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Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 85 - 92, 29.12.2018

Abstract

References

  • 1. McNally MA, Hartman AL (2012) Ketone bodies in epilepsy. J Neurochem 121: 28-35.2. Hartman AL, Stafstrom CE (2013) Harnessing the power of metabolism for seizure prevention: focus on dietary treatments. Epilepsy Behav 26: 266-272.3. Hartman AL, Gasior M, Vining EP, Rogawski MA (2007) The neuropharmacology of the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Neurol 36: 281-292.4. Henderson ST (2008) Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 5: 470-480.5. Prins ML (2008) Cerebral metabolic adaptation and ketone metabolism after brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28: 1-16.6. Veech RL, Chance B, Kashiwaya Y, Lardy HA, Cahill GF, Jr. (2001) Ketone bodies, potential therapeutic uses. IUBMB Life 51: 241-247.7. VanItallie TB, Nufert TH (2003) Ketones: metabolism's ugly duckling. Nutr Rev 61: 327-341.8. Shimazu T, Hirschey MD, Newman J, He W, Shirakawa K, et al. (2013) Suppression of oxidative stress by beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science 339: 211-214.9. Cahill GF, Jr. (2006) Fuel metabolism in starvation. Annu Rev Nutr 26: 1-22.10. Maalouf M, Sullivan PG, Davis L, Kim DY, Rho JM (2007) Ketones inhibit mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species production following glutamate excitotoxicity by increasing NADH oxidation. Neuroscience 145: 256-264.11. Hammami MM, Bouchama A, Al-Sedairy S, Shail E, AlOhaly Y, et al. (1997) Concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 receptors in heatstroke and heatstress. Crit Care Med 25: 1314-1319.12. Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, Daly A, Wylie-Rosett J, et al. (2004) Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies. A statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 80: 257-263.13. Arora SK, McFarlane SI (2005) The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2: 16.14. Osler W, McCrae T (1923) The Principles of Medicine. New York: Appleton and Co.15. Allen F, Stillman E, Fitz R (1919) Total dietary regulation in the treatment Allen FM, Stillman E, Fitz Rof diabetes: monograph No. 11. New York: The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.16. Aguirre Castaneda RL, Mack KJ, Lteif A (2012) Successful treatment of type 1 diabetes and seizures with combined ketogenic diet and insulin. Pediatrics 129: e511-514.17. Dressler A, Reithofer E, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Klebermasz K, Prayer D, et al. (2010) Type 1 diabetes and epilepsy: efficacy and safety of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 51: 1086-1089.18. Henwood MJ, Thornton PS, Preis CM, Chee C, Grimberg A (2006) Reconciling diabetes management and the ketogenic diet in a child with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. J Child Neurol 21: 436-439.19. Aylward NM, Shah N, Sellers EA (2014) The ketogenic diet for the treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy in a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Can J Diabetes 38: 223-224.20. Maiorana A, Manganozzi L, Barbetti F, Bernabei S, Gallo G, et al. (2015) Ketogenic diet in a patient with congenital hyperinsulinism: a novel approach to prevent brain damage. Orphanet J Rare Dis 10: 120.21. Leow ZZX, Guelfi KJ, Davis EA, Jones TW, Fournier PA (2018) The glycaemic benefits of a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus may be opposed by increased hypoglycaemia risk and dyslipidaemia. Diabet Med.22. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, et al. (2003) A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 348: 2074-2081.23. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, et al. (2004) The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 140: 778-785.24. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ (2004) Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53: 2375-2382.25. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP (2005) Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 142: 403-411.26. Nielsen JV, Jonsson E, Nilsson AK (2005) Lasting improvement of hyperglycaemia and bodyweight: low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes--a brief report. Ups J Med Sci 110: 69-73.27. Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, et al. (2015) Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition 31: 1-13.28. Farres J, Pujol A, Coma M, Ruiz JL, Naval J, et al. (2010) Revealing the molecular relationship between type 2 diabetes and the metabolic changes induced by a very-low-carbohydrate low-fat ketogenic diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 7: 88.29. Goday A, Bellido D, Sajoux I, Crujeiras AB, Burguera B, et al. (2016) Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diabetes 6: e230.30. Saslow LR, Daubenmier JJ, Moskowitz JT, Kim S, Murphy EJ, et al. (2017) Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. Nutr Diabetes 7: 304.31. Johnson ST, Newton AS, Chopra M, Buckingham J, Huang TT, et al. (2010) In search of quality evidence for lifestyle management and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. BMC Pediatr 10: 97.32. Mobbs CV, Mastaitis J, Isoda F, Poplawski M (2013) Treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications with a ketogenic diet. J Child Neurol 28: 1009-1014.33. Al-Khalifa A, Mathew TC, Al-Zaid NS, Mathew E, Dashti H (2011) Low carbohydrate ketogenic diet prevents the induction of diabetes using streptozotocin in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 63: 663-669.34. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Jr., Mavropoulos JC, Marquart M, McDuffie JR (2008) The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 5: 36.35. Thurman DJ, Hesdorffer DC, French JA (2014) Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden. Epilepsia 55: 1479-1485.36. Duncan S, Brodie MJ (2011) Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 21: 344-351.37. Simeone KA, Matthews SA, Rho JM, Simeone TA (2016) Ketogenic diet treatment increases longevity in Kcna1-null mice, a model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia 57: e178-182.38. Johnson WA, Weiner MW (1978) Protective effects of ketogenic diets on signs of hypoglycemia. Diabetes 27: 1087-1091.39. Sanz-Paris A, Calvo L, Guallard A, Salazar I, Albero R (1998) High-fat versus high-carbohydrate enteral formulae: effect on blood glucose, C-peptide, and ketones in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin or sulfonylurea. Nutrition 14: 840-845.40. Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Khadada M, Al-Mousawi M, Talib H, et al. (2007) Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in obese diabetic subjects. Mol Cell Biochem 302: 249-256.41. Hussain TA, Mathew TC, Dashti AA, Asfar S, Al-Zaid N, et al. (2012) Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes. Nutrition 28: 1016-1021.42. Yancy WS, Jr., Foy M, Chalecki AM, Vernon MC, Westman EC (2005) A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2: 34.43. Ravichandran M, Grandl G, Ristow M (2017) Dietary Carbohydrates Impair Healthspan and Promote Mortality. Cell Metab 26: 585-587.44. Okuda T, Morita N (2012) A very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet prevents the progression of hepatic steatosis caused by hyperglycemia in a juvenile obese mouse model. Nutr Diabetes 2: e50.45. Park SB, Kim SH, Suk K, Lee HS, Kwon TK, et al. (2010) Clinopodium gracile inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation: involvement of calcium and nuclear factor-kappaB. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 235: 606-613.

The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 85 - 92, 29.12.2018

Abstract

Nutritional
ketosis is effective to contrast seizure disorders and other acute and chronic
neurological disorders. Glucose is the primary metabolic fuel for cells,
however many neurodegenerative disorders have been recently associated with
impaired glucose transport and metabolism causing energy deficits, such as in
Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, general seizure disorders, and
traumatic brain injury. Ketone bodies and tricarboxylic acid cycle
intermediates can bypass the rate-limiting steps associated with impaired
neuronal glucose metabolism. After prolonged periods of fasting or ketogenic
diet (KD), the body utilizes energy obtained from free fatty acids (FFAs)
released from adipose tissue. Hepatic ketogenesis converts FFAs into ketone bodies-hydroxybutyrate
and acetoacetate, while a percentage of acetoacetate spontaneously
decarboxylates to acetone. This represents a state of normal physiological
ketosis and can be therapeutic. Therapeutic ketosis leads to metabolic
adaptations that may improve brain metabolism, restore mitochondrial ATP
production, decrease reactive oxygen species production, reduce inflammation,
and increase neurotrophic factors’ function. It has been shown that KD mimics
the effects of fasting and the lack of glucose/insulin signaling, which
promotes a metabolic shift towards fatty acid utilization. KD can only induce a
modest blood ketone level elevation and requires extreme dietary carbohydrate restriction
for maintaining sustained levels of ketosis. Prior to the advent of exogenous insulin
for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the 1920's, general guidelines for
therapy were represented only by dietary modifications. For example, Dr. Elliot
Joslin’s Diabetic Diet in 1923 consisted of "meats, poultry, game, fish, clear
soups, gelatin, eggs, butter, olive oil, coffee, tea" and contained
approximately 5% of energy from carbohydrates, 20% from protein, and 75% from
fat. A similar diet was advocated by Dr. Frederick Allen. The aim of this work
is to analyze the current literature on therapeutic ketosis and its successful
clinical applications in diabetes type I and II.

References

  • 1. McNally MA, Hartman AL (2012) Ketone bodies in epilepsy. J Neurochem 121: 28-35.2. Hartman AL, Stafstrom CE (2013) Harnessing the power of metabolism for seizure prevention: focus on dietary treatments. Epilepsy Behav 26: 266-272.3. Hartman AL, Gasior M, Vining EP, Rogawski MA (2007) The neuropharmacology of the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Neurol 36: 281-292.4. Henderson ST (2008) Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 5: 470-480.5. Prins ML (2008) Cerebral metabolic adaptation and ketone metabolism after brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28: 1-16.6. Veech RL, Chance B, Kashiwaya Y, Lardy HA, Cahill GF, Jr. (2001) Ketone bodies, potential therapeutic uses. IUBMB Life 51: 241-247.7. VanItallie TB, Nufert TH (2003) Ketones: metabolism's ugly duckling. Nutr Rev 61: 327-341.8. Shimazu T, Hirschey MD, Newman J, He W, Shirakawa K, et al. (2013) Suppression of oxidative stress by beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science 339: 211-214.9. Cahill GF, Jr. (2006) Fuel metabolism in starvation. Annu Rev Nutr 26: 1-22.10. Maalouf M, Sullivan PG, Davis L, Kim DY, Rho JM (2007) Ketones inhibit mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species production following glutamate excitotoxicity by increasing NADH oxidation. Neuroscience 145: 256-264.11. Hammami MM, Bouchama A, Al-Sedairy S, Shail E, AlOhaly Y, et al. (1997) Concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 receptors in heatstroke and heatstress. Crit Care Med 25: 1314-1319.12. Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, Daly A, Wylie-Rosett J, et al. (2004) Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies. A statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 80: 257-263.13. Arora SK, McFarlane SI (2005) The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2: 16.14. Osler W, McCrae T (1923) The Principles of Medicine. New York: Appleton and Co.15. Allen F, Stillman E, Fitz R (1919) Total dietary regulation in the treatment Allen FM, Stillman E, Fitz Rof diabetes: monograph No. 11. New York: The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.16. Aguirre Castaneda RL, Mack KJ, Lteif A (2012) Successful treatment of type 1 diabetes and seizures with combined ketogenic diet and insulin. Pediatrics 129: e511-514.17. Dressler A, Reithofer E, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Klebermasz K, Prayer D, et al. (2010) Type 1 diabetes and epilepsy: efficacy and safety of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 51: 1086-1089.18. Henwood MJ, Thornton PS, Preis CM, Chee C, Grimberg A (2006) Reconciling diabetes management and the ketogenic diet in a child with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. J Child Neurol 21: 436-439.19. Aylward NM, Shah N, Sellers EA (2014) The ketogenic diet for the treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy in a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Can J Diabetes 38: 223-224.20. Maiorana A, Manganozzi L, Barbetti F, Bernabei S, Gallo G, et al. (2015) Ketogenic diet in a patient with congenital hyperinsulinism: a novel approach to prevent brain damage. Orphanet J Rare Dis 10: 120.21. Leow ZZX, Guelfi KJ, Davis EA, Jones TW, Fournier PA (2018) The glycaemic benefits of a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus may be opposed by increased hypoglycaemia risk and dyslipidaemia. Diabet Med.22. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, et al. (2003) A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 348: 2074-2081.23. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, et al. (2004) The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 140: 778-785.24. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ (2004) Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53: 2375-2382.25. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP (2005) Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 142: 403-411.26. Nielsen JV, Jonsson E, Nilsson AK (2005) Lasting improvement of hyperglycaemia and bodyweight: low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes--a brief report. Ups J Med Sci 110: 69-73.27. Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, et al. (2015) Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition 31: 1-13.28. Farres J, Pujol A, Coma M, Ruiz JL, Naval J, et al. (2010) Revealing the molecular relationship between type 2 diabetes and the metabolic changes induced by a very-low-carbohydrate low-fat ketogenic diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 7: 88.29. Goday A, Bellido D, Sajoux I, Crujeiras AB, Burguera B, et al. (2016) Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diabetes 6: e230.30. Saslow LR, Daubenmier JJ, Moskowitz JT, Kim S, Murphy EJ, et al. (2017) Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. Nutr Diabetes 7: 304.31. Johnson ST, Newton AS, Chopra M, Buckingham J, Huang TT, et al. (2010) In search of quality evidence for lifestyle management and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. BMC Pediatr 10: 97.32. Mobbs CV, Mastaitis J, Isoda F, Poplawski M (2013) Treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications with a ketogenic diet. J Child Neurol 28: 1009-1014.33. Al-Khalifa A, Mathew TC, Al-Zaid NS, Mathew E, Dashti H (2011) Low carbohydrate ketogenic diet prevents the induction of diabetes using streptozotocin in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 63: 663-669.34. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Jr., Mavropoulos JC, Marquart M, McDuffie JR (2008) The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 5: 36.35. Thurman DJ, Hesdorffer DC, French JA (2014) Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden. Epilepsia 55: 1479-1485.36. Duncan S, Brodie MJ (2011) Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 21: 344-351.37. Simeone KA, Matthews SA, Rho JM, Simeone TA (2016) Ketogenic diet treatment increases longevity in Kcna1-null mice, a model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia 57: e178-182.38. Johnson WA, Weiner MW (1978) Protective effects of ketogenic diets on signs of hypoglycemia. Diabetes 27: 1087-1091.39. Sanz-Paris A, Calvo L, Guallard A, Salazar I, Albero R (1998) High-fat versus high-carbohydrate enteral formulae: effect on blood glucose, C-peptide, and ketones in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin or sulfonylurea. Nutrition 14: 840-845.40. Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Khadada M, Al-Mousawi M, Talib H, et al. (2007) Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in obese diabetic subjects. Mol Cell Biochem 302: 249-256.41. Hussain TA, Mathew TC, Dashti AA, Asfar S, Al-Zaid N, et al. (2012) Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes. Nutrition 28: 1016-1021.42. Yancy WS, Jr., Foy M, Chalecki AM, Vernon MC, Westman EC (2005) A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2: 34.43. Ravichandran M, Grandl G, Ristow M (2017) Dietary Carbohydrates Impair Healthspan and Promote Mortality. Cell Metab 26: 585-587.44. Okuda T, Morita N (2012) A very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet prevents the progression of hepatic steatosis caused by hyperglycemia in a juvenile obese mouse model. Nutr Diabetes 2: e50.45. Park SB, Kim SH, Suk K, Lee HS, Kwon TK, et al. (2010) Clinopodium gracile inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation: involvement of calcium and nuclear factor-kappaB. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 235: 606-613.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Article
Authors

Raffaele Pilla

Publication Date December 29, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Pilla, R. (2018). The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(2), 85-92.
AMA Pilla R. The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes. EJFST. December 2018;2(2):85-92.
Chicago Pilla, Raffaele. “The Ketogenic Diet and Its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (December 2018): 85-92.
EndNote Pilla R (December 1, 2018) The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 2 2 85–92.
IEEE R. Pilla, “The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes”, EJFST, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 85–92, 2018.
ISNAD Pilla, Raffaele. “The Ketogenic Diet and Its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 2/2 (December 2018), 85-92.
JAMA Pilla R. The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes. EJFST. 2018;2:85–92.
MLA Pilla, Raffaele. “The Ketogenic Diet and Its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 2, 2018, pp. 85-92.
Vancouver Pilla R. The Ketogenic Diet and its Clinical Applications in Type I and II Diabetes. EJFST. 2018;2(2):85-92.

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