Sütçü Manda Irklarının Performans ve Verimliliğini Etkileyen Faktörler ve Türkiye’deki Geleceği

Year 2021, Issue: 25, 498 - 508, 31.08.2021

Asiye Yılmaz Adkinson , Yusuf Konca

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.896113

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Manda başta Asya ülkeleri olmak üzere Dünya’da yetiştiriciliği yapılan önemli çiftlik hayvanlarından birisidir ve inekten sonra süt üretimine olan katkısı ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. Mandalar bataklık ve nehir mandası olarak iki ana gruba ayrılmaktadır. Nehir mandaları iri yapılı ve süt üretimi amacıyla yetiştirilirken bataklık mandaları daha küçük yapılı ve yük taşıma amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Dünya’da 72 çeşit manda ırkı vardır ve bunların 57’si Asya’da bulunmakta ve bunlar içerisinde süt üretimi için yetiştiriciliği yapılan 22 manda ırkı vardır. Manda ırkları arasında en yüksek süt verimi ile ilk sırada Akdeniz mandaları (900-4000 kg/laktasyon) ve bu ırkı Mehsana ve Jafarabadi ırkları (1800-2700 kg/laktasyon) takip etmektedir. Türkiye’de yetiştirilen Anadolu mandaları süt verim özellikleri (1000 kg/yıl) bakımından diğer manda ırklarına göre gerilerde yer almaktadır. Mandaların diğer ruminant hayvanlara göre düşük kaliteli meralardan ve kötü kaliteli kaba yemlerden yararlanma kabiliyetleri sığırlardan ve koyunlardan daha iyidir. Türkiye’de mandalardan elde edilen gelirin ana unsuru manda sütü ve süt ürünleridir. Manda kaymağı ve yoğurduna olan talebin fazla oluşu nedeniyle manda sütü sığır sütüne göre daha yüksek bir fiyatla satılmaktadır. Dünya’da manda yetiştiriciliği daha çok ekstansif şartlarda yapılmakta ve modern olmayan barınaklarda barındırılmaktadır. Bakım ve besleme şartlarındaki olumsuzluklar nedeniyle süt ve döl verimleri ineklere göre düşüktür. Ancak, İtalya’da olduğu gibi ıslah ve iyi bakım ve besleme şartlarında verimlerinin yükseldiği ve elde edilen kar arttığını gösteren kayıtlar mevcuttur. Aynı zamanda, manda malakları da olumsuz şartlarda bakım ve beslemeye maruz kaldığından büyüme oranları düşük ve ölüm oranları yüksek olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bazı sütçü mandalar ile Anadolu mandalarının performans ve verim özellikleri incelenmiş ve Türkiye Manda üretiminin geliştirilmesinde katkı sağlayabilecek bazı tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

Sütçü manda, süt üretimi, malak, gelecek stratejileri.

Factors Affecting the Performance and Productivity of Dairy Buffalo Breeds and Future Perspective in Turkey

Abstract

Water buffalo is one of the important farm animals that are grown especially in Asian countries and its contribution to milk production is in the second after cows in the world. Buffaloes are divided into two main groups as swamp and river buffalo. River buffaloes are large size and bred for milk production, while swamp buffaloes are smaller size and used for draught animals. There are 72 types of buffalo breeds in the world, 57 of which are in the Asia, and there are 22 buffalo breeds that are bred for milk production. The mediterranean buffaloes (900-4000 kg/lactation) are in the first breed with the highest milk yield among buffalo breeds, followed by Mehsana and Jafarabadi breeds (1800-2700 kg/lactation). The Anatolian buffaloes raised in Turkey are lower milk yield (1000 kg/year) than other buffalo breeds. Compared to other ruminant animals, the ability of buffaloes to benefit from poor quality pastures and low quality roughages are better than cattle and sheeps. The main element of income from buffaloes in Turkey is buffalo milk and dairy products. Due to the high demand for buffalo kaymak and yoghurt, buffalo milk is sold at a higher price than cow's milk. In the world, water buffalo breeding is mostly carried out in extensive conditions and housed in non-modern shelters. Due to the adverse conditions in the care and feeding, milk and progeny yields are lower than cows. However, in Italy, there are records showing increased yields and increased profits under good care and feeding conditions. At the same time, since buffalo calves are exposed to care and feeding under unsuitable conditions, their growth rates are low and mortality rates are high. In this study, performance and yield characteristics of some dairy buffaloes and Anatolian buffaloes were examined and some recommendations were made that could contribute to develop of Turkish buffalo production.

Keywords

Dairy buffalo, milk production, calf, future strategies

References

• Abbas, W., Bhatti, S. A., Khan, M. S., Saeed, N., Warriach, H. M., Wynn, P., & McGill, D. (2017). Effect of weaning age and milk feeding volume on growth performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo calves. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.1291282
• Ahmad, S., Gaucher, I., Rousseau, F., Beaucher, E., Piot, M., Grongnet, J. F., & Gaucheron, F. (2008). Effects of acidification on physico-chemical characteristics of buffalo milk: A comparison with cow’s milk. Food Chemistry, 106(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.021
• Aksoy, A., Haşimoğlu, S., & Çakır, A. (1981). Besin Maddeleri ve Hayvan Besleme. In Atatürk Universitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Basımevi.
• Ambardekar, D. V. (2000). Studies on body measurement and qualitative traits in Pandharpuri buffaloes. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri, M.S., India.
• Andersen, J. B., Sehested, J., & Ingvartsen, K. L. (1999). Effect of dry cow feeding strategy on rumen pH, Concentration of volatile fatty acids and rumen epithelium development. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica A: Animal Sciences, 49(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/090647099424051
• Aref, N. E. M., El-Sebaie, A., & Hammad, H. Z. (2016). New insights on ill-thriftiness in early-weaned buffalo calves. Veterinary World, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.579-586
• Barbosa, S. B. P., Modesto, E. C., Lopes, F. de A., da Silva, E. C., & Abad, A. C. A. (2020). Relationship between milk production system and milk traits and somatic cell counts in brazilian murrah buffaloes: A multivariate analysis. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.46522
• Bharadwaj, A., Dixit, V. B., Sethi, R. K., & Khanna, S. (2007). Association of breed characteristics with milk production in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 77(10).
• Bharti, P. K., Dutt, T., Pandey, H. O., Patel, B. H. M., Mahendran, K., Kaswan, S., Biswas, P., & Upadhyay, V. K. (2015). Effect of weaning age on health of Murrah buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 85(12).
• Bhatti, S. A., Ahmed, M. F., Wynn, P. C., McGill, D., Sarwar, M., Afzal, M., Ullah, E., Khan, M. A., Khan, M. S., Bush, R., Warriach, H. M., & Khan, A. (2012). Effect of diet on preweaning performance of Sahiwal calves. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9973-3
• Borghese, A., Rasmussen, M., & Thomas, C. S. (2007). Milking management of dairy buffalo. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(SUPPL. 2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.39
• Borghese, A. (2005). Buffalo Production and Research. In Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Vol. 5, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2006.203
• Borghese, A. (2013). Buffalo livestock and products in Europe. Buffalo Bulletin, 32(SPEC. ISSUE 1).
• Ceniti, C., Britti, D., Trimboli, F., Morittu, V. M., Lopreiato, V., & Costanzo, N. (2019). Evaluation of freezing point in milk from buffalos reared in Calabria, Italy. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.7895
• Chantalakhana, C., & Bunyavejchewin, P. (1994). Buffaloes and draught power. Outlook on Agriculture, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300204
• Charlini, B. C., & Sinniah, J. (2015). Performance of Murrah, Surti, Nili-Ravi buffaloes and their crosses in the intermediate zone of Sri Lanka. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(3).
• Costa, A., De Marchi, M., Battisti, S., Guarducci, M., Amatiste, S., Bitonti, G., Borghese, A., & Boselli, C. (2020). On the Effect of the Temperature-Humidity Index on Buffalo Bulk Milk Composition and Coagulation Traits. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.577758
• de la Cruz-Cruz, L. A., Bonilla-Jaime, H., Orozco-Gregorio, H., Tarazona-Morales, A. M., Ballesteros-Rodea, G., Roldan- Santiago, P., Waytula, M., & Vargas-Romero, J. M. (2019). Effects of weaning on the stress responses and productivity of water buffalo in different breeding systems: A review. In Livestock Science (Vol. 226). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.020
• Degirmencioglu, T., Unal, H., & Kuraloglu, H. (2015). Comparison of extensive or semi-intensive feeding for Anatolian water buffalo. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 27(9), 712–715. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2015.04.07
• Drost, M. (2007). Bubaline versus bovine reproduction. Theriogenology, 68(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.012
• El-Barody, M. A. A., Daghash, H. A., & Rabie, Z. B. H. (2001). Some physiological responses of pregnant Egyptian buffalo to niacin supplementation. Livestock Production Science, 69(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00169-5
• FAOStat. (2019). Food and Agricultural Organization. Animal Production Data. Http://Www.Fao.Org/Faostat/En/#data/QL Access:15.02.2021.
• Gwazdauskas, F. C., Wilcox, C. J., & Thatcher, W. W. (1975). Environmental and Managemental Factors Affecting Conception Rate in a Subtropical Climate. Journal of Dairy Science, 58(1). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84523-1
• Hamid, M. A., Ahmed, S., Rahman, M. A., & Hossain, K. M. (2016). Status of buffalo production in Bangladesh compared to SAARC countries. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 10(6), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2016.313.329 Hofi, M. (2013). Buffalo milk cheese. In Buffalo Bulletin (Vol. 32, Issue SPEC. ISSUE 1).
• Iannuzzi, L. (2013). Evolutionary, clinical and molecular cytogenetics in water buffalo: An update. Buffalo Bulletin, 32(SPEC. ISSUE 1).
• Javed, K., Abdullah, M., Khalid, M. S., Ahmad, N., Bhatti, J. A., & Younas, U. (2013). Inter-relationship of milk constituents with body and udder measurements in Nili-Ravi buffaloes raised at commercial farms of Pakistan. Buffalo Bulletin, 32(SPECIAL ISSUE 2).
• Kapadiya, D. B., Prajapati, D. B., Jain, A. K., Mehta, B. M., Darji, V. B., & Aparnathi, K. D. (2016). Comparison of Surti goat milk with cow and buffalo milk for gross composition, nitrogen distribution, and selected minerals content. Veterinary World, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.710-716
• Koçak, S., Tekerli, M., Çelikeloğlu, K., Erdoğan, M., Bozkurt, Z., & Hacan. (2019). An investigation on yield and composition of milk, calving interval and repeatabilities in riverine buffaloes of anatolia. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 29(3).
• Kumar, A., Kamboj, M. L., Kumar, S., Jingar, S. C., Lawania, P., & Bugaliya, H. L. (2017). Performance of Murrah Buffalo and their Calves under Weaning and Suckling System. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.348
• Kumar S, P., Chandra S., S., Kumar S., R., Pankaj K. Singh, C., Kamboj, M., & Chandra, S. (2017). Effect of calf suckling dummy calf used and weaning on milk ejection stimuli and milk yield of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). ~ 1012 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6S).
• Medhammar, E., Wijesinha-Bettoni, R., Stadlmayr, B., Nilsson, E., Charrondiere, U. R., & Burlingame, B. (2012). Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: A biodiversity perspective. In Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (Vol. 92, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4690
• Misra, S. S., Sharma, A., Bhattacharya, T. K., Kumar, P., & Roy, S. S. (2008). Association of breed and polymorphism of α-and α-casein genes with milk quality and daily milk and constituent yield traits of buffaloes (bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bulletin, 27(4).
• Mohran, M. A. (1991). Effect of Stage of Lactation on the Physical and. Egyptian .J. Dairy Sci, 77–82.
• Moioli, B., & Borghese, A. (2005). Buffalo Breeds and Management Systems. Buffalo Production and Research.
• Mota-Rojas, D., De Rosa, G., Mora-Medina, P., Braghieri, A., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., & Napolitano, F. (2019). Dairy buffalo behaviour and welfare from calving to milking. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 14. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201914035
• Naveena, B. M., & Kiran, M. (2014). Buffalo meat quality, composition, and processing characteristics: Contribution to the global economy and nutritional security. Animal Frontiers, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2014-0029
• Nawaz, H., Yaqoob, M., & Abdullah, M. (2007). Effect of feeding supplemental tallow on the performance of lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 31(6).
• Nayyar, S., Gill, V. K., Singh, N., Roy, K. S., & Singh, R. (2002). Levels of antioxidant vitamins in anoestrus buffalo heifers supplemented with vitamin E and selenium. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 72(5).
• Panda, N., Kaur, H., & Mohanty, T. K. (2006). Reproductive performance of dairy buffaloes supplemented with varying levels of vitamin E. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.19
• Pasha, T. N. (2013). Prospect of nutrition and feeding for sustainable buffalo production. Buffalo Bulletin, 32(SPEC. ISSUE 1).
• Patil, A., Disouza, J., & Pawar, S. (2019). Evaluation of lactobacillus plantarum growth in milk of indian buffalo breeds based on its physico-chemical content. Buffalo Bulletin, 38(2).
• Patiño, E. ., & Guaziroli, E. (2005). Composición de leche de búfala (Bubalus bubalis) de raza Jafarabadi en Corrientes, Argentina (Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk composition of Jafarabadi in Corrientes, Argentina). Revista Electronica de Veterinaria REDVET, 6(5).
• Purohit, G. N., Kumar, P., Solanki, K., Shekher, C., & Yadav, S. P. (2012). Perspectives of fetal dystocia in cattle and buffalo. Veterinary Science Development, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/vsd.2012.e8
• Qureshi, M. S., Habib, G., Samad, H. A., Siddiqui, M. M., Ahmad, N., & Syed, M. (2002). Reproduction-nutrition relationship in dairy buffaloes. I. Effect of intake of protein, energy and blood metabolites levels. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.330
• Rafiuddin, N. A., Moaeen-ud-Din, M., Babar, M. E., Abdullah, M., Jabbar, M. A., Khan, F. S., Javed, K., & Bhatti, J. A. (2009). Effect of Group Size on Growth Performance of Nili Ravi Buffalo Calves during Winter Months. Pakistan J. Zool. Suppl. Ser., 9(9), 613–618.
• Ranjhan, S. K. (2007). Buffalo as a social animal for humanity. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(SUPPL. 2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.30
• Rathod, A., Vaidya, M., & Ali, S. (2018). Genetic Studies of Productive and Reproductive Attributes of Surti Buffalo in Maharashtra. International Journal of Livestock Research, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20171016061752
• Raval, A., Sorathiya, L., Katariya, M., Kharadi, V., Patel, V., Patel, N., & Parmar, A. (2019). Effect of Challenge Feeding on Production Performance of Surti Buffaloes. International Journal of Livestock Research, 0. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20190508112036
• Sabia, E., Napolitano, F., Claps, S., Braghieri, A., Piazzolla, N., & Pacelli, C. (2015). Feeding, nutrition and sustainability in dairy enterprises: The case of Mediterranean Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis). In The Sustainability of Agro-Food and Natural Resource Systems in the Mediterranean Basin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16357-4_5
• Sahin, A., Yıldırım, A., & Ulutas, Z. (2016). Changes in some physico-chemical content of Anatolian buffalo milk according to the some environmental factors. Buffalo Bulletin, 35(4).
• Salari, F., Altomonte, I., & Martini, M. (2013). Buffalo milk: A case study of some parameters related to milk production. Large Animal Review, 19(1).
• Sannino, M., Faugno, S., Crimaldi, M., Di Francia, A., Ardito, L., Serrapica, F., & Masucci, F. (2018). Effects of an automatic milking system on milk yield and quality of Mediterranean buffaloes. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(9). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14157
• Sarwar, M., Khan, M. A., Nisa, M., Bhatti, S. A., & Shahzad, M. A. (2009). Nutritional management for buffalo production. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 22(7). https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.r.09
• Şekerden, Ö., & Küçükkebapçı, M. (1999). Afyon Kocatepe Tarimsal AraştirmaEnsti̇tüsü Anadolu Mandalarinda Süt Veri̇m Bi̇leşi̇mi̇ni̇n Laktasyon Dönemleri̇ne Göre Deği̇şi̇mi̇, Süt ve Bazi Döl Veri̇m Özelli̇kleri̇. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.17097/zfd.73087
• Siddiky, M., & Faruque, M. (2018). Buffaloes for dairying in South Asia: potential, challenges and way forward. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v15i2.35167
• Soysal, M. I. (2013). Anatolian water buffaloes husbandry in Turkey. Buffalo Bulletin, 32(SPEC. ISSUE 1).
• Soysal, M. İ., Genç, S., Aksel, M., Ünal, E. Ö., & Gürcan, E. K. (2018). Effect of Environmental Factors on Lactation Milk Yield , Lactation Length and Calving Interval of Anatolian Buffalo in Istanbul. Journal of Animal Science and Products, 1(1), 93–97.
• Terramoccia, S., Bartocci, S., Amici, A., & Martillotti, F. (2000). Protein and protein-free dry matter rumen degradability in buffalo, cattle and sheep fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Livestock Production Science, 65(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00155-4
• Thomas, C. S., Svennersten-Sjaunja, K., Bhosrekar, M. R., & Bruckmaier, R. M. (2004). Mammary cisternal size, cisternal milk and milk ejection in Murrah buffaloes. Journal of Dairy Research, 71(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029904000081
• TÜİK. (2020). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri. Ankara. Https://Tuikweb.Tuik.Gov.Tr/PreHaberBultenleri.Do?Id=33874 Erişim:10.03.2021.
• Uğurlu, M., Kaya, I., & Saray, M. (2016). Effects of some environmental factors on calf birth weight and milk yield of Anatolian Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 22(6).
• Wang, J., He, Y., Pang, K., Zeng, Q., Zhang, X., Ren, F., & Guo, H. (2019). Changes in milk yield and composition of colostrum and regular milk from four buffalo breeds in China during lactation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(13). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9849
• Warriach, H. M., McGill, D. M., Bush, R. D., Wynn, P. C., & Chohan, K. R. (2015). A review of recent developments in buffalo reproduction - A review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0259
• Wynn, P. C., Warriach, H. M., Morgan, A., McGill, D. M., Hanif, S., Sarwar, M., Iqbal, A., Sheeny, P. A., & Bush, R. D. (2009). Perinatal nutrition of the calf and its consequences for lifelong productivity. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.r.06
• Yavasoglu, N. U. K., Koksal, C., Yaman, Y., & Un, C. (2014). Karyotype of Anatolian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bulletin, 33(4), 337–342.
• Yilmaz, A., Ocak, E., & Kose, S. (2017). A research on milk yield, milk composition and body weights of Anatolian buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 51(3). https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.11474
• Zhou, L., Tang, Q., Wasim Iqbal, M., Xia, Z., Huang, F., Li, L., Liang, M., Lin, B., Qin, G., & Zou, C. (2018). A comparison of milk protein, fat, lactose, total solids and amino acid profiles of three different buffalo breeds in Guangxi, China. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1443288
• Zicarelli, L., Ariota, B., Gasparrini, B., Neglia, G., & Di Palo, R. (2007). Buffalo beef production. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(SUPPL. 2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.1312
• Zicarelli, Luigi. (2020). Considerations on the breeding and weaning of buffalo calf. Journal of Buffalo Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520X.2020.09.11