Research Article

Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study

Volume: 8 Number: 3 December 31, 2025
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Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a chronic disease that can have multidimensional effects, extending beyond limitations on physical functioning to impact social relationships and psychological well-being. Understanding these complex effects on daily living activities and overall functionality is critically important for developing effective rehabilitation approaches. However, the existing literature contains a limited number of studies that evaluate the functional impact of AS on individuals from a multidimensional perspective. This study aims to qualitatively examine the effects of AS on the daily living activities and functionality of individuals diagnosed with the condition, within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model. MATERIALS and METHODS: This study was designed using a qualitative case study approach. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 individuals (n=20) who had been diagnosed with AS and followed for at least one year at the Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Uşak University. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method developed by Braun and Clarke (1). RESULTS: As a result of the content analysis, 52 codes derived from participants’ statements were grouped under 5 main themes and 12 subthemes. All participants reported experiencing significant limitations in their daily activities due to physical symptoms such as chronic pain, morning stiffness, and fatigue. These symptoms were associated with widespread functional impairments, particularly in areas such as employment, use of public transportation, personal care, and social interaction. Additionally, difficulties in accessing medications and healthcare services were found to negatively affect treatment adherence and overall functionality. CONCLUSION: Ankylosing Spondylitis creates a complex impact that affects not only individuals’ physical capacity but also their social, psychological, and environmental dimensions. The ICF model offers an effective framework for understanding these multidimensional effects of the disease and for developing individualized rehabilitation strategies. The findings of this study highlight the necessity of a holistic, patient-centered, and function-oriented approach in the management of AS.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the TÜBİTAK 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program under project number 1919B012324652.

Project Number

1919B012324652

Ethical Statement

Written approval for the study was obtained from Uşak University Ethics Committee (decision no: 535- 535-13, approval date: 09.01.2025).

Thanks

This study was supported by the TÜBİTAK 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program under project number 1919B012324652. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all participants who contributed to the research process, and to the field expert, assoc. prof. dr.Ali Yavuz Karahan, whose close involvement and insightful feedback at every stage greatly contributed to the advancement of this study and I sincerely thank Dr. Kıvanç Uzun, Assistant Professor, for his guidance, valuable contributions, and academic mentorship throughout the conduct of this study. His direction not only enhanced the scientific quality of the research process but also significantly contributed to the completion of this work.

References

  1. 1. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006; 3: 77-101.
  2. 2. Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, Dubash S, Udrea GF, Aydin SZ, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023; 82: 19-34.
  3. 3. Garrido-Cumbrera M, Poddubnyy D, Gossec L, et al. The European Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis: Capturing the patient perspective—An analysis of 2846 patients across 13 countries. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018; 20: 35.
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  5. 5. Khan MN, Abed SMA, Tarafder S, Ahmedullah AK, Rasker JJ, Methun MIH. Are TNF-α and IL-1β independently associated with depression in axial spondyloarthritis patients? A case-control study. Rheumato. 2024;4(1):19-32.
  6. 6. Daenen L, et al. One-year effectiveness of long-term exercise therapy in people with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology. 2024; 64: 1817-1825.
  7. 7. Kjeken I, et al. A three-week multidisciplinary in-patient rehabilitation programme had positive long-term effects in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: Randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2013; 45: 1-7.
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Clinical Sciences (Other), Physical Activity and Health

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 31, 2025

Submission Date

November 6, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 8, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 3

APA
İşler, M., Muataz Khalid Babiker, K., & Alnajım, S. (2025). Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.33713/egetbd.1812890
AMA
1.İşler M, Muataz Khalid Babiker K, Alnajım S. Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;8(3):143-154. doi:10.33713/egetbd.1812890
Chicago
İşler, Münevver, Khalid Muataz Khalid Babiker, and Sema Alnajım. 2025. “Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study”. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 8 (3): 143-54. https://doi.org/10.33713/egetbd.1812890.
EndNote
İşler M, Muataz Khalid Babiker K, Alnajım S (December 1, 2025) Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 8 3 143–154.
IEEE
[1]M. İşler, K. Muataz Khalid Babiker, and S. Alnajım, “Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study”, Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 143–154, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.33713/egetbd.1812890.
ISNAD
İşler, Münevver - Muataz Khalid Babiker, Khalid - Alnajım, Sema. “Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study”. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 8/3 (December 1, 2025): 143-154. https://doi.org/10.33713/egetbd.1812890.
JAMA
1.İşler M, Muataz Khalid Babiker K, Alnajım S. Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;8:143–154.
MLA
İşler, Münevver, et al. “Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study”. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 3, Dec. 2025, pp. 143-54, doi:10.33713/egetbd.1812890.
Vancouver
1.Münevver İşler, Khalid Muataz Khalid Babiker, Sema Alnajım. Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis from the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF): A Descriptive and Qualitative Study. Ege Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025 Dec. 1;8(3):143-54. doi:10.33713/egetbd.1812890

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