Abstract
Within the structuralist viewpoint, the storymaking elements of the short stories can be visualized after identifying their story grammar, which has implications on language teaching. Bartlett (1932), Propp (1970), Levi-Strauss ( 1976) originally did research on narrative structure. In 1975, Rumelhart organized the information into story grammar and focused on cause and effect. In 1977, Mandler and Johnson used story grammar in the form of tree diagrams for a more in-depth diagram of relationships between the story elements. This approach was then simplified by Beck and McKoewn in 1981. In this study, the use of graphic organizers on the basis of story grammars of the short stories is demonstrated in American short stories: Thank you Ma’m by Langston Hughes, A Dait’s Wait by Ernest Hemingway and My Father Sits in the Dark by Jerome Wiedman. Such an application is believed to help students enhance their understanding and their cognitive development as better comprehension is closely associated with improved thinking and linguistic skills
References
- Abrams, M.H. ( 1993) A Glossary of Literary terms. Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
- Akyol, H. Hikaye haritası Yöntemiyle Metin Öğretimi. Online: http://yayim.meb.gov.tr/dergiler/medergi/15.htm
- Bartlett , F.C. ) Remembering Cambridge England University Pres 1932 317 p
- Beck, I. L., & McKoewn, G. M. (1981). Developing questions that promote comprehension: The story map. Language Arts, 58, 913-918.
- Drafke, M. (1993). Graphic Organizers. http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/drafke/Graphic%20organizers.htm#Graphic%2 0Organizers%20In%20General
- Erden, A Kısa Öykü ve Dilbilimsel Eleştiri (Istanbul: Gendaş Yayınları, 2002)
- Grabe, B. (1997) Discourse Analysis and Reading Instruction. In Functional Approaches to Written Text: Classroom Applications (2-15) English Language Programs United States Information Agency.
- Marzano, R., Pickering, D.J., & Pollock, J.E. (2001). Classroom instruction that works: Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
- Mandler. J. M. (1978) A code in the node: the use of a short schema in retrieval . Discourse Process. P. 14-35
- Propp, V. (1970). Morphologie du Conte. Seuille, Paris. Masalın Biçimbilimi (translated by M. Rıfat, S. Rıfat). BFS Yayınları İstanbul.
- Rumelhart D.E. (1980) Notes on a Schema for Stories. Bobrow D.G. & Collins A. Eds.) Representation and understanding studies in cognitive science. New York Academic press 211-36
- Smith, V. (1997) Guide to Fiction. Online: http://depts.gallaudet.edu/Englishworks/
- Hughes, L. (1998) Thank You Ma’m in America Writes (eds. Kay, J and R.M. Gelshenen).
- Hemingway, E. (1998) A Day’s Wait. in America Writes (eds. Kay, J and R.M. Gelshenen).
- Wiedman, J. (1998). My Father Sits in the Dark in America Writes (eds. Kay, J and R.M. Gelshenen).
- Wikidipedia- Online Encyclopedia. Online: http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Story_grammar
Abstract
Yapısal bakış açısı içerisinde, kısa öykünün dil öğretiminde etkin bir biçimde ele alınabilmesi için kısa öykülerin anlatı yapıları grafik göstergelerle (graphic organizers) görsel olarak öğrencilere sunulabilir. Bartlett (1932), Propp (1970), Levi-Strauss ( 1976) temelde anlatı yapısı üzerine araştırmalar yapmışlardır. Rumelhart (1975) bilgiyi öykü sözdizimi şeklinde düzenleyerek, sebeb sonuç ilşkisi üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. 1977’de Mandler ve Johnson öykü sözdizimini, öykü unsurları arasındaki ilişkileri daha derinlemesine göstermek için dizim ağacı (tree diagram) kullanmıştır. Bu yaklaşım daha sonra Beck ve McKoewn (1981) tarafından basitleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Thank you Ma’m (Langston Hughes), A Dait’s Wait (Ernest Hemingway), and My Father Sits in the Dark (Jerome Wiedman) isimli kısa öykülere ait bazı unsurlar bu yaklaşımı sınıf içinde örneklemek için kullanılacaktır. Bu tür bir yaklaşım yabancı dil öğrencilerinin öyküyü daha iyi anlamalarını sağlayacak ve bilişsel gelişmelerinı arttıracaktır çünkü anlama seviyesinin artması gelişmiş bilişsel ve dilsel becerilerle sıkıca ilişkilidir
References
- Abrams, M.H. ( 1993) A Glossary of Literary terms. Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
- Akyol, H. Hikaye haritası Yöntemiyle Metin Öğretimi. Online: http://yayim.meb.gov.tr/dergiler/medergi/15.htm
- Bartlett , F.C. ) Remembering Cambridge England University Pres 1932 317 p
- Beck, I. L., & McKoewn, G. M. (1981). Developing questions that promote comprehension: The story map. Language Arts, 58, 913-918.
- Drafke, M. (1993). Graphic Organizers. http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/drafke/Graphic%20organizers.htm#Graphic%2 0Organizers%20In%20General
- Erden, A Kısa Öykü ve Dilbilimsel Eleştiri (Istanbul: Gendaş Yayınları, 2002)
- Grabe, B. (1997) Discourse Analysis and Reading Instruction. In Functional Approaches to Written Text: Classroom Applications (2-15) English Language Programs United States Information Agency.
- Marzano, R., Pickering, D.J., & Pollock, J.E. (2001). Classroom instruction that works: Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
- Mandler. J. M. (1978) A code in the node: the use of a short schema in retrieval . Discourse Process. P. 14-35
- Propp, V. (1970). Morphologie du Conte. Seuille, Paris. Masalın Biçimbilimi (translated by M. Rıfat, S. Rıfat). BFS Yayınları İstanbul.
- Rumelhart D.E. (1980) Notes on a Schema for Stories. Bobrow D.G. & Collins A. Eds.) Representation and understanding studies in cognitive science. New York Academic press 211-36
- Smith, V. (1997) Guide to Fiction. Online: http://depts.gallaudet.edu/Englishworks/
- Hughes, L. (1998) Thank You Ma’m in America Writes (eds. Kay, J and R.M. Gelshenen).
- Hemingway, E. (1998) A Day’s Wait. in America Writes (eds. Kay, J and R.M. Gelshenen).
- Wiedman, J. (1998). My Father Sits in the Dark in America Writes (eds. Kay, J and R.M. Gelshenen).
- Wikidipedia- Online Encyclopedia. Online: http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Story_grammar
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Language Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2006 |
| Submission Date | January 1, 2006 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2006 |