BAĞLANMA SÜRECİNİN ERGEN AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2007, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 159 - 172, 01.06.2007

Olcay Çam Gülseren Keskin

Abstract

Bu yazıda bağlanma kuramı, bağlanma süreci, ergen bağlanması, bağlanma ile ilgili psikopatolojik bozukluklar, yetişkin bağlanması ile ilgili araştırmalar gözden geçirilmiştir. “PubMed” ve “ScienceDirect” tıbbi arama motorları kullanılarak, özellikle 1985-2004 yılları arasında yayımlanan makaleler, öncelikli olarak değerlendirilmeye alınmıştır. Bağlanma ebeveyn ve çocuk arasında oluşan ilk ilişkinin en önemli odağıdır. Bağlanma kuramı bebek psikolojisini temel almasına rağmen ergenleri anlamak içinde kullanılmıştır. Ergenin gelişimsel periyodu içerisinde yaşamın tekrar gözden geçirilmesi ile kimliğin oluşturulması esnasında, bağlanma figürlerinin değişmesi ve ergende yeniden organize olması nedeni ile ergenlik bağlanma ilişkisinde pek çok dramatik değişimin yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Bu değişiklikler güvenli veya tehlike oluşturacak şekilde bağlanılan figürün partnere aktarılmasıyla yaşanır. Bağlanma olgusu aile içerisinde ebeveynin olumlu ya da olumsuz fonksiyonlarından etkilenir. Ebeveyne bağlanma ile ilgili bozukluklar çocuk ve ergende davranışsal problemler, eğitimsel zorlantılar ve düşük benlik saygısı şeklinde yaşanır. Erken dönem çocukluk deneyimleri bilinmeyen bir şekilde yetişkinlik döneminde de tekrarlanarak yaşanır ve yetişkin bağlanma stili önceki bilişler duygulanımlar ve davranışlarla gelişir. Böylece çocukluktaki bağlanma yetişkinlikteki romantik ilişkilere ve akran ilişkilerine aktarılır. Sonuç olarak, bağlanma kuramı psikiyatrik yaklaşıma ve klinik uygulamalara farklı bir bakış açısı sunar. Bu bakış açısı doğumdan yetişkinlik sürecine kadar bireysel gelişim, bağlanma süreci, davranışsal gelişim sürecinin dikkate alınması gereğini vurgular. Böylece bu yaklaşımla bağlanma ile ilgili bozuklukların çözümüne olanak sağlanmış olur

Keywords

Dezorganize bağlanma, Bağlanma, Ergen bağlanması, Yetişkin bağlanması

THE EVALUATION OF ATTACHMENT PROCESS POINT OF ADOLESCENCE

Abstract

This article reviews literature on attachment theory, process of attachment, adolescent attachment, attachment related psychopathological disorder, adult attachment. Articles, published in 1985-2004 and searched via “PubMed” and “ScienceDirect” medical search engines, are primarily included in the review. The attachment systems are at the heart of this crucial first relationship between child and parent. Attachment theory is central in infant psychology but is also more and more used to understand adolescent's vulnerability. Adolescence is a period of dramatic change in attachment relationships because of adolescence as a developmental period of change and reorganization might lead to changes in attachment representations by re-evaluating one’s life experiences in the course of general identity development. These changes enable attached children to become attachment figures for their spouses and to live safely in a world characterized by both safety and danger. Attachment bond affected negative or positive parental functioning in family. Disordered parental attachment can commit children, adolescence to lives characterised by relationship difficulties, behaviour problems, educational failure, and poor self-esteem. Early childhood patterns are unknowingly recreated in our adult relationships and adult attachment style is developmentally antecedent to cognitions, emotions and behaviours. So attachment in childhood were likely to be transferred to romantic and peer relationships. Hence attachment theory drawing up a new concepts to psychiatric aproach and clinical practice. Indeed, this concept permits to take into account in a combined manner individual development, processes of attachment, and behaviour adjustments, from birth throughout adulthood. So this aproach gives a permission to solution of related to attachment disorder

Keywords

Attachment, Attachment process, Mental health

References

• Ainsworth MS (1997). The Personal Origins Of Attachment Theory. An İnterview With
• Mary Salter Ainsworth. Interview By Peter L. Rudnytsky. Psychoanal Study Child. 52: 386-405.
• Allen JP, Hauser ST (1996). Autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions as predictors of young adults' states of mind regarding attachment. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 793-809.
• Allen JP, Moore CM, Kuperminc G ve ark (1989). Attachment And Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning. Child Development . Oct; 69(5): 1406-19.
• Allen JP,Land D (1999). Attachment in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 319–). New York: Guilford Pres.
• Atasoy Z, Ertürk D, Şener Ş (1997). Altı Ve Oniki Aylık Bebeklerde Bağlanma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 8(4): 110-115.
• Bartholomew K (1997). Adult Attachment Processes: İndividual And Couple Perspectives. Br J Med Psychol. Sep; 70(Pt 3): 249-63.
• Benoit D, Parker KC, Zeanah CH (1997). Mothers' Representations Of Their İnfants Assessed Prenatally: Classifications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. Mar; 38(3): 307-13.
• With İnfants' Attachment Bowlby J (1988). Developmental Psychiatry Comes Of Age. Am J Psychiatry. Jan;145(1): 1-10.
• Brodsky SI, Lichtenstein B (1999). Don't Ask Questions: A Psychotherapeutic Strategy For Treatment Of İnvoluntary Clients, American Journal Of Psychotherapy. 3 (53): 215–220.
• Brown J, Cohen P, Johnson JG ve ark (1999). Childhood Abuse And Neglect: Specificity Of Effects On Adolescent And Young Adult Depression And Suicidality, Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry. 2(38): 1490– 1496.
• Burk LR, Burkhart BR (2003). Disorganized Attachment As A Diathesis For Sexual Deviance Developmental Experience And The Motivation For Sexual Offending Aggression And Violent Behavior. 3(8): 487–511.
• Cooper ML, Shaver PR, Collins NL (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1380-1397.
• Finnegan, R. A, Hodges, E V E, & Perry, D G (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67, 1318-1328.
• Fuller SG, Moore LR, Lester JW (1993). Influence Of Family Functioning On Maternal-Fetal Attachment. J Perinatol. Nov-Dec; 13 (6): 453-60.
• Goldberg S, Benoit D, Blokland K ve ark (2003). Atypical Maternal Behavior, Maternal Representations, And infant Disorganized Attachment. Dev Psychopathol. Spring; 15(2): 239-57.
• Green J, Goldwyn R (2002). Annotation: Attachment Disorganisation And Psychopathology: New Findings in Attachment Research And Their Potential İmplications For Developmental Psychopathology İn Childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. Oct; 43(7): 835-46.
• Haigler VF, Day HD, Marshall DD (1995). Paternal Attachment And Gender Role İdentity. Sex Roles. (33): 203-221.
• Hall SE, Geher G (2003). Behavioral And Personality Characteristics Of Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder. J Psychol. Mar; 137(2): 145-62.
• Hazan C, Shaver P (1987). Romantic Love Conceptualized As An Attachment Process. J Pers Soc Psychol. Mar; 52(3): 511-24.
• Ho MJ(2004). Adolescent Attachment to Parents: Predicting Later Adolescent Rejection presentations/sra%202004/Ho.pp Erişim tarihi: 06.07.2006.
• adresi. www.people.virginia.edu/~psykliff/pubs/
• Hortacsu N, Cesur S, Oral A (1993). Relationships Between Depression And Attachment Styles İn Parent-And İnstitution-Reared Turkish Children. J Genet Psychol. Sep; 154(3): 329-37.
• Juni S, Grimm DW (1994). Sex Roles As Factors İn Defense Mechanisms And Object Relations. J Genet Psychol. Mar; 155(1): 99-106.
• Kenny EM, Gallagher LA (2002). Instrumental And Social/Relational Correlates Of Perceived Maternal And Paternal Attachment İn Adolescence. Journal Of Adolescence. 25(2): 203–219.
• Kerns KA, Stevens AC (1996). Parent-child attachment in late adolescence: Links to social relations and personality. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 323-342.
• Kobak R, Sceery A (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135-146.
• Kuperminc G P, Allen J P, Arthur M W (1996). Autonomy, relatedness and male adolescent delinquency: Toward a multi-dimensional view of social competence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11, 397-420.
• Lapsey D, Varshney N, Aalsma M (2000). Pathological Attachment And Attachment Style İn Late adolescence. Journal Of Adolescence. 23(2): 137-155.
• Lieberman M, Doyle A, Markeiwicz D (1999). Developmental Patterns İn Security Of Attachment To Mothers And Fathers İn Late Childhood And Early Adolescence: Associations With Peer Relations. Child Development. Jan-Feb; 70(1): 202-13.
• Lowinger S, Dimitrovsky L, Strauss H ve ark (1995). Maternal Social And Physical Contact: Links To Early İnfant Attachment Behaviors. J Genet Psychol. Dec; 156(4): 461-76.
• Mikulincer M, Nachshon O (1991). Attachment Styles And Patterns Of Self- Disclosure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2(61): 321–331.
• Meeus W, Oosterwege A, Vollebergh W (2002). Parental And Peer Attachment And İdentity Development İn Adolescence Journal Of Adolescence . 25(1): 93–106.
• Paterson J, Pryor J, Field J (1995). Adolescent attachment to parents and friends in relation to aspects of self-esteem. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 365-376.
• Pehlivantürk B (2004). Otistik Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Bağlanma Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 15(1): 56-63.
• Rosenstein DS, Horowitz HA (1996). Adolescent attachment and psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 244-253.
• Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1993). Close friendship and imaginary companions in adolescence. In B. Laursen (Ed.). Close friendships in adolescence (pp. 73-87). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Smyke AT, Dumitrescu A, Zeanah CH (2002). Attachment Disturbances İn Young Children I: The Continuum Of Caretaking Casualty. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry. Aug; 41(8): 983-9.
• Soysal Ş, Öktem F, Ergenekon E ve ark (2000). Doğum Türü Değişkeninin Bağlanma Örüntüsü Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 3(2): 75-85.
• Thompson C (2002). The Disposables: Our Treatment Of Violent Adolescents. Am J Psychoanal. Sep; 62(3): 273-84.
• Troy NW (1995). The Time Of First Holding Of The İnfant And Maternal Self-Esteem Related To Feelings Of Maternal Attachment. Women Health. 22(3): 59-72.
• Tyrrell C, Dozier M (1999). Foster Parents; Understanding Of Children's Problematic Attachment Strategies: The Need For Therapeutic Responsiveness, Adoption Quarterly. 2(4): 49–64.
• Weiss RS (1982). Attachment in adult life. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 171-184). New York: Basic.
• Waters E, Hamilton CE, Weinfield NS (2000). The Stability Of Attachment Security From İnfancy To Adolescence And Early Adulthood: General İntroduction. Child Dev. May-Jun; 71(3): 678-83.
• Zeanah CH, Boris NW, Larrieu JA (1997). Infant Development And Developmental Risk: A Review Of The Past 10 Years J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Feb; 36(2): 165-78.