerman, ve R. J. Lewicki (Eds.). Research on Negotiation in Organizations, V.2, Greenwich: JAI Press, 219-240. Ulusoy, G., Çatay, B., Arıkan, Y. & Denizel, M. (2002). Makine İmalat Sektöründe İş Mükemmelliği ve Elektronik İş Stratejileri, TÜSİAD Rekabet Stratejileri Dizisi, 8, Istanbul: TÜSİAD. Ulusoy, G. (2003). An Assessment of Supply Chain and Innovation Management Practices in the Manufacturing Industries in Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics, 86(3): 251-270. Yuhua, Z. (2014). Integrating SMEs into Global Value Chains: Policy Principles and Best Practices. APEC Policy Support Unit Issues Papers, No. 6, http://www.insme.org/insme-newsletter/2014/file-allegati/newsletter_documents/Integrating_SMEs.pdf
Year 2017, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 313 - 326, 16.04.2017

Abstract

References

  • Aker, D. A. & Mcloughlin, D. D. (2010). Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives. 1st Edition, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Armstrong, M. (2008). Strategic Human Resource Management-A Guide to Action. 4th Edition, London: Kogan Page. Arend, R. J. & Wisner, J. D. (2005). Small Business And Supply Chain Management: Is There A Fit?. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(3): 403-436. Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T. & Kerr, S. (2002). The Boundaryless Organization: Breaking the Chains of Organization Structure, Revised and Updated. 2nd Edition, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc. Atkin, B. & Brooks, A. (2009). Total Facility Management. 3rd Edition, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell Publishing. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120. Barney, J. B. (2011). Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. 4th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall & Pearson. Barrat, C. & Whitehead, M. (2004). Buying for Business: Insights in Purchasing and Supply Management. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Bayraktar, E., Demirbag, M., Koh, S.C. L., Tatoglu, E. & Zaim, H. (2009). A Causal Analysis of The Impact of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management Practices on Operational Performance: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics 122(1): 133-149. Bessant, J. (2003). High-Involvement Innovation: Building and Sustaining Competitive Advantage Through Continuous Change. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Blanchard, D. (2010). Supply Chain Management Best Practices. 2nd Edition, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Brandes, H., Lilliecreutz, J. & Brege, S. (1997). Outsourcing-Success or Failure?. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 3(2): 63-75. Caspari, C. (2003). Participation in Global Value Chains as a Vehicle for SME Upgrading: A Literature Review. Geneva: International Labour Office. Cetinkaya, B., Cuthbertson, R., Ewer, G., Klaas-wıssıng, T., Piotrowicz, W. & Tyssen, C. (2011). Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Practical Ideas for Moving Towards Best Practice. London: Springer. Clegg, B., Gholami, R. & Omurgonulsen, M. (2013). Quality Management and Performance: A Comparison between the UK and Turkey. Production Planning & Control, 24, 1015-1031. Collis, D. (2014). International Strategy: Context, Concepts and Implications. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. Cooper, M. C., Lambert, D. M., Pagh, J. D. (1997). Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1): 1-14. Crone, R. K. (1992). Outsmart Your Outsourcer: The Three Ps of Negotiation. Credit Union Executive, 32(3): 24-9. Cuthbertson, R. & Piotrowicz, W. (2011). Performance Measurement Systems in Supply Chains: A Framework for Contextual Analysis. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(6): 583-602. De Long, D. W. & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing Cultural Barriers to Knowledge Management. Academy of Management Executive, 14(4): 113-27. Debnath, S. C. & Tokuda, A. (2013). Value-based Management in Japanese Keiretsu and Korean Chaebols. Ritsumeikan International Affairs, 11(2013): 45-70. Doh, J. P. (2005). Offshore Outsourcing: Implications for International Business and Strategic Management Theory and Practice. Journal of Management Studies, 42(3): 698-704. Earl, M. J. (1996). The Risks of Outsourcing IT. Sloan Management Review, 37(3): 26-32. Estampe, D. (2014). Supply Chain Performance and Evaluation Models. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. Fawcett, S. E., Allred, C., Magnan, G. M. & Ogden, J. (2009). Benchmarking the Viability of SCM for Entrepreneurial Business Model Design. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 16(1): 5-29. French, R. (2011). Organizational Behaviour. 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons. Gilpin, D. R. & Murphy, P. J. (2008). Crisis Management in a Complex World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gordon, M. L. & Walsh, T. P. (1997). Outsourcing Technology In Government: Owned, Controlled, or Regulated Institutions. Journal of Government Information, 24(4): 267-83. Hanson, G. H., Mataloni, R. J. & Slaughter, M. J. (2004). Vertical Production Networks in Multinational Firms. https://gps.ucsd.edu/_files/faculty/hanson/hanson_publication_it_vertical.pdf Harris, A., Giunipero, L. C. & Hult, T. M. (1998). Impact of Organizational and Contract Flexibility on Outsourcing Contracts. Industrial Marketing Management, 27(5): 373-384. Hendry, J. (1995). Culture, Community and Networks: The Hidden Cost of Outsourcing. European Management Journal, 13(2): 193-200. Hiles, A. (2011). Reputation Management: Building and Protecting Your Company's Profile in a Digital World. (Ed.), London: Bloomsburry Publishing. Hitt, M. A. (2011). Relevance of Strategic Management Theory and Research for Supply Chain Management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 47(1): 9-13. Hodson, R. & Sullivan, T. A. (2011). The Social Organization of Work. 5th Ed., Belmont: Cengage-Wadsworth. Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. The Executive, 7(1): 81-94. Hollinshead, G. (2009). International and Comparative Human Resource Management. New York: McGraw. Jennings, D. (2002). Strategic Sourcing: Benefits, Problems and A Contextual Model. Management Decision, 40(1): 26-34. Kahraman, C. & Öztayşi, B. (2014). Supply Chain Management Under Fuzziness: Recent Developments and Techniques. (Eds), New York: Sipringer. Kaiser, K., Pich, M. & Schecter, I. J. (2015). Becoming A Top Manager: Tools and Lessons in Transitioning to General Management. New York: Jossey-Bass. Koh, S. C. L., Demirbag, M., Bayraktar, E., Tatoglu, E. & Zaim, S. (2007). The Impact of Supply Chain Management Practices on Performance of SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(1): 103-124. Kouvelis, P., Dong, L., Boyabatlı, O. & Li, R. (2011). Handbook of Integrated Risk Management in Global Supply Chains. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Kremic, T., Tukel, O. I. & Rom, W. O. (2006). Outsourcing Decision Support: A Survey of Benefits, Risks, and Decision Factors. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 11(6): 467-482. Lambert, D. M. & Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in Supply Chain Management. Industrial Marketing Management, 29 (1): 65-83. Lane, H. W. & Maznevski, M. (2014). International Management Behavior: Global and Sustainable Leadership. 7th Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Louisot, J. & Ketcham, C. (2014). ERM-Enterprise Risk Management: Issues and Cases. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Macharis, C., Melo, S., Woxenıus, J. & Lier, T. V. (2014). Sustainable Logistics. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Mcdonald, F. & Burton, F. (2002). International Business. High Holborn: Thomson. Mendenhall, M. E., Jensen, R. J., Black, J. S. & Gregersen, H. B. (2003). Human Resource Management Challenges in the Age of Globalization. Organizational Dynamics, 32(3): 261-274. Mentzer, J. T., Dewitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D. & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining Supply Chain Management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2): 1-25. Mishra, P. & Sharma, R. K. (2015). Integration of Six Sigma and ISM to Improve Supply Chain Coordination-A Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering, 3(1):75-85. Park, A., Nayyar, G. & Low, P. (2013). Supply Chain Perspectives and Issues: A Literature Review. Geneva: WTO Publications. Pohl, M. & Tolhurst, N. (2010). Responsible Business: How to Manage a CSR Strategy Successfully. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. OECD (2008). Enhancing the Role of SMEs in Global Value Chains. Paris: OECD Publishing. Roberts, P. (2001). Corporate Competence in FM: Current Problems and Issues”, Facilities, 19(7-8): 269-75. Porter, M. E. (2008). Clusters and Competition: New Agendas for Companies, Governments, and Institutions. M. E. Porter (Ed.), On Competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 213-302. Quinn, J. B. & Hilmer, F. G. (1994). Strategic Outsourcing. Sloan Management Review, 35(4):43-55. Rugman, A. M., Collinson, S. & Hodgetts, R. M. (2006). International Business. 4th Edition, Essex: Pearson Education. Russell, R. S. & Taylor, B. W. (2014). Operations and Supply Chain Management, 8th, Edition International Student Version, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Sanders, N. R. (2011). Supply Chain Management: A Global Perspective. London: Wiley Global Education. Sarlak, M.A. (2011). The New Faces of Organizations in the 21st Century: A Management and Business Reference Book. Toronto: NAISIT Publishers. Sollish, F. & Semanik, J. (2011). Strategic Global Sourcing: Best Practices. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. Sukati, I., Hamid, A., Baharun, R., Yusoff, R. Md (2012). The Study of Supply Chain Management Strategy and Practices on Supply Chain Performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 40, 225-233. Thakkar, J., Kanda, A. & Deshmukh. S. G. (2008). Supply Chain Management In SMEs: Development of Constructs and Propositions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(1): 97-131. Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. New York: William Morrow & Company. Tolbert, P. S. & Arthur, J. B. (1990). Institutionalization and Negotiations in Organizations. B. H. Sheppard, M. H. Bazerman, ve R. J. Lewicki (Eds.). Research on Negotiation in Organizations, V.2, Greenwich: JAI Press, 219-240. Ulusoy, G., Çatay, B., Arıkan, Y. & Denizel, M. (2002). Makine İmalat Sektöründe İş Mükemmelliği ve Elektronik İş Stratejileri, TÜSİAD Rekabet Stratejileri Dizisi, 8, Istanbul: TÜSİAD. Ulusoy, G. (2003). An Assessment of Supply Chain and Innovation Management Practices in the Manufacturing Industries in Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics, 86(3): 251-270. Yuhua, Z. (2014). Integrating SMEs into Global Value Chains: Policy Principles and Best Practices. APEC Policy Support Unit Issues Papers, No. 6, http://www.insme.org/insme-newsletter/2014/file-allegati/newsletter_documents/Integrating_SMEs.pdf
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Journal Section Makaleler
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Özge Demiral

Publication Date April 16, 2017
Submission Date November 12, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 26 Issue: 1

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APA Demiral, Ö. (2017). Küresel Tedarik Ağları ve Yönetim-Organizasyon Sorunları: Çok Boyutlu Bir Literatür İncelemesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 313-326.