The Phenomenon of Grammatical “Borrowing “between Prepositions by Ibn Malik

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 174 - 201, 15.03.2021

Turkiy Alali , Dursun Hazer

https://doi.org/10.51702/esoguifd.847568

Abstract

The Arabic language has several characteristics that increase its strength and capacity, such as synonymousness, derivation, polysemy, antonymy, syntax and other characteristics. Among these words are prepositions, which are frequently used in The Arabs speech, so the grammarians paid attention to their books. They have narrated its utterances including what were agreed upon and what were disagreed. Some of them were very keen to study them in details and some were concise However, they studied it in terms of the alternation, which is that a letter is used to give the meaning of another letter. They discussed this term in details and varied from grammarians who deny alternation completely, others said it is possible to be used and others said it should be used and everyone presented his evidences, proofs and examples about this term. Their sayings are documented in many of the Books of Arab Heritage. Ibn Malik al-Andalusi was one of those grammarians who supported those who said that “alternation “should be used and studied it in detail and gathered evidence and proofs to support his opinion more than anyone else. He was pioneered in that hearing of the words of Arabic poetry and prose. His attitude on inference to Hadith has contributed to increasing his audio evidence and consequently, he promoted “alternation” between letters putting it in a distinctive place so other grammarians followed him later.

Keywords

Arabic Language and Rhetoric, Contradicon,, prepositions, prosecution, adverbs, Ibn Malik

İbn Mâlik’e Göre Harf-i Cerlerde Tekârud-Ödünç Alışverişi

Abstract

Arap dili, eşanlamlılık, türetme, sesteşlik, karşıt anlamlılık, irap ve bunların dışındaki başka özellikler gibi gücünü ve kapasitesini artıran birkaç özellikle öne çıkmaktadır. Bu özelliklerden biri de kelimeler arasındaki anlamın ödünç alınıp verilmesidir. İki harf bir harf ile zarf veya edatlar ödünç alınan kelimeye anlam katması için ödünç alınıp verilmektedir. Cümle anlaşılmamaktadır. Bu harflerden harfi cerler önemli yer tutmaktadır. Fiilerin anlamlarının isimlerine aktarılmasında harfi cerlerden bazıları birbirlerinin yerlerine kullanılmaktadır. Bir harf-i cer diğer harfi cerin yerine geçerek onun ifade ettiği anlamı ifade etmektedir. İlk nahivcilerden başlayarak İbn Malik’e gelinceye kadar önemli nahivciler Arap dilindeki bu olguya dikkat çekmişlerdir. Gramercilerin arasında ödünç alma konusunda söz söyleyenlere destek çıkan, bu konuda detaylara inen bununla ilgili olarak başkalarının ortaya koymadığı delilleri ileri süren belki de bu konuda görüşleri ile tek olan İbn Malik el-Endelusi’dir. Harfler arasındaki bu ilişkiyi niyâbe/yerine geçme olarak isimlendiren İbn Malik kendinden sonra gelen nahivcilerin kullandıkları bir kural haline dönüştürmüştür.

Keywords

harf-i cerler, Zarflar, niyâbe/yerine geçme, Arap Dili ve Belagatı, Tekârud/ödünç alıp verme, İbn Mâlik

التقارض بين حروف الجر عند ابن مالك

Abstract

تتميز اللغة العربية بخصائص عديدة تزيد من قوتها وسعتها ورونقها؛ كالترادف، والاشتقاق، والاشتراك، والتضاد، والإعراب، وغيرها من الخصائص. ومن بين هذه الخصائص التقارض في المعنى بين ألفاظها، فقد يتقارض حرفان أو حرف وظرف أو غير ذلك؛ ليؤدي معنى اللفظ الذي اقترض منه. ولعل أبرز هذه الألفاظ حروف الجر، وهي كثيرة الاستعمال في كلام العرب؛ لذا أَولى النحاة لها الاهتمام في كتبهم. فسردوا ألفاظها ما اتُّفِقَ عليه وما اختُّلِفَ فيه. وزادوها اهتمام بذكر معانيها بين مقتصد ومتوسع في ذلك إلَّا أنهم درسوها من ناحية النيابة -وهو أن يؤدي حرف معنى حرف آخر -وأكثروا الكلام في ذلك بين مانع لنيابة، وبين متوسط، ومُجِيزٍ لها. وكلٌّ منهم ساق أدلته، وحشد شواهده على ذلك، فتناثرت أقوالهم في بطون كُتُب التراث العربي. ومن بين هؤلاء النحاة ابن مالك، الذي نصر رأي من قال بالتقارض، وتوسع في ذلك، وجمع لموقفه ما لم يجمعه غيره؛ وربما انفرد بأراء فيها. ورائده في ذلك السماع من كلام العرب نثره وشعره. وقد أسهم موقفه من الاستدلال بالحديث بزيادة شواهده السماعية فعَلَا بالنيابة بين الحروف وجعل لها منزلة سار عليها كثير من النحاة بعده.

Keywords

اللغة العربية وبلاغتها, التقارض, النيابة, حروف الجر, الظروف, ابن مالك

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