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Vitalizmin Bilimselliği Tartışması: Dönüşen Perspektifler ve Güncelliğini Koruyan Felsefî Problemler

Year 2021, Issue: 19, 1 - 29, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Bu makalede, günümüzde bilim dışı olarak görülen vitalizmin tarihsel temellerini ve felsefî mirasını ele alıyorum. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Aristoteles’e dayandırılan vitalizm öncülü düşünceleri, ardından modern dönemde dirimsel kuvvet düşüncesinin gelişimini tartışıyorum. XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında başlayan vitalizm tartışmalarında farklı yorumlar bulunmakla birlikte, vitalizm özü itibariyle yaşamın özel ontolojik statüsüne odaklanır ve canlılığa yönelik mekanist yaklaşıma karşı eleştirel bir tutum takınır. Vitalizmin söz konusu erken dönem yorumlarında, ortaya sürülen tezlerin çoğunlukla materyalizmle çelişkili olmadığı görülür. Vitalizmin bilimsel olmadığına yönelik eleştirilerde asıl olarak hedef tahtasına yerleştirilen ise Hans Driesch’ın neo-vitalizmi olmuş, bu durum Driesch öncesindeki yorumların çeşitliliğinin ortadan kalkmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu nedenle, vitalizmin XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren yavaş yavaş bilim dışına itilmesi, bir ölçüde başlangıçtaki natüralist yaklaşımın göz ardı edilmesinin bir sonucudur. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Montpellier ekolü gibi vitalist yaklaşımlar ve vitalizmi çürüttüğü iddia edilen Wöhler’in üreyi sentezlediği deneyler etrafındaki tartışmalara eğilerek vitalizmin bilimselliği problemine tarihsel açıdan kapsayıcı bir yanıt sunmayı amaçlıyorum. Son olarak, vitalizm-mekanizm tartışmasının günümüze uzanan etkisini materyalist eleştiriler ve biyolojide indirgeme karşıtlığı bağlamında inceliyorum.

References

  • Allen, G. E. (2008). Rebel with two causes: Hans Driesch. O. Harman & M. R. Dietrich (Ed.) içerisinde, Rebels, mavericks, and heretics in biology (37–64).
  • Aristoteles. (2014). Ruh Üzerine (Z. Özcan, çev.). Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Aristoteles. (2017). Metafizik (A. Arslan, çev.). İstanbul: Divan Kitap.
  • Bechtel, W. (2013). Addressing the Vitalist’s Challenge to Mechanistic Science: Dynamic Mechanistic Explanation. S. Normandin & C. T. Wolfe (Eds.) içerisinde, Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-enlightenment Life Science, 1800–2010 (345–370). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Benton, E. (1974). Vitalism in Nineteenth-century Scientific Thought: A Typology and Reassessment. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 5(1), 17–48.
  • Bergson, H. (1944). Creative Evolution (A. Mitchell, çev.). New York: Random House.
  • Bognon, C., Chen, B., & Wolfe, C. (2018). Metaphysics, Function and the Engineering of Life: The Problem of Vitalism. Journal of Philosophy and Science, 20(1), 113–140.
  • Canguilhem, G. (2008). Knowledge of Life (P. Marrati & T. Meyers, çev.). New York: Fordham University Press. DiFrisco, J. (2015). Elan Vital Revisited: Bergson and the Thermodynamic Paradigm. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 53(1), 54–73.
  • Driesch, H. (1908). The Science and Philosophy of the Organism. London: Adam and Charles Black.
  • Driesch, H. (1914). The History and Theory of Vitalism (2019 baskısı; C. K. Ogden, çev.). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Frank, P. (1998). The Law of Causality and It’s Limits (R. S. Cohen, ed.; M. Neurath & R. S. Cohen, çev.). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Frolov, I. T. (1998). Biyolojide diyalektik yöntem (Yakup Şahan, çev.). İstanbul: Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları.
  • Garrett, B. (2013). Vitalism Versus Emergent Materialism. S. Normandin & C. T. Wolfe (Ed.) içerisinde, Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-enlightenment life science, 1800-2010 (127–154). Springer.
  • Gilbert, S. F., & Sarkar, S. (2000). Embracing Complexity: Organicism for the 21st Century. Developmental Dynamics, 219(1), 1–9. Haldane, J. B. S. (1931). The Philosophical Basis of Biology. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Hein, G. E. (1961). The Liebig-Pasteur Controversy: Vitality without Vitalism. Journal of Chemical Education, 38(12), 614.
  • Hein, H. (1972). The Endurance of the Mechanism: Vitalism Controversy. Journal of the History of Biology, 159–188.
  • Hempel, C. G. (1965). Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. New York: Free Press.
  • Kirschner, M. W., Gerhart, J., & Mitchison, T. (2000). Molecular “vitalism.” Cell, 100(1), 79–88.
  • Lenoir, T. (1980). Kant, Blumenbach, and Vital Materialism in German Biology. Isis, 71(1), 77–108.
  • Lenoir, T. (1982). The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Mechanics in Nineteenth Century German Biology. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
  • Lipman, T. O. (1967). Vitalism and Reductionism in Liebig’s Physiological Thought. Isis, 58(2), 167–185.
  • Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1992). The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Boulder: Shambhala.
  • McKie, D. (1944). Wöhler’s “Synthetic” Urea and the Rejection of Vitalism: A Chemical Legend. Nature, 153(3890), 608–610.
  • McLaughlin, P. (2001). What Functions Explain: Functional Explanation and Self-reproducing Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moss, L. (2003). What Genes Can’t Do. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
  • Müller, W. A. (2003). From the Aristotelian Soul to Genetic and Epigenetic Information: The Evolution of the Modern Concepts in Developmental Biology at the Turn of the Century. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 40(1), 21–26.
  • Myers, C. S. (1900). Vitalism: A Brief Historical and Critical Review. Mind, 9(34), 218–233.
  • Nicholson, D. J., & Gawne, R. (2015). Neither Logical Empiricism nor Vitalism but, Organicism: What the Philosophy of Biology Was. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 37(4), 345–381.
  • Normandin, S., & Wolfe, C. T. (2013). Vitalism and the Scientific Image: An Introduction. Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-Enlightenment Life Science, 1800-2010 (1–17). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Oyama, S. (2010). Biologists Behaving Badly: Vitalism and the Language of Language. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 401–423.
  • Ramberg, P. J. (2000). The Death of Vitalism and the Birth of Organic Chemistry: Wohler’s Urea Synthesis and the Disciplinary Identity of Organic Chemistry. Ambix, 47(3), 170–195.
  • Ritter, W. E. (1932). Why Aristotle Invented the Word Entelecheia. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 7(4), 377–404.
  • Schrödinger, E. (2012). What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell (Canto). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sloan, P. R. (1977). Descartes, the Sceptics, and the Rejection of Vitalism in Seventeenth-century Physiology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 8(1), 1–28.
  • Stollberg, G. (2015). Vitalism and Vital Force in Life Sciences – The Demise and Life of a Scientific Conception. Bielefeld Institute for Global Society Studies, s. 1–20.
  • Valsiner, J. (2017). Making Sense of Driesch’s Self-completing Wholes. Representing Development: The Social Construction of Modals of Change (28–48). London: Routledge.
  • Wolfe, C. T. (2013). Vitalism and the Resistance to Experimentation on Life in the Eighteenth Century. Journal of the History of Biology, 46(2), 255–282.
  • Wolfe, C. T., & Terada, M. (2008). The Animal Economy as Object and Program in Montpellier Vitalism. Science in Context, 21(4), 537–579.
  • Wolfe, C. T., & Wong, A. (2014). The Return of Vitalism: Canguilhem, Bergson and the Project of Biophilosophy. The Care of life: Transdisciplinary Perspectives in Bioethics and Biopolitics (63–75) içerisinde. London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
  • Wolffram, H. (2003). Supernormal biology: Vitalism, Parapsychology and the German Crisis of Modernity, c. 1890-1933. The European Legacy, 8(2), 149–163.
  • Wright, L. (1973). Functions. The Philosophical Review, 82(2), 139–168.
  • Wright, L. (1976). Teleological Explanations: An Etiological Analysis of Goals and Functions. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Year 2021, Issue: 19, 1 - 29, 30.06.2021

Abstract

References

  • Allen, G. E. (2008). Rebel with two causes: Hans Driesch. O. Harman & M. R. Dietrich (Ed.) içerisinde, Rebels, mavericks, and heretics in biology (37–64).
  • Aristoteles. (2014). Ruh Üzerine (Z. Özcan, çev.). Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Aristoteles. (2017). Metafizik (A. Arslan, çev.). İstanbul: Divan Kitap.
  • Bechtel, W. (2013). Addressing the Vitalist’s Challenge to Mechanistic Science: Dynamic Mechanistic Explanation. S. Normandin & C. T. Wolfe (Eds.) içerisinde, Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-enlightenment Life Science, 1800–2010 (345–370). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Benton, E. (1974). Vitalism in Nineteenth-century Scientific Thought: A Typology and Reassessment. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 5(1), 17–48.
  • Bergson, H. (1944). Creative Evolution (A. Mitchell, çev.). New York: Random House.
  • Bognon, C., Chen, B., & Wolfe, C. (2018). Metaphysics, Function and the Engineering of Life: The Problem of Vitalism. Journal of Philosophy and Science, 20(1), 113–140.
  • Canguilhem, G. (2008). Knowledge of Life (P. Marrati & T. Meyers, çev.). New York: Fordham University Press. DiFrisco, J. (2015). Elan Vital Revisited: Bergson and the Thermodynamic Paradigm. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 53(1), 54–73.
  • Driesch, H. (1908). The Science and Philosophy of the Organism. London: Adam and Charles Black.
  • Driesch, H. (1914). The History and Theory of Vitalism (2019 baskısı; C. K. Ogden, çev.). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Frank, P. (1998). The Law of Causality and It’s Limits (R. S. Cohen, ed.; M. Neurath & R. S. Cohen, çev.). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Frolov, I. T. (1998). Biyolojide diyalektik yöntem (Yakup Şahan, çev.). İstanbul: Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları.
  • Garrett, B. (2013). Vitalism Versus Emergent Materialism. S. Normandin & C. T. Wolfe (Ed.) içerisinde, Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-enlightenment life science, 1800-2010 (127–154). Springer.
  • Gilbert, S. F., & Sarkar, S. (2000). Embracing Complexity: Organicism for the 21st Century. Developmental Dynamics, 219(1), 1–9. Haldane, J. B. S. (1931). The Philosophical Basis of Biology. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Hein, G. E. (1961). The Liebig-Pasteur Controversy: Vitality without Vitalism. Journal of Chemical Education, 38(12), 614.
  • Hein, H. (1972). The Endurance of the Mechanism: Vitalism Controversy. Journal of the History of Biology, 159–188.
  • Hempel, C. G. (1965). Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. New York: Free Press.
  • Kirschner, M. W., Gerhart, J., & Mitchison, T. (2000). Molecular “vitalism.” Cell, 100(1), 79–88.
  • Lenoir, T. (1980). Kant, Blumenbach, and Vital Materialism in German Biology. Isis, 71(1), 77–108.
  • Lenoir, T. (1982). The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Mechanics in Nineteenth Century German Biology. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
  • Lipman, T. O. (1967). Vitalism and Reductionism in Liebig’s Physiological Thought. Isis, 58(2), 167–185.
  • Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1992). The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Boulder: Shambhala.
  • McKie, D. (1944). Wöhler’s “Synthetic” Urea and the Rejection of Vitalism: A Chemical Legend. Nature, 153(3890), 608–610.
  • McLaughlin, P. (2001). What Functions Explain: Functional Explanation and Self-reproducing Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moss, L. (2003). What Genes Can’t Do. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
  • Müller, W. A. (2003). From the Aristotelian Soul to Genetic and Epigenetic Information: The Evolution of the Modern Concepts in Developmental Biology at the Turn of the Century. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 40(1), 21–26.
  • Myers, C. S. (1900). Vitalism: A Brief Historical and Critical Review. Mind, 9(34), 218–233.
  • Nicholson, D. J., & Gawne, R. (2015). Neither Logical Empiricism nor Vitalism but, Organicism: What the Philosophy of Biology Was. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 37(4), 345–381.
  • Normandin, S., & Wolfe, C. T. (2013). Vitalism and the Scientific Image: An Introduction. Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-Enlightenment Life Science, 1800-2010 (1–17). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Oyama, S. (2010). Biologists Behaving Badly: Vitalism and the Language of Language. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 401–423.
  • Ramberg, P. J. (2000). The Death of Vitalism and the Birth of Organic Chemistry: Wohler’s Urea Synthesis and the Disciplinary Identity of Organic Chemistry. Ambix, 47(3), 170–195.
  • Ritter, W. E. (1932). Why Aristotle Invented the Word Entelecheia. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 7(4), 377–404.
  • Schrödinger, E. (2012). What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell (Canto). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sloan, P. R. (1977). Descartes, the Sceptics, and the Rejection of Vitalism in Seventeenth-century Physiology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 8(1), 1–28.
  • Stollberg, G. (2015). Vitalism and Vital Force in Life Sciences – The Demise and Life of a Scientific Conception. Bielefeld Institute for Global Society Studies, s. 1–20.
  • Valsiner, J. (2017). Making Sense of Driesch’s Self-completing Wholes. Representing Development: The Social Construction of Modals of Change (28–48). London: Routledge.
  • Wolfe, C. T. (2013). Vitalism and the Resistance to Experimentation on Life in the Eighteenth Century. Journal of the History of Biology, 46(2), 255–282.
  • Wolfe, C. T., & Terada, M. (2008). The Animal Economy as Object and Program in Montpellier Vitalism. Science in Context, 21(4), 537–579.
  • Wolfe, C. T., & Wong, A. (2014). The Return of Vitalism: Canguilhem, Bergson and the Project of Biophilosophy. The Care of life: Transdisciplinary Perspectives in Bioethics and Biopolitics (63–75) içerisinde. London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
  • Wolffram, H. (2003). Supernormal biology: Vitalism, Parapsychology and the German Crisis of Modernity, c. 1890-1933. The European Legacy, 8(2), 149–163.
  • Wright, L. (1973). Functions. The Philosophical Review, 82(2), 139–168.
  • Wright, L. (1976). Teleological Explanations: An Etiological Analysis of Goals and Functions. Berkeley: University of California Press.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Çağlar Karaca 0000-0002-4059-6916

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date March 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 19

Cite

APA Karaca, Ç. (2021). Vitalizmin Bilimselliği Tartışması: Dönüşen Perspektifler ve Güncelliğini Koruyan Felsefî Problemler. Dört Öge(19), 1-29.