Tarihî Bakımdan Cürçence-Mançuca İlişkisi ve Cürçencedeki Bazı Türkçe Kökenli Kelimeler Üzerine

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 29, 67 - 77, 30.11.2021

Uluhan Özalan

https://doi.org/10.54316/dilarastirmalari.1014250

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Liao devletine (916-1125) son vererek Çin’in kuzeyinde Cin hanedanını (1115-1234) kuran Tunguz topluluğunun dili olan Cürçence bugünkü verilere göre yazıya geçirilen ilk Tunguz dilidir. Cin ve Ming (1368-1644) dönemlerinden kalan metinlerle takip edilebilmektedir. Tunguz dil ailesi içinde Cürçence, Mançuca ve Sibecenin tarihsel olarak birbirinin devamı olduğu genellikle kabul edilir. Çing döneminde (1644-1911) Cürçen toplulukları kendilerine Mançu demeye başlamıştır. Mançucayla Cürçence arasında sesbilgisi ve şekilbilgisi bakımından bazı küçük farklar olmakla birlikte iki dilin tarihî olarak birbirinin devamı olamayacağı da bazı araştırmacılar tarafından belirtilir. Bu yazıda, Cürçenlerin tarihinden bahsedilerek Cürçencenin kaynaklarına değinilmiştir. Ayrıca Cin ve Ming dönemi Cürçencesi ile Mançuca arasındaki dilbilgisi bakımından benzerlikler ve farklar gösterilmiştir. Bundan başka, Cürçenceye Moğolca aracılığıyla geçen Türkçe kelimeler tespit edilerek bunların diğer Tunguz dillerindeki yayılımı gösterilmiş ve Türk-Tunguz dil ilişkileri bağlamında ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Cürçence, Mançuca, Tunguz dilleri, Türkçe, dil ilişkileri

Historical Relation of Jurchen-Manchu and on Some Words of Turkic Origin in Jurchen

Abstract

Jurchen is the language of the Tungusic people who supplanted the Liao State (916-1125) and formed the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in northern China. On the basis of the available data, Jurchen is known to be the first Tungusic language ever recorded in writing. It can be traced through written materials during Jin and Ming (1368-1644) periods. Besides, Jurchen, Manchu and Sibe are regarded to be the historical continuation of the same language. As an ethnonym Jurchen was replaced by Manchu in the Qing period (1644-1911). Since there are some slight phonological and morphological differences between Jurchen and Manchu, some researchers state that Manchu is not a direct descendant of Jurchen. In the present paper, the sources of the Jurchen language are introduced with reference to Jurchen history. As for the linguistic history of Jurchen, the linguistic divergences among Jin and Ming Jurchen, and Manchu are presented. Additionally, the words with Turkic origin borrowed through Mongolic mediation in Jurchen are determined and their spread in the Tungusic language family is discussed within the framework of Turkic-Tungusic contact.

Keywords

Jurchen, Manchu, Tungusic, Turkic, language contacts

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