Language
Articles are published in Turkish, Turkic dialects, English, and Russian. Each submitted manuscript must include an abstract in both the article’s original language and in English.
Manuscript Preparation and Submission
Manuscripts must be submitted exclusively through the journal's online submission and evaluation platform, accessible at https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/egetdid. Submissions sent via e-mail or other channels are not considered for evaluation.
Authors are required to upload the signed Copyright Agreement and Corresponding Author Statement Form during the initial submission phase via the online system.
Manuscripts should not exceed 8,000 words in total, including tables, appendices, and footnotes. Abstracts, keywords, and the bibliography are excluded from this limit. Submissions exceeding 8,500 words will be returned without evaluation.
All manuscripts must be prepared using a word processor compatible with MS Word, on A4-sized pages. The main text should be typed in Times New Roman font, size 11 pt, with single line spacing and 2.5 cm margins on all sides. Footnotes should be written in 9 pt font, with 0.6 cm indentation and justified alignment.
For manuscripts written in Turkish, spelling and grammar must conform to the Turkish Language Association (TDK) guidelines.
The article title must be center-aligned, in 11 pt bold font, with only the first letters capitalized. The title must not exceed 12 words. If the article is written in Turkish, the English title should be italicized and placed directly below the Turkish one. Section headings should be left-aligned, bold, and numbered (e.g., 1., 2.1., 2.2.1.) throughout, excluding Introduction, Conclusion, Appendices, and Bibliography. In cases where the article is derived from a previous work (such as a project, thesis, or book), this must be indicated in a footnote (*) based on the article title. Example: This article is derived from the ongoing/defended doctoral dissertation titled “...” prepared at Ege University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Turkish History.
Quotations exceeding five lines should be indented 0.6 cm from the left, written in italics and placed within quotation marks. Shorter quotations should be embedded in the main text in italics and quotation marks. Italics may also be used for emphasis.
Footnotes
Footnotes must be formatted in Times New Roman, 9 pt font, with single spacing and justified alignment. Each paragraph should begin with a 0.6 cm indentation. One space should follow all punctuation marks, and each footnote must end with a full stop.
In-text citations should not be used; instead, all references must appear as footnotes numbered sequentially from 1 onward. Book and journal titles in footnotes should be italicized, while article titles should be placed in double quotation marks.
At first mention, full bibliographic information must be provided. Subsequent references may include only the author's surname followed by a standard abbreviation (e.g., op. cit., ibid.). If citing multiple works by the same author, abbreviate titles accordingly after the initial full citation.
In multi-authored works, all authors should be listed upon first reference. In subsequent citations, abbreviations may be used.
When referencing an entire article, book chapter, or encyclopedia entry, inclusive page numbers should be indicated.
Abstract
Research articles must include an abstract of 150–200 words in both the article’s original language and in English. The abstract (in both Turkish and English) must not include citations, references, figures, tables, etc. The Turkish summary (özet) and the English abstract must be identical in content and written in 9-point Times New Roman font, with 1 cm indentation from both the left and right margins. For articles written in Turkish, an English translation of the abstract must be provided. For articles written in other Turkic dialects (outside of Turkey Turkish), in English, or in Russian, abstracts must be provided in Turkish, English, and the third language in which the article is written.
Keywords
In accordance with the language and dialect requirements specified for the abstract, keywords consisting of a minimum of five and a maximum of eight words must be provided below both the Turkish summary (özet) and the English abstract, taking into account the terminology of the relevant academic field.
Extended Summary
For articles written in Turkish, in Turkic dialects other than Turkey Turkish, or in Russian that are to be published in the Journal of Turkish World Studies, an extended summary in English will also be required. However, articles written in English do not need to include an extended summary.
The extended summary is not required at the time of the article’s initial submission. It will be requested from the authors after the article has been accepted for publication. However, authors who wish to do so may include the extended summary at the end of their manuscript during the initial submission.
The extended summary should preferably be between 600 and 800 words in length. It must clearly present the purpose, problem, methodology, findings, and conclusions of the study under appropriate headings. The subheadings used within the extended summary may vary depending on the nature of the research. No findings or results that are not already included in the main article should appear in the extended summary.
Manuscript Types
Research Articles: These must present original research findings and contribute new knowledge to the field. The structure of the main text should follow a logical academic format.
Translated Articles: In order for a translated article to be considered for review, the original work must have received a certain number of citations (at least 5) in its original language. The translated version may only be published with written permission from both the original author and the publisher (book, journal, etc.). To publish the translation in the Journal of Turkish World Studies, a signed letter of permission must be obtained and uploaded to the submission system in .pdf format. This permission must also be noted in the first footnote of the article. All copyright-related costs are the responsibility of the translator. In addition, the original version of the translated article must be shared with the journal editors in .pdf format. If 70 years have passed since the death of the original author, no permission letter is required. Example footnote: This article is a translation of the work titled “xxx xxx,” written by xxx xxx, originally published in [Journal Name, Volume/Issue (Year), page range], and is published here with the permission of the author and the publisher (xxx Publishing House). The citation style, in-text notes, and references in the translated article must be revised to conform to the APA 7 citation format. An asterisk (*) should be added after the original author’s name, and—if applicable—the author’s academic title, institution/university, city, country, and department/discipline should be included. Similar information about the translator should be provided with a double asterisk (**). The editorial board has decided that no more than two translated articles will be published in a single issue. Any translations exceeding this limit will be postponed to the following issue.
Book Reviews: Articles that review books must present original and detailed information about the publication under review. Books must have been published within the past two years if published in Turkish within Turkey, or within the past three years if published abroad in a different language. The review article should not exceed 2,500 words. Submissions that resemble advertisements, provide only a brief summary of the publication, fail to highlight its significant contributions or shortcomings, or do not include an objective evaluation in line with academic standards will not be considered for publication.
Tables
Tables must be numbered consecutively according to their appearance in the text and placed at the end of the manuscript, following the references. Each table must include a descriptive title above and explanations of any abbreviations used below. Tables should be formatted using the table function in a word processor and not duplicated from the main text but used to support it.
Figures and Figure Legends
Figures, graphics, and photographs must be uploaded separately via the submission system in high-resolution (minimum 300 DPI) TIFF or JPEG formats. They should not be embedded in the manuscript file. Each subfigure must be uploaded separately; composite images are not accepted. Any identifying information must be removed to ensure anonymization. Figure legends must be listed at the end of the main document.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
All acronyms and abbreviations must be defined at their first use in both the abstract and the main text. The abbreviation should be placed in parentheses following the full term.
References and Citation
All references, tables, and figures must be cited in the main text and numbered in the order in which they appear. APA 7 style should be followed for citations and reference formatting.
Limitations
Limitations and weaknesses of the study must be clearly discussed in a dedicated section prior to the conclusion paragraph.
Revisions
Revised manuscripts must highlight all changes made in response to reviewer comments. Revised submissions should be returned within 30 days of the editorial decision. Failure to meet this deadline may result in rejection. If an extension is required, authors must request it before the deadline.
Once accepted, manuscripts undergo copy-editing for grammar, punctuation, and formatting. Final proofs are sent to the corresponding author, who is expected to approve them within 2 days. Articles are published online as “ahead of print” until assigned to an issue.
References
When citing sources, authors should prioritize the most recent and relevant literature. They are also fully responsible for the accuracy and completeness of all references. Reference formatting must strictly follow the guidelines and examples outlined in the journal’s writing rules.
Submitted manuscripts should be prepared in the American Psychological Association 7 (APA 7) style in terms of reference system, citation format and bibliography, and references should be prepared as internal notes instead of footnote system. In the references given in the text, the surname of the author, year of publication and page number will be given as follows.:

In-text Citation
In direct quotations, if the quotation is less than 40 words, enclose it in double quotation marks:
“Dönüşüm kavramı zihindeki bir bilginin çeşitli işlemlerden geçilerek sunulmasını içerir” (Kerimoğlu, 2016, s. 77).
For direct quotations of 40 or more words, indent 0.6 cm from the left in blocks without quotation marks:
Birinci ve ikinci tarzdaki bildirme ifadelerinde fiil kullanılmadığı için bunların birleşik fiil ile karışmasından bahsedilemez. Bildirmenin üçüncü şekli olarak verdiğimiz örneklerde er-, tur-, bol- fiilleri cümle ile ilgili bir iş görmüşler; cümlenin kuruluşunda vazife almışlardır. O halde bu kullanılışları, birleşik fiil içinde mütalaa etmemek lazımdır (Ercilasun, 2014, s. 75).
If the Author’s Name is in the Text
If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, the date is given in parentheses after the author’s name. The page number is written after the quoted sentence:
Ahmet B. Ercilasun (2010), “Eski Oğuz Türkçesinin en önemli ses özelliği, küçük ünlü uyumunun mevcut olmayışıdır” (s. 459).
If the Author Name is not mentioned in the text
If the author's name is not mentioned in the text, the reference should be provided in parentheses, including the author’s surname, the year of publication, and the page number, in that order:
“Eski Oğuz Türkçesinin en önemli ses özelliği, küçük ünlü uyumunun mevcut olmayışıdır” (Ercilasun, 2010, s. 459).
Anonymous Study
If the author of the cited study is not known, the name of the study is written. If the name of the study is given in the text, it should be italicized. If the name of the study is long, it is abbreviated in the in-text citation.
Diğer bir kaynakta (Dünyada Memurlar ve Sendika, 1996, s. 55) da belirtildiği gibi…
The author’s name can also be accepted as “Anonymous” in works with unknown authors. In this case, “Anonymous” can be also used in the bibliography.
Diğer bir kaynakta (Anonim, 1996, s. 55)’da belirtildiği gibi…
If a general reference is made in the text
If a general reference is made to a work without quoting a specific passage, only the author's surname and the year of publication should be included in parentheses:
Gramerleşme, gramatikal yapıların süreç içerisinde nasıl ortaya çıktıklarını göstermektedir (Gökçe, 2013).
Multiple Studies by the Same Author
If multiple works by the same author are cited, the publication year and page number of each work must be specified:
Ahmet B. Ercilasun, Bengü taşların, Köktürklerin ikinci döneminden kalmış olan yazılı anıtlar olduğunu (2016, s. 339), bu yazıtlardan da Çoyr yazıtının tarihi bilinen en eski Türk yazıtı olduğunu belirtmektedir (2010, s. 128).
Different Works by the Author in the Same Year
When referring to more than one work of the author published in the same year, phrases such as “a, b, c” should be placed after the publication date.
Oğuz boylarının her birinin özgün ağız özelliklerini belirleyebilmenin bugün çok daha zordur (Gülsevin, 2010a, s. 1077).
Study with Two Authors
If the author’s name is mentioned in the text:
Doğan ve Koç, Kazak Türkçesinde 9 adet ünlü bulunduğunu belirtir (2013, s. 18).
If the author’s name is not mentioned in the text:
“Kazak Türkçesinde 9 adet ünlü bulunmaktadır” (Doğan ve Koç, 2013, s. 18).
Study with Multiple Authors
In studies with two authors, the surname of both authors is given:
(Doğan ve Koç, 2013, s. 44).
In studies with three or more authors, it should be indicated as “surname of the first author and et al.”:
(Ali ve ark., 2017, s. 65).
Indirect/Secondary Quotations
If an indirect citation is to be made, the original source person is written in the text; the secondary source person is indicated in parentheses.
Salsalname’yi Gülşehrî’den önce de birisinin yazmış olduğu düşünülmektedir (Köprülü, 1991’den aktaran Ercilasun, 2010, s. 439).
Multiple Studies
If more than one study is cited: They are given in alphabetical order of the surnames of the authors, separated by a dotted vigula:
(Dilaçar, 2016, s. 30; Güner, 2021, s. 45; Kerimoğlu, 2015, s. 90).
Corporate Author
The institution conducting the study is indicated: (Türk Dil Kurumu, 2011, s. 65). If the name of the institution is to be abbreviated, it should also be abbreviated in the text:
(TDK, 2011, p. 65).
Authors with the Same Surname
When citing multiple authors with the same surname, the author's initial and surname are written together, followed by the year of publication and the page number.
Türk destanlarında aile algısında ad verme ve ad biliminde ad verme…
(H. İ. Şahin, 2012, s. 118; İ. Şahin, 2015, s. 45).
Hardcover Study
Page number and date are indicated. Only the cited volume is written:
Hümâ was also the epitome of beauty (Ögel, 2014, s. 123).
In multi-volume works:
In multi-volume publications, the years in which the volumes were published are written as a range:
(Pflanze, 1963-1990).
Reprint/Publication of a Previous Edition
For reprinted and republished works, both dates should be given in the in-text citation. It should be ordered as year of first publication / year of republication: (Ercilasun, 1984/2014, s. 35).
Anthology Work
When citing a work included in an anthology, the title of the work and the year of publication in parentheses are provided directly, rather than the name of the editor or the anthology:
Güneydeki yoksulluk Hurston’un otobiyografisi olan “Karayolundaki Toz İzleri” (1982)’nde ele alınmaktadır.
Encyclopedias
(Balkans: History, 1987).
Dictionaries
(Develioğlu, 2013, s. 45).
Electronic Texts
Video or Movie
(Name of the movie, year) (Deli ve Dahi, 2019).
When referring to any hour, minute or second of a video or movie, it is given as: (00:02:15-00:02:35)
Podcast/ YouTube
If there is video/podcast author name, title, recording date, it should be indicated. When it is desired to be referenced in hours, minutes, seconds, it should be given as follows: (00:02:15 00:02:35).
Orçun Madran “BBY 262 Web tasarımı dersi uygulaması” (2015)’nda web sayfası tasarımının nasıl olacağı ile ilgili bilgi vermektedir. (Tunç, 2020).
Lecture/Panel/Conference
Teplin ve ark. tarafından Psikoloji-Hukuk, Toplum Toplantısı (2005)’nda gençlerde karşılaşılan şiddet eğilimi ve intihar oranları ele alınmaktadır.
Other Sources
Newspaper
Ali Yüksel çocuk gelinlerin sayısındaki artışın çok yüksek oranlara ulaştığını dile getiriyor (Cumhuriyet, 2014).
For detailed information on in-text citations:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations

Preparation of Bibliography
The bibliography should start on a new page and should be organized in alphabetical order according to the surnames of the authors or the titles of the sources whose authors are unknown.
When indicating the publishing houses that published the works in the bibliography, words such as publishing house and publishing should not be used. Imge, not Imge Publishing House.
If more than one publishing house is indicated, all should be indicated by placing a semicolon between them.
Page numbers should be fully indicated in the articles.
Basic format: Author’s Surname, Initial (Date of Publication). Title of the Book. Publisher/Publishing House.
Ögel, B. (2001). Dünden bugüne Türk kültürünün gelişme çağları. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı.
Single Author Book
Togan, Z. V. (1981). Umumi Türk tarihine giriş. Enderun.
Multi-author Book
Yakıcı, A., Yücel, M., Doğan, M. ve Yelok, V. S. (2017). Üniversiteler için Türkçe- 1 yazılı anlatım. Yargı.
Two or More Works by the Same Author:
Sorted by year.
İnan, A. (1954). Tarihte ve bugün şamanizm materyaller ve araştırmalar. TTK.
İnan, A. (1976). Eski Türk dini tarihi. Kültür Bakanlığı.
Two Works by the Same Author Published in the Same Year
İnan, A. (1976a). Eski Türk dini tarihi. Kültür Bakanlığı.
İnan, A. (1976b). Tarihte ve bugün şamanizm materyaller ve araştırmalar. TTK.
Book with DOI number
Çakıcı, A. (2020). DEHB ve alternatif tedavi türleri. Pegem Akademi. https://doi.org/10.14527/9786257228138
Anonymous Book
If the author is unknown, the title of the work is given.
Manas (1995). TIKA.
Translation Book
Ligeti, L. (1986). Bilinmeyen iç Asya. (Sadrettin Karatay, Çev.). TDK.
Translation Article
Erdurucan, S. M. (2020). Tarihin suret-i tedrisi (S. N. Erdurucan, Çev.). Türk Tarih Eğitimi Dergisi, 9(2), 647-664). https://doi.org/10.17497/tuhed.785963 (Çalışmanın ilk yayımı 1910’da yapılmıştır)
Edited Book
Ekşi, H. ve Yüksel, M. (Ed.). (2018). Rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma. Nobel.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Maden, A. (2021). Yazma eğitiminde bellek ve özellikleri. M. N. Kardaş (Ed.), Yazma eğitimi içinde (2. bs., s. 83-100). Pegem Akademi. https://doi.org/10.14527/9786257676335
Book with Multiple Editions
Kafesoğlu, İ. (2016). Türk Millî Kültürü (40. bs.). Ötüken.
Electronic Printed Book Only
O’Keefe, E. (t.y.). Egoism & the cnsts in Western values. http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp litem I 135
Electronic Version of the Book
Moran, B. (2015). Türk romanına eleştirel bir bakış 3. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=p38wDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=bilge+karasu&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8qZLz9KThAhWl0KYKHZ2FBI0Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=bilge%20karasu&f=false
Web page on a website with an access date
Türk Psikologlar Derneği. (t.y.). Klinik Psikoloji Diploma Tescili Süreç Takibi. 17 Şubat 2020’de https://www.psikolog.org.tr/tr/haberler/www/klinik-psikoloji-diploma-tescili-surec-takibi-x176/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
Electronic Articles
Karadağ, E. (2020). Kalitenin standardını belirlemek: Türk üniversite sıralama sistemlerinin Berlin prensiplerine göre incelenmesi. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 10(3). 260-268. doi:10.2399/yod.19.020000
Electronic News Articles
Arat, Ş. (2013, 13 Mart). En iyi 120 liseliye üniversite hayatları boyunca yarım burs. Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/en-iyi-120-liseliye-universite-hayatlari-boyunca-yarim-burs-22852138
Multi-Volume Studies
Pflanze, O. (1963-1990). Bismarc and the development of Germany (Cilt 1-3). Princeton University Press.
Chapter in a Volume of a Multi-Volume Work
Bozanoğlu, S. (2014). Akademik güdülenme destek programı. S. Erkan ve A. Kaya (Ed.), Deneysel olarak sınanmış grupla psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik programlar: C. 3. (5. Bs., s. 1-58). Nobel.
New Edition of a Previous Edition
Frazer, James G. (2004). Altın dal dinin ve folklorun kökleri 1. Payel. (Orijinal çalışma 1991 yılında yayımlanmıştır)
Single Authored Article in a Scientific Journal
İnan, A. (1959). Manas destanı üzerine notlar. Belleten, 8(7), 125-159.
Multi-authored Article in a Scientific Journal
Malatyalı, M. K. Ve Sunal, A. B. (2020). Evli çiftlerde bağlanma boyutları ile evlilik doyumu arasındaki ilişkide evlilik gücünün aracı rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(85), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpd1300443320181219m000016
Electronic Journal Article
Arslan, A. (2014). Atatürk Döneminde Romanya’dan Türk Göçleri ve Göçmenlerin Türkiye’de İskanları. Turkish Studies, 9 (4). http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.6813
Newspaper and Magazine Articles with Identified Authors
Özbaşaran, N. (2008, 4 Kasım). Küresel iklim savaşçıları: Solucanlar. Bilim ve Teknik.
Unpublished Theses, Posters, Proceedings
Boyalı, C. (2020). Öz-kontrol ile akademik erteleme arasındaki ilişkide akıllı telefon bağımlılığının aracı rolünün incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
If master’s and doctoral theses are included in a database;
Karadağ, E. (2009). Türkiye’de eğitim bilimleri alanında yapılmış doktora tezlerinin tematik ve metodolojik açıdan incelenmesi: Bir durum çalışması (Tez No. 250896) [Doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Atılgan, B., Tuncel, B. ve Turan, S. (2020, 12-14 Ekim). “Hekimliği öğreniyorum” programının tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin üniversite yaşamı uyumuna etkisi [Poster sunumu]. Ulusal Tıp Eğitimi Kongresi, İstanbul, Türkiye. https://cutt.ly/ek2mNZg
Alpaydın, Y. (2019, 10-12 Ekim). Yükseköğretim mezunlarının istihdam edilebilirliğini artırmada kullanılacak politika araçları için gerekli olan veri ihtiyacının değerlendirilmesi [Bildiri sunumu]. 4. Uluslararası Yükseköğretim Çalışmaları Konferansı, Çanakkale, Türkiye.
Encyclopedia
Zalta, E. N. (Ed.). (2019). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/
Dictionaries
Türk Dil Kurumu. (t.y.). Güncel Türkçe sözlük. 15 Şubat, 2021 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
Report of a Government Agency or Other Organization
Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. (2009). Kamuda verimli aydınlatmaya geçiş raporu (Yayım No. 2009-19). T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. http://www.enerji.gov.tr/yayinlar_raporşar/KVAG_Raporu.pdf
News Article
Güçlü, A. (2013, 2 Şubat). Matematik ve fen eğitiminin analizi yapıldı. Milliyet, s. 17.
Movie/Series
Ceylan, N. B. (Yönetmen). (2018). Ahlat ağacı [Film]. Zeynofilm; Memento Films Production.
Güven, B. (Yapımcı). (2007-2011). Arka sıradakiler [Televizyon dizisi]. MinT Prodüksiyon; Best Prodüksiyon.
For detailed information on citations in the bibliography:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

• There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, whether due to major error (e.g., miscalculation or experimental mistake), fabrication (e.g., falsified data), or manipulation (e.g., image alteration).
• The article contains plagiarized content.
• The work has been published elsewhere without appropriate citation or acknowledgment.
• The article includes data or material used without proper authorization.
• Copyright infringement or other serious legal issues are present.
• The research described is found to be unethical.
• The peer-review process was compromised or manipulated.
• The author(s) failed to disclose a significant conflict of interest that, in the Editor’s judgment, would have materially influenced the interpretation of the work or the editorial and peer-review process.

• A retraction notice, including the title of the article, will be published in a subsequent issue of the Journal. This notice will be paginated and included in the table of contents.
• A hyperlink will be established between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version.
• In the online version, a retraction notice page will precede the original article, informing readers of the retraction.
• The original article will remain accessible, but a watermark stating “Retracted” will be added to each page of the PDF version.

• The article is determined to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of third parties, and retraction is considered insufficient.
• The article is subject to a court order or is reasonably anticipated to become the subject of legal proceedings.
• There exists a substantial and immediate risk to public health.

• Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) – Authorship and AI Tools
• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) – Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology
• World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) – Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts

• The use of any AI tool in the creation of content—whether text, figures, images, or code—must be fully disclosed and clearly detailed in the appropriate section of the manuscript (e.g., the acknowledgements or methods section).
• AI tools shall not be credited as authors under any circumstances.
• Authors bear full responsibility for the accuracy, originality, and integrity of their work, regardless of whether AI technologies have been utilized. This includes the proper citation and attribution of any third-party ideas, data, language, or other intellectual contributions.
• Reviewers and editors are strictly prohibited from uploading any portion of submitted manuscripts to generative AI platforms or tools.
• The Journal editorial workflows may employ tools specifically designed to detect AI-generated content, thereby supporting the integrity of the review and publication processes.

• Such disclosure must be made both in the cover letter accompanying the submission and within the manuscript itself. This may take the form of a footnote and/or a statement within the methods section, clearly indicating which AI tool was used, the version employed, and the specific purpose for which it was applied.
• In addition, authors must describe the manner in which the AI tool was utilized, how the validity of the AI-generated results was evaluated, and which parts of the manuscript—including the main content, data, or supplementary files—were influenced or generated by AI technologies.
• The responsibility for ensuring the accuracy, validity, and appropriateness of all content, including citations produced with the assistance of AI tools, lies solely with the authors. Authors must rigorously check for and correct any potential errors, inconsistencies, or biases that may arise from such use.
• Moreover, authors are expected to verify all original sources in order to eliminate the risk of plagiarism, acknowledging that AI-generated content may inadvertently contain plagiarized material. They must confirm that all referenced sources have been thoroughly reviewed and are original.
• AI-assisted tools (e.g., ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Gemini, Grok) shall not be listed as authors under any circumstance, as they cannot assume responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, or originality of scholarly work. These attributes are essential components of authorship. Consequently, all content created with the assistance of AI remains the full responsibility of the named authors. Authors must ensure that all hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications stated within the manuscript reflect their own scholarly judgment and not that of any AI system.
• The use of AI tools in ways that supplant the essential duties of researchers and authors violates fundamental principles of scientific publishing and research ethics. Accordingly, submissions involving any of the following practices are deemed unethical and will not be accepted for publication:
  • Generating text or code without subsequent critical review and revision by the author;
  • Employing synthetic data to substitute for missing data without the application of a robust and transparent methodology;
  • Creating inaccurate or artificially generated content, including abstracts or supplementary materials;
  • Manipulating images or figures—including but not limited to pictures, graphs, tables, medical images, snippets, computer code, or formulae—or modifying original research data through AI (e.g., by enhancing, obscuring, relocating, removing, or inserting features within an image or figure).

• Reviewers must not upload any part of a manuscript submitted for review—including text, figures, or data—to generative AI platforms or large language models for the purpose of assisting in evaluation, critique, or decision-making. Such actions constitute a breach of the authors’ privacy and intellectual property rights.
• Peer review is a scholarly duty that must be conducted exclusively by human experts. The evaluative reasoning, nuanced judgment, and ethical discernment required in the peer review process are beyond the capacity of current AI technologies. Moreover, reliance on AI tools in this context risks introducing inaccurate, incomplete, or biased assessments. Therefore, all peer review reports and editorial decisions must reflect the independent, personal assessments of the reviewers and editors. Each reviewer is fully responsible and accountable for the content of their submitted review.
• AI tools may be employed in a strictly limited capacity to enhance the linguistic clarity or perform translations of the review report. Should a reviewer choose to utilize such tools for these purposes, this use must be clearly disclosed at the time of report submission.
• If a reviewer suspects the inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI within a manuscript under review, this concern must be promptly communicated to the editor for further investigation.

• Editors must not upload submitted manuscripts—or any part thereof—to generative artificial intelligence (AI) platforms or large language models (LLMs) for the purpose of review, evaluation, or decision-making. Such actions risk violating the confidentiality, privacy, and intellectual property rights of the authors.
• The editorial management and evaluation of scholarly manuscripts entail responsibilities that inherently require human judgment. Editors must not use generative AI or AI-assisted technologies to support evaluative or decision-making functions, as these tools lack the capacity for the critical analysis, ethical discernment, and nuanced reasoning required in scholarly publishing. The risk of these technologies producing inaccurate, incomplete, or biased outcomes further precludes their use in editorial decision-making. Editors remain fully responsible and accountable for the integrity of the editorial process, including final decisions and the official communication of those decisions to authors.
• Editors are also prohibited from using generative AI tools to draft decision letters or summaries (e.g., abstracts) of unpublished research.
• Notwithstanding the above, editors may use AI tools in a limited and appropriate manner, such as to assist in identifying potential peer reviewers.
• If an editor suspects the use of generative AI in either a submitted manuscript or a referee report, they are expected to initiate an editorial investigation consistent with the journal’s AI policy and ethical guidelines.

• Research must be designed, reviewed, and conducted in accordance with the principles of integrity, quality, and transparency.
• Researchers and participants must be fully informed about the objectives, methodology, potential applications, requirements, and any foreseeable risks associated with participation in the study.
• The confidentiality of data provided by participants, as well as the anonymity of respondents, must be preserved. The research design must respect the autonomy and dignity of all participants.
• Participation in research must be entirely voluntary, with no element of coercion or undue influence.
• The study must be planned to avoid any potential harm to participants. Researchers are obligated to minimize risk and protect the welfare of participants at all stages.
• Research must be conducted independently, and any actual or potential conflicts of interest must be fully disclosed.
• For experimental studies involving human subjects, written informed consent must be obtained from all participants. In the case of minors, individuals under guardianship, or persons with diminished capacity, consent must be obtained from their legal guardians.
• If the research is to be conducted within the framework of an institution or organization, prior approval from the relevant institution must be secured.
• For all studies involving human subjects, the manuscript must include a clear statement in the Methods section confirming that ethics committee approval was obtained from the relevant institution and that informed consent was received from all participants.

• Significant involvement in the conceptualization and design of the study,
• Active participation in data collection,
• Contribution to data analysis and interpretation,
• Involvement in drafting or critically revising the manuscript,
• Participation in the planning, execution, and/or substantive revision of the work.

• Originality and academic contribution,
• Methodological rigor,
• Relevance and importance of the topic within the scope of the journal,
• Compliance with submission and formatting guidelines.

• Does the manuscript present novel and significant findings?
• Does the abstract accurately and clearly reflect the content of the manuscript?
• Is the research problem of scholarly relevance and clearly articulated?
• Are the methods described in sufficient detail and appropriately applied?
• Are the interpretations and conclusions supported by the data and results?
• Is the manuscript adequately referenced with relevant literature in the field?
• Is the use of language appropriate and scholarly?