REFLECTION OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN ART: THE CASE OF CASTA PAINTINGS
Year 2024,
Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 1371 - 1384, 15.09.2024
Yıldız Öztürk
Abstract
Visual culture products are not neutral objects. It can be argued that visual culture products are indicative of power relations, and that these relations are more pronounced during periods of social change and upheaval. Understanding visual cultural products beyond the confines of their frames, evaluating these images within contexts, and looking beyond the images are necessary both to conduct a profound analysis of artistic production and to reveal the dynamics of social power relations. Throughout mainstream art history, it is evident that people of colour have been represented with stereotyped identities distinct from those of whites. Western visual regimes reproduce existing inequalities and stratifications in society through racialized images. Casta paintings crystallize this perspective, depicting the process of racial mixing among the three main groups living in Mexico, which was part of the Spanish colony in the 18th century. Casta paintings narrate the ways in which a racialized society is expressed in visual culture. This study focuses on the exhibition Casta: The Origins of Caste to examine how social stratification and race are visualized in works of art.
Project Number
Başvuru No: 1059B192203035
References
- Barlet, O. (2000). African cinemas: Decolonizing the gaze. London: Zed Books.
- Becker, H. S. (2003). Art as collective action. Jeremy Tanner (Ed.), in the sociology of art: A reader (pp. 85-95). London & New York: Routledge.
- Bennett, T., Savage, M., Bortolaia Silva, E., Warde, A., Gayo-Cal, M., Wright, D. (2009). Culture, class, distinction. New York: Routledge.
- Bourdieu, P. (2015). Ayrım: Beğeni yargısının toplumsal eleştirisi. Çev. Derya Fırat ve Günce Berkkurt. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Deans-Smith, S. (2005). Creating the colonial subject: Casta paintings, collectors, and critics in eighteenth-century Mexico and Spain. Colonial Latin American Review, 14 (2), 169-204.
- Earle, R. (2016). The pleasures of taxonomy: Casta paintings, classification, and colonialism. The William and Mary Quarterly, 73 (3), July 2016, 427-466.
- Evans, J. and Hall, S. (2007). What is visual culture?. Jessica Evans and Stuart Hall (Eds.), in the visual culture: A reader (pp. 1-7). London: SAGE Publications.
- From the texts in the exhibition. 2023.
- Heinich, N. (2013). Sanat sosyolojisi. Çev. Turgut Arnas. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
- Hooks, B. (1992). Black look: Race and representation. Boston: South End Press.
- Katzew, I. (2004). Cast painting: Images of race in eighteenth-century Mexico. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
- Loren, D. D. (2007). Corporeal concerns: Eighteenth-century casta paintings and colonial bodies in Spanish Texas. Historical Archaeology, 41 (1), 23-36.
- Memmi, A. (1999). Racism. Minnesota and London: University of Minnesota Press.
- Munroe, T. (2023a). Tara Munroe on the discovery of the ‘casta paintings’. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/tara-munroe-on-the-discovery-of-the-Casta-paintings, accessed 06.12.2023.
- Munroe, T. (2023b). Get a brief insight. https://opal22.co.uk/opal-events/origins-of-caste/, accessed 30.01.2024.
- Olson, C. (2009). Casta painting and the rhetorical body. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 39 (4), 307-330.
- The source of figure 1, 2, 3 is https://opal22.co.uk/opal-events/origins-of-caste/, accessed 30.01.2024.
- Vihalem, M. (2018). Everyday aesthetics and Jacques Rancière: Reconfiguring the common field of aesthetics and politics. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, 10 (1), 1-11.
- Young, L. (2003). Rethinking heritage: Cultural policy and inclusion. Richard Sandell (Ed.), in the museums, society, ınequality (pp. 203-212). London and New York: Routledge
TOPLUMSAL TABAKALAŞMANIN SANATA YANSIMASI: CASTA RESİMLERİ ÖRNEĞİ
Year 2024,
Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 1371 - 1384, 15.09.2024
Yıldız Öztürk
Abstract
Görsel kültür ürünlerini nötr nesneler değildir. Görsel kültür ürünlerinin güç ilişkilerinin bir göstergesi olduğu ve bu ilişkilerin toplumsal değişim ve kırılma dönemlerinde daha belirgin hale geldiği söylenebilir. Görsel kültür ürünlerini içinde bulunduğu çerçeve ile sınırlı tutmadan anlamaya çalışmak, bu görüntüleri bağlamlarla değerlendirmek, görüntülerin ötesine bakmak hem sanatsal üretimin derinlikli analizini yapmak hem de toplumsal güç ilişkilerinin dinamiklerini ortaya çıkarmak için gereklidir. Ana akım sanat tarihinin her döneminde beyaz olmayanların beyazlardan farklı olarak klişeleştirilmiş kimliklerle temsil edildiği görülür. Batılı görsel rejimler ırksallaştırılmış görüntüler aracılığıyla toplumda var olan eşitsizlikleri ve tabakalaşmayı yeniden üretirler. Casta resimleri bu bakış açısının kristalize olduğu bir resim türüdür. 18. yüzyılda İspanyol kolonisine dahil olan Meksika’da yaşayan üç ana grup arasındaki ırk karışım sürecini tasvir eden Casta resimleri, ırksallaştırılmış bir toplumun görsel kültürde ifade edilme biçimlerini anlatır. Bu çalışma Casta: The Origins of Caste sergisine odaklanarak toplumsal tabakalaşma ve ırkın sanat eserlerinde nasıl görselleştirildiğini incelemektedir.
Ethical Statement
This article is an extended version of a review published in the Spring 2024 issue of Black Art Magazine. Bu makale Black Art Magazine'in Bahar 2024 sayısında yayınlanan eleştirinin genişletilmiş halidir.
Supporting Institution
TÜBİTAK
Project Number
Başvuru No: 1059B192203035
Thanks
This study was conducted as part of a project supported by TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) 2219 International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program. I would like to express my gratitude to TÜBİTAK for providing me with this opportunity. Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK 2219 Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Bursu tarafından desteklenen bir proje kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bana bu imkânı sağladığı için TÜBİTAK'a teşekkür ederim.
References
- Barlet, O. (2000). African cinemas: Decolonizing the gaze. London: Zed Books.
- Becker, H. S. (2003). Art as collective action. Jeremy Tanner (Ed.), in the sociology of art: A reader (pp. 85-95). London & New York: Routledge.
- Bennett, T., Savage, M., Bortolaia Silva, E., Warde, A., Gayo-Cal, M., Wright, D. (2009). Culture, class, distinction. New York: Routledge.
- Bourdieu, P. (2015). Ayrım: Beğeni yargısının toplumsal eleştirisi. Çev. Derya Fırat ve Günce Berkkurt. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Deans-Smith, S. (2005). Creating the colonial subject: Casta paintings, collectors, and critics in eighteenth-century Mexico and Spain. Colonial Latin American Review, 14 (2), 169-204.
- Earle, R. (2016). The pleasures of taxonomy: Casta paintings, classification, and colonialism. The William and Mary Quarterly, 73 (3), July 2016, 427-466.
- Evans, J. and Hall, S. (2007). What is visual culture?. Jessica Evans and Stuart Hall (Eds.), in the visual culture: A reader (pp. 1-7). London: SAGE Publications.
- From the texts in the exhibition. 2023.
- Heinich, N. (2013). Sanat sosyolojisi. Çev. Turgut Arnas. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
- Hooks, B. (1992). Black look: Race and representation. Boston: South End Press.
- Katzew, I. (2004). Cast painting: Images of race in eighteenth-century Mexico. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
- Loren, D. D. (2007). Corporeal concerns: Eighteenth-century casta paintings and colonial bodies in Spanish Texas. Historical Archaeology, 41 (1), 23-36.
- Memmi, A. (1999). Racism. Minnesota and London: University of Minnesota Press.
- Munroe, T. (2023a). Tara Munroe on the discovery of the ‘casta paintings’. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/tara-munroe-on-the-discovery-of-the-Casta-paintings, accessed 06.12.2023.
- Munroe, T. (2023b). Get a brief insight. https://opal22.co.uk/opal-events/origins-of-caste/, accessed 30.01.2024.
- Olson, C. (2009). Casta painting and the rhetorical body. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 39 (4), 307-330.
- The source of figure 1, 2, 3 is https://opal22.co.uk/opal-events/origins-of-caste/, accessed 30.01.2024.
- Vihalem, M. (2018). Everyday aesthetics and Jacques Rancière: Reconfiguring the common field of aesthetics and politics. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, 10 (1), 1-11.
- Young, L. (2003). Rethinking heritage: Cultural policy and inclusion. Richard Sandell (Ed.), in the museums, society, ınequality (pp. 203-212). London and New York: Routledge