The Mediating Role of Intrinsıc Motivation in the Organizational Identity-in Role and Extra Role Performance Relationship
Year 2021,
, 135 - 152, 30.07.2021
Muhammet Ali Çelebi
,
Fatih Çetin
Abstract
The main purpose of the study is to examine the effects of organizational identity on in-role and extra-role performance, and to explore the possible mediating role of intrinsic motivation in this process. The data were collected from 592 academic staff using the survey method. The relationship between study variables was investigated by correlation and structural equation modeling analyses. Moreover, the mediation tests were conducted for determining the indirect effects among variables. The results showed that merely the affective-attachment to organization increases in-role and extra-role performance. We couldn’t find any significant effects of other sub-dimensions i.e. self-categorization, the goodness of fit, and behavioral involvement on in-role and extra-role performance. What’s more it was found that the relationship between affective-attachment and in-role performance is mediated by intrinsic motivation. All these findings were discussed based on theoretical and cultural context.
References
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- Amabile, T. M. (1993). Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 3(3), 185–201.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.ObO13e31812e5535
- Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A., & Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2011). Individualism–collectivism among Americans, Turks and Turkish immigrants to the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(1), 9-16.
- Battistelli, A., Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., Pohl, S., & Odoardi, C. (2013). Promoting organizational citizenship behaviors : The mediating role of intrinsic work motivation, Le Travail Humain, 76(3), 205–226.
- Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2009). Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013935
- Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71–98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Borman, W. C., & Motowildo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002
- Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482.
- Brewer, M. B. (2010). Intergroup relations. Oxford University Press.
- Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. The Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 710–725. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/258391
- Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity processes and social stress. American Sociological Review, 56(6), 836–849.
- Çelebi, M. A. (2019). Algılanan örgütsel kimliğin ve içsel-dışsal güdülenmenin rol içi ve rol dışı performansa etkileri: Konya Ovası Projesi Bölgesi üniversitelerinde bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi.
- Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-Year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 3(4), 980–1008. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661.
- Çetin, F., & Çelebi, M. A. (2021). Çok boyutlu örgütsel kimlik ölçeği geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 228–243.
- Cicero, L., & Pierro, A. (2007). Charismatic leadership and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of employees’ work-group identification. International Journal of Psychology, 42(5), 297–306.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701248495
- Deci, L., & Ryan, M. (2000). The " what " and " why " of goal pursuits : Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
- Deschamps, J., & Devos, T. (1998). Regarding the relationship between social identity and personal identity. In In S. WorchelJ. F. Morales & D. Páez (Eds.), Social identity: International Perspectives (pp. 2-12). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446279205.n1.
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- Ellemers, N., Gilder, D. De, & Haslam, S. A. (2004). Motivating individuals and groups at work: A Social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 459–478.
- Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior checklist (OCB-C). Retrieved from http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~pspector/scales/OCB-Cdevelopment.doc
- Fuller, B., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1988). Organizational construction of intrinsic motivation Sociological Forum, 3(1), 1–24. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/684619
- Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362.
- Gioia, D. A., Schultz, M., & Corley, K. G. (2000). Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 63–81. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/259263.
- Grant, A. M. (2008). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 48–58.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48
- Haslam, S. A. (2004). Psychology in organizations the social identity approach. In Society (Second Edi). London: SAGE Publications.
- Haslam, S. A., & Ellemers, N. (2005). International review of industrial and organizational psychology. In G. P.
Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470029307
- Herzberg, F. (2003). One more time how do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review, (2), 18–31. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2003/01/one-more-time-how-do-you-motivate-employees
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Jones, C., & Volpe, E. H. (2011). Organizational identification: Extending our understanding of social identities through social networks. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 413–434. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41415676
- Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(37), 36-43.
- Kane, R. E., Magnusen, M. J., & Perrewé, P. L. (2012). Differential effects of identification on extra-role behavior. Career Development International, 17(1), 25–42.
- Kelman, H. C. (1961). Processes of opinion change. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 25(1), 57–78.
- Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Weibel, A., Dysvik, A., & Nerstad, C. G. L. (2017). Do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation relate differently to employee outcomes? Journal of Economic Psychology, 61, 244–258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.05.004
- Kuvaas, B., & Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(3), 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00103.x
- Lee, E. S., Park, T. Y., & Koo, B. (2015). Identifying organizational identification as a basis for attitudes and behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 1049–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000012
- Leonard, N. H., Beauvais, L. L., & Scholl, R. W. (1999). Work motivation: The incorporation of self-cencept-based process. Human Relations, 52(8), 969–998. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679905200801
- Li, Y., Wei, F., Ren, S., & Di, Y. (2015). Locus of control, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation relation to performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(4), 422–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2012-0318
- Ma, B., Liu, S., Liu, D., & Wang, H. (2016). Job security and work performance in Chinese employees: The mediating role of organisational identification. International Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12137
- Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
- Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002
- Motowidlo, S. J., & Scotter, J. R. Van. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475–480.
- Patall, E. A., Cooper, H., & Robinson, J. C. (2008). The effects of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes: A meta-analysis of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 270–300.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.270
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
- Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 358–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.005
- Riketta, M., & Dick, R. Van. (2005). Foci of attachment in organizations: A meta-analytic comparison of the strength and correlates of workgroup versus organizational identification and commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(3), 490–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.06.001
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
- Scott, S. G., & Lane, V. R. (2000). A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 43–62. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/259262
- Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J., & Spychala, A. (2008). Job performance. In J. Barling & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior Volume One: Micro Approaches (Vol. 1, pp. 427–447).
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200455
- Stoner, J., Perrewé, P. L., & Hofacker, C. (2011). The development and validation of the multi-dimensional identification scale (MDIS). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(7), 1632–1658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00770.x
- Tajfel, H. (1972). Social categorization. English manuscript of ‘La catégorisation sociale’. In S. Moscovici (Ed.), Introduction à la psychologie sociale (Vol. 1, pp. 272–302). Paris: Larousse.
- Tremblay, M. A., Blanchard, C. M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. G., & Villeneuve, M. (2009). Work extrinsic and intrinsic motivation scale: Its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(4), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015167
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
- Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism‐collectivism and personality. Journal of personality, 69(6), 907-924.
- Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscoveringthe social group: A self-categorization theory. New York: Blackwel
- Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2002). Social identification among school teachers: Dimensions, foci, and correlates. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(2), 129–149.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000889
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Örgütsel Kimlik-Rol İçi ve Rol Dışı Performans İlişkisinde İçsel Güdülenmenin Aracılık Rolü
Year 2021,
, 135 - 152, 30.07.2021
Muhammet Ali Çelebi
,
Fatih Çetin
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, örgütsel kimliğin rol içi ve rol dışı performansa olan etkisini incelemek ve bu süreçte içsel güdülenmenin rolünü araştırmaktır. Anket yöntemiyle 592 akademik personelden veri toplanan araştırmada değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler için korelasyon analizi ve hipotez testleri için yapısal eşitlik modelleri kurulmuştur. Ayrıca değişkenler arasındaki dolaylı etkilerin belirlenmesi için aracılık testi yapılmıştır. Bulgular, örgüte duygusal bağlılığın hem rol içi hem de rol dışı performansı artırdığını göstermiştir. Diğer örgütsel kimlik alt boyutları olan kendi kendine kategorizasyon, uyum/örtüşme düzeyi ve davranışsal katılım alt boyutlarının performans üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi bulunamamıştır. Bunun ötesinde örgüte duygusal bağlılık-rol içi performans ilişkisine içsel güdülenmenin aracılık ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Tüm bulgular teorik ve kültürel bağlamda tartışılmıştır.
References
- Albert, S., & Whetten, D. A. (1985). Organizational identity. Research in Organizational Behavior, 7, 263-295.
- Amabile, T. M. (1993). Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 3(3), 185–201.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.ObO13e31812e5535
- Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A., & Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2011). Individualism–collectivism among Americans, Turks and Turkish immigrants to the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(1), 9-16.
- Battistelli, A., Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., Pohl, S., & Odoardi, C. (2013). Promoting organizational citizenship behaviors : The mediating role of intrinsic work motivation, Le Travail Humain, 76(3), 205–226.
- Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2009). Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013935
- Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71–98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Borman, W. C., & Motowildo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002
- Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482.
- Brewer, M. B. (2010). Intergroup relations. Oxford University Press.
- Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. The Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 710–725. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/258391
- Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity processes and social stress. American Sociological Review, 56(6), 836–849.
- Çelebi, M. A. (2019). Algılanan örgütsel kimliğin ve içsel-dışsal güdülenmenin rol içi ve rol dışı performansa etkileri: Konya Ovası Projesi Bölgesi üniversitelerinde bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi.
- Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-Year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 3(4), 980–1008. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661.
- Çetin, F., & Çelebi, M. A. (2021). Çok boyutlu örgütsel kimlik ölçeği geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 228–243.
- Cicero, L., & Pierro, A. (2007). Charismatic leadership and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of employees’ work-group identification. International Journal of Psychology, 42(5), 297–306.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701248495
- Deci, L., & Ryan, M. (2000). The " what " and " why " of goal pursuits : Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
- Deschamps, J., & Devos, T. (1998). Regarding the relationship between social identity and personal identity. In In S. WorchelJ. F. Morales & D. Páez (Eds.), Social identity: International Perspectives (pp. 2-12). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446279205.n1.
- Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M. & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2393235
- Ellemers, N., Gilder, D. De, & Haslam, S. A. (2004). Motivating individuals and groups at work: A Social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 459–478.
- Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior checklist (OCB-C). Retrieved from http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~pspector/scales/OCB-Cdevelopment.doc
- Fuller, B., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1988). Organizational construction of intrinsic motivation Sociological Forum, 3(1), 1–24. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/684619
- Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362.
- Gioia, D. A., Schultz, M., & Corley, K. G. (2000). Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 63–81. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/259263.
- Grant, A. M. (2008). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 48–58.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48
- Haslam, S. A. (2004). Psychology in organizations the social identity approach. In Society (Second Edi). London: SAGE Publications.
- Haslam, S. A., & Ellemers, N. (2005). International review of industrial and organizational psychology. In G. P.
Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470029307
- Herzberg, F. (2003). One more time how do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review, (2), 18–31. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2003/01/one-more-time-how-do-you-motivate-employees
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Jones, C., & Volpe, E. H. (2011). Organizational identification: Extending our understanding of social identities through social networks. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 413–434. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41415676
- Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(37), 36-43.
- Kane, R. E., Magnusen, M. J., & Perrewé, P. L. (2012). Differential effects of identification on extra-role behavior. Career Development International, 17(1), 25–42.
- Kelman, H. C. (1961). Processes of opinion change. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 25(1), 57–78.
- Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Weibel, A., Dysvik, A., & Nerstad, C. G. L. (2017). Do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation relate differently to employee outcomes? Journal of Economic Psychology, 61, 244–258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.05.004
- Kuvaas, B., & Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(3), 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00103.x
- Lee, E. S., Park, T. Y., & Koo, B. (2015). Identifying organizational identification as a basis for attitudes and behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 1049–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000012
- Leonard, N. H., Beauvais, L. L., & Scholl, R. W. (1999). Work motivation: The incorporation of self-cencept-based process. Human Relations, 52(8), 969–998. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679905200801
- Li, Y., Wei, F., Ren, S., & Di, Y. (2015). Locus of control, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation relation to performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(4), 422–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2012-0318
- Ma, B., Liu, S., Liu, D., & Wang, H. (2016). Job security and work performance in Chinese employees: The mediating role of organisational identification. International Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12137
- Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
- Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002
- Motowidlo, S. J., & Scotter, J. R. Van. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475–480.
- Patall, E. A., Cooper, H., & Robinson, J. C. (2008). The effects of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes: A meta-analysis of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 270–300.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.270
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
- Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 358–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.005
- Riketta, M., & Dick, R. Van. (2005). Foci of attachment in organizations: A meta-analytic comparison of the strength and correlates of workgroup versus organizational identification and commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(3), 490–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.06.001
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
- Scott, S. G., & Lane, V. R. (2000). A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 43–62. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/259262
- Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J., & Spychala, A. (2008). Job performance. In J. Barling & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior Volume One: Micro Approaches (Vol. 1, pp. 427–447).
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200455
- Stoner, J., Perrewé, P. L., & Hofacker, C. (2011). The development and validation of the multi-dimensional identification scale (MDIS). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(7), 1632–1658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00770.x
- Tajfel, H. (1972). Social categorization. English manuscript of ‘La catégorisation sociale’. In S. Moscovici (Ed.), Introduction à la psychologie sociale (Vol. 1, pp. 272–302). Paris: Larousse.
- Tremblay, M. A., Blanchard, C. M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. G., & Villeneuve, M. (2009). Work extrinsic and intrinsic motivation scale: Its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(4), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015167
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
- Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism‐collectivism and personality. Journal of personality, 69(6), 907-924.
- Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscoveringthe social group: A self-categorization theory. New York: Blackwel
- Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2002). Social identification among school teachers: Dimensions, foci, and correlates. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(2), 129–149.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000889
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