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İşsizlik Sigortasında Ahlaki Tehlike Sorunu İle Mücadelede Bireysel Tasarruf Hesapları: Şili Örneği

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 79 - 94, 25.06.2024

Abstract

İşsizlik riskiyle mücadele konusunda önemli bir sosyal politika aracı olarak değerlendirilen İşsizlik Sigortasının, emek piyasaları üzerinde hem olumlu hem de olumsuz birçok etkisi bulunmaktadır. Olumsuz etkilerden biri de özellikle büyük kayıtdışı emek piyasalarına sahip olan ülkelerde yaşanan ahlaki tehlike sorunudur. Sigortanın sağlamış olduğu gelir güvencesi sayesinde kişinin iş aramak yerine ödenek almaya devam etmesi anlamına gelen ahlaki tehlike sorununa karşı geliştirilen İşsizlik Sigortası Tasarruf Hesapları bu sorunla mücadele bağlamında kullanılan en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Program, katkı paylarının kişiye özel bir tasarruf hesabında çeşitli finansal yatırım araçları ile değerlendirilmesi ve işsizlik halinde ödeneklerin bu hesaptaki birikimlerle karşılanması şeklinde işlemektedir. Emeklilik yaşına gelindiğinde ise bireysel tasarruf hesabındaki birikimin pozitif olması durumunda hesap bakiyesi kişinin emeklilik hesabına aktarılmaktadır. Böylece bireyin işsiz kalması/işsizlik süresinin uzaması halinde kişi kendi birikimlerini tüketmektedir. İlk defa 2002 yılında Şili’de uygulama alanı bulan bu model sosyal sigortaların yeniden dağıtımcı rolünü göz ardı ederken ahlaki tehlike sorununu önemli ölçüde çözüme kavuşturmaktadır.

References

  • Akyol, B., (2018), Güney Avrupa Refah Rejimi Ülkelerinde İşsizlik Sigortası Uygulamaları ve Türkiye ile Karşılaştırması, Fırat Üniversitesi İİBF Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 2 (2), 1-44
  • Álvarez-Parra, F., Sánchez, J. M. (2009). Unemployment insurance with a hidden labor market. Journal of monetary economics, 56(7), 954-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2009.09.006
  • Andersen, T. M. (2014). Tuning unemployment insurance to the business cycle. IZA world of labor, 54, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.54
  • Bosch, M. (2016) Does unemployment insurance offer incentives to take jobs in the formal sector?. IZA world of labor, 300, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.300
  • Cazes, S., Verick, S. (2013) Perspectıves on labour economıcs for development. Geneva: International Labour Office
  • Chetty, R. (2008). Moral hazard versus liquidity and optimal unemployment insurance. Journal of political Economy, 116(2), 173-234. https://doi.org/10.1086/588585
  • Cirelli, F., Espino, E., and Sánchez, J. M. (2021). Designing unemployment insurance for developing countries. Journal of development economics, 148, 1-15, 102565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102565
  • Acevedo, G., Eskenazi, P., and Pagés, C. (2006). Unemployment insurance in Chile: A new model of income support for unemployed workers. World Bank social protection discussion paper, 612.
  • Farber, H. S., & Valletta, R. G. (2015). Do extended unemployment benefits lengthen unemployment spells? Evidence from recent cycles in the US labor market. Journal of human resources, 50(4), 873-909.
  • Feldstein, M., & Altman, D. (2007). Unemployment insurance savings accounts. Tax policy and the economy, 21, 35-63.
  • Hopenhayn, H. A., & Nicolini, J. P. (1997). Optimal unemployment ınsurance. Journal of political economy, 105(2), 412-438. https://doi.org/10.1086/262078
  • Huneeus, C.,Leiva, S., and Micco, A.,(2012). Unemployment insurance and search effort in Chile . IDB Working Paper No. IDB-WP-313, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2149060
  • ILO. (2019). "Formalization: The Case of Chilie", International Labour Oganization Publication: Switzerland.
  • Moffitt, R. (2014). Unemployment benefits and unemployment. IZA world of labor., 13, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.13
  • Leschke, J. (2008). Unemployment insurance and non-standard employment: Four European countries in comparison (1st ed). Berlin: VS Research
  • Piguillem, F., Ruffo, H., and Trachter, N. (2023). Unemployment insurance when the wealth distribution matters. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.21144/wp23-08
  • Robalino, D. A. (2014). Designing unemployment benefits in developing countries. IZA World of Labor 2014: 15 doi: 10.15185/izawol.15
  • Sehnbruch, K., Carranza, R., and Prieto, J. (2019). The political economy of unemployment ınsurance based on ındividual savings accounts: lessons from chile: unemployment ınsurance based on ısas: lessons from chile. Development and change, 50(4), 948-975. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12457
  • Sehnbruch, K., Carranza, R., and Contreras, D. (2020). Designing unemployment insurance systems in developing countries: Moral hazard vs liquidity constraints in Chile. Ssrn electronic journal, (May 21, 2020), 1-40, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607058
  • Shavell, S., & Weiss, L. (1979). The optimal payment of unemployment ınsurance benefits over time. Journal of political economy, 87(6), 1347–1362. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833336.
  • Sofracı, İ. E. (2007). İşsizlik sigortasının sosyal ve ekonomik etkileri. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7(13), 165-184.
  • spensiones.cl. (2023). Seguro de Cesantía, https://www.spensiones.cl/portal/institucional/594/w3-propertyvalue-9894.html#recuadros_articulo_4130_4 Erişim: 04.06.2023.
  • Superintendence of Pensions, (2010), Unemployment Insurance in Chile- Superintendence Of Pensions, https://www.spensiones.cl/portal/institucional/594/w3-article-8556.html Erişim: 26.03.2024
  • Taş, Y. (2016). Avrupa birliği ve Türkiye’de işsizlik sigortasının sosyo-ekonomik açıdan karşılaştırılması. Hak iş uluslararası emek ve toplum dergisi, 5(11), 26-55.
  • Wang, C., & Williamson, S. D. (2002). Moral hazard, optimal unemployment insurance, and experience rating. Journal of Monetary Economics, 49(7), 1337-1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00174-5
  • Yıldırım, S. (2017). İşsizlik sigortasıyla kayıt dışı istihdamın etkileşimi. Fırat Üniversitesi Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 1-28.

INDIVIDUAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS TO COMBAT THE MORAL HAZARD PROBLEM IN UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE: THE CASE OF CHILE

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 79 - 94, 25.06.2024

Abstract

Unemployment Insurance, considered as an important social policy instrument to address the risk of unemployment, has both positive and negative effects on labour markets. One of the negative effects is the moral hazard problem, especially in countries with large informal labour markets. Unemployment Insurance Savings Accounts (UISAs) are one of the most effective ways of tackling moral hazard, meaning that individuals continue to receive benefits instead of looking for work because of the income security provided by insurance. The way the programme works is that contributions are invested in a personal savings account with various financial investment instruments, and in the event of unemployment, the benefits are covered by the savings in this account. At retirement age, if the savings in the individual savings account are positive, the account balance is transferred to the individual's pension account. Thus, in the event of unemployment/extended unemployment, the individual exhausts his/her own savings. This model, first implemented in Chile in 2002, ignores the redistributive role of social security and largely solves the problem of moral hazard.

References

  • Akyol, B., (2018), Güney Avrupa Refah Rejimi Ülkelerinde İşsizlik Sigortası Uygulamaları ve Türkiye ile Karşılaştırması, Fırat Üniversitesi İİBF Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 2 (2), 1-44
  • Álvarez-Parra, F., Sánchez, J. M. (2009). Unemployment insurance with a hidden labor market. Journal of monetary economics, 56(7), 954-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2009.09.006
  • Andersen, T. M. (2014). Tuning unemployment insurance to the business cycle. IZA world of labor, 54, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.54
  • Bosch, M. (2016) Does unemployment insurance offer incentives to take jobs in the formal sector?. IZA world of labor, 300, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.300
  • Cazes, S., Verick, S. (2013) Perspectıves on labour economıcs for development. Geneva: International Labour Office
  • Chetty, R. (2008). Moral hazard versus liquidity and optimal unemployment insurance. Journal of political Economy, 116(2), 173-234. https://doi.org/10.1086/588585
  • Cirelli, F., Espino, E., and Sánchez, J. M. (2021). Designing unemployment insurance for developing countries. Journal of development economics, 148, 1-15, 102565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102565
  • Acevedo, G., Eskenazi, P., and Pagés, C. (2006). Unemployment insurance in Chile: A new model of income support for unemployed workers. World Bank social protection discussion paper, 612.
  • Farber, H. S., & Valletta, R. G. (2015). Do extended unemployment benefits lengthen unemployment spells? Evidence from recent cycles in the US labor market. Journal of human resources, 50(4), 873-909.
  • Feldstein, M., & Altman, D. (2007). Unemployment insurance savings accounts. Tax policy and the economy, 21, 35-63.
  • Hopenhayn, H. A., & Nicolini, J. P. (1997). Optimal unemployment ınsurance. Journal of political economy, 105(2), 412-438. https://doi.org/10.1086/262078
  • Huneeus, C.,Leiva, S., and Micco, A.,(2012). Unemployment insurance and search effort in Chile . IDB Working Paper No. IDB-WP-313, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2149060
  • ILO. (2019). "Formalization: The Case of Chilie", International Labour Oganization Publication: Switzerland.
  • Moffitt, R. (2014). Unemployment benefits and unemployment. IZA world of labor., 13, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.13
  • Leschke, J. (2008). Unemployment insurance and non-standard employment: Four European countries in comparison (1st ed). Berlin: VS Research
  • Piguillem, F., Ruffo, H., and Trachter, N. (2023). Unemployment insurance when the wealth distribution matters. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.21144/wp23-08
  • Robalino, D. A. (2014). Designing unemployment benefits in developing countries. IZA World of Labor 2014: 15 doi: 10.15185/izawol.15
  • Sehnbruch, K., Carranza, R., and Prieto, J. (2019). The political economy of unemployment ınsurance based on ındividual savings accounts: lessons from chile: unemployment ınsurance based on ısas: lessons from chile. Development and change, 50(4), 948-975. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12457
  • Sehnbruch, K., Carranza, R., and Contreras, D. (2020). Designing unemployment insurance systems in developing countries: Moral hazard vs liquidity constraints in Chile. Ssrn electronic journal, (May 21, 2020), 1-40, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607058
  • Shavell, S., & Weiss, L. (1979). The optimal payment of unemployment ınsurance benefits over time. Journal of political economy, 87(6), 1347–1362. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833336.
  • Sofracı, İ. E. (2007). İşsizlik sigortasının sosyal ve ekonomik etkileri. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7(13), 165-184.
  • spensiones.cl. (2023). Seguro de Cesantía, https://www.spensiones.cl/portal/institucional/594/w3-propertyvalue-9894.html#recuadros_articulo_4130_4 Erişim: 04.06.2023.
  • Superintendence of Pensions, (2010), Unemployment Insurance in Chile- Superintendence Of Pensions, https://www.spensiones.cl/portal/institucional/594/w3-article-8556.html Erişim: 26.03.2024
  • Taş, Y. (2016). Avrupa birliği ve Türkiye’de işsizlik sigortasının sosyo-ekonomik açıdan karşılaştırılması. Hak iş uluslararası emek ve toplum dergisi, 5(11), 26-55.
  • Wang, C., & Williamson, S. D. (2002). Moral hazard, optimal unemployment insurance, and experience rating. Journal of Monetary Economics, 49(7), 1337-1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00174-5
  • Yıldırım, S. (2017). İşsizlik sigortasıyla kayıt dışı istihdamın etkileşimi. Fırat Üniversitesi Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 1-28.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics, Welfare Economics, Insurance Economy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bilal Akyol 0000-0002-8851-0288

Early Pub Date June 27, 2024
Publication Date June 25, 2024
Submission Date December 11, 2023
Acceptance Date March 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akyol, B. (2024). İşsizlik Sigortasında Ahlaki Tehlike Sorunu İle Mücadelede Bireysel Tasarruf Hesapları: Şili Örneği. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(1), 79-94.

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