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DÜŞÜNCE DENEYLERİNİN EPİSTEMOLOJİK STATÜSÜ: GALILEO’NUN PİSA DENEYİNE İLİŞKİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA

Year 2023, Issue: 78, 98 - 121, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1122722

Abstract

Düşünce deneylerinden beklenen şeylerden biri de mevcut bilgimizi test etmesi ya da bilgimizi artırmasıdır. Ancak adından da kolayca anlaşılacağı gibi, yalnızca düşüncede yürütülen böyle bir deney, örneğin bize ne şekilde yeni bir bilgi sağlayabilir? Bu zamana kadar söz konusu soruya, bilim felsefesi literatüründe, başlıca beş temel yanıt verilmiştir. Bu makalede, tüm bu yaklaşımların -Platoncu yaklaşım hariç- ortak bir varsayımını ele alacağım. Bu varsayıma göre düşünce deneylerinin tüm yönlerini açıklayabilecek kapsayıcı bir teori bulunmaktadır. Düşünce deneylerinin doğasına ilişkin bu tekçi varsayım, en azından iki yönden oldukça sorunlu görünmektedir. İlk olarak, belirli bir düşünce deneyinin tek bir yaklaşımla açıklanamayan yönleri bulunmaktadır. İkincisi, şimdiye kadar önerilen yaklaşımlar tüm düşünce deneylerini açıklayamamaktadır. Bu iddiaları temellendirmek ve bahsedilen yaklaşımların eksikliklerini belirtmek için Galileo’nun ve Darwin’in öne sürdüğü düşünce deneyi örneklerini ele alacağım. Son olarak çoğulcu bir yaklaşımın düşünce deneylerinin doğasını açıklamada çok daha uygun bir çerçeve sağladığını öne süreceğim.

Thanks

Bu çalışmanın kimi kısımları “Felsefe ve Bilimlerde Düşünce Deneylerinin Yapısı ve İşlevi” başlıklı yüksek lisans tezinden türetilmiştir. Çalışmanın büyük bölümü 2013 yılında Adama Mickiewicza Üniversitesi Zlot Filozoficzny ve yine aynı yılda Erasmus Üniversitesi Onderzoeksschool Wijsbegeerte Conference adlı konferanslarda sunulmuştur. Soruları ile bu çalışmaya yön veren konferans katılımcılarına teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

References

  • Aristotle (1984). On the Heavens, trans. J. L. Stocks, In Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The complete works of Aristotle: The revised Oxford translation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Atkinson, D. (2003). “Experiments and Thought Experiments in Natural Science”, In M.C. Galavotti (ed.), Observation and Experiment in the Natural and Social Sciences, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 209-225.
  • Brown, J. R. (1991a). Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences, London: Routledge Second Edition.
  • Brown, J. R. (1991b). “Thought Experiments: A Platonic Account”, In T. Horowitz and G. Massey (eds.), Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 119–128.
  • Brown, J. R. (1993). “Why Empiricism Won't Work”, Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2: 271–279.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004a). “Why Thought Experiments Do Transcend Empiricism”, in C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 23–43.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004b). “Peeking into Plato's Heaven”, Philosophy of Science, 71: 1126 - 1138.
  • Darwin, C. (1859/1970). Türlerin Kökeni, çev. Öner Ünalan, Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
  • Feyerabend, P. (1999). Yönteme Karşı, çev. Ertuğrul Başer, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Galilei, G. (1638). Dialogues concerning two new sciences, trans. H. Crew & A. de Salvio, New York: Dover Publications.
  • Gendler, T. S. (1998). “Galileo and the Indispensability of Scientific Thought Experiment”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 49: 397–424.
  • Gendler, T. S. (2004). “Thought Experiments Rethought — and Reperceived”, Philosophy of Science, 71: 1152–1164. Kuhn, T. S. (1994). Asal Gerilim, çev. Yakup Şahan, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Lennox, J. G. (1991). “Darwinian Thought Experiments: A Function for Just-So Stories”, in T. Horowitz and G. Massey (eds.), Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 223–245.
  • Miščević, N. (1992). “Mental Models and Thought Experiments”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 6: 215–226.
  • Miščević, N. (2007). “Modelling Intuitions and Thought Experiments”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 181–214.
  • Nersessian, N.(1992). “How Do Scientists Think? Capturing the Dynamics of Conceptual Change in Science”, In R. Giere (ed.), Cognitive Models of Science, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 3–44.
  • Nersessian, N.(1993). “In the Theoretician's Laboratory: Thought Experimenting as Mental Modeling”, Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2: 291–301.
  • Norton, J. D. (1991). “Thought Experiments in Einstein's Work”, In T. Horowitz and G. Massey (eds.), Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 129–148.
  • Norton, J. D. (1996). “Are Thought Experiments Just What You Thought?”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 26: 333–366.
  • Norton, J. D. (2004). “Why Thought Experiments Do Not Transcend Empiricism”, In C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 44–66.
  • Palmieri, P. (2003). “Mental models in Galileo's early mathematization of nature”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 34: 229–264.

The Epistemological Status of Thought Experiments: A Comparative Study on Galileo's Pisa Experiment

Year 2023, Issue: 78, 98 - 121, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1122722

Abstract

It seems plausible to expect from thought experiments to test our existing information or to provide us new knowledge about the world. But how could a thought experiment, as its name implies, purely performed within thought, be able to provide new knowledge of nature? So far, there are five major approaches have been offered to respond this question in the philosophy of science literature. In this paper, I argue that the core feature of all these approaches -except the Platonist approach- is the common assumption that one encompassing view can explain all aspects of thought experiments. This monist assumption concerning the nature of thought experiments seems quite problematic at least in two ways. Firstly, there are aspects of a certain thought experiment that cannot be captured by a single account. Secondly, no single view proposed so far can account for all thought experiments. In order to establish these claims, I consider two thought experiment examples (introduced by Galileo and Darwin) to indicate shortcomings of the aforementioned approaches which will in turn allow me to argue for a pluralist account.

References

  • Aristotle (1984). On the Heavens, trans. J. L. Stocks, In Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The complete works of Aristotle: The revised Oxford translation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Atkinson, D. (2003). “Experiments and Thought Experiments in Natural Science”, In M.C. Galavotti (ed.), Observation and Experiment in the Natural and Social Sciences, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 209-225.
  • Brown, J. R. (1991a). Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences, London: Routledge Second Edition.
  • Brown, J. R. (1991b). “Thought Experiments: A Platonic Account”, In T. Horowitz and G. Massey (eds.), Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 119–128.
  • Brown, J. R. (1993). “Why Empiricism Won't Work”, Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2: 271–279.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004a). “Why Thought Experiments Do Transcend Empiricism”, in C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 23–43.
  • Brown, J. R. (2004b). “Peeking into Plato's Heaven”, Philosophy of Science, 71: 1126 - 1138.
  • Darwin, C. (1859/1970). Türlerin Kökeni, çev. Öner Ünalan, Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
  • Feyerabend, P. (1999). Yönteme Karşı, çev. Ertuğrul Başer, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Galilei, G. (1638). Dialogues concerning two new sciences, trans. H. Crew & A. de Salvio, New York: Dover Publications.
  • Gendler, T. S. (1998). “Galileo and the Indispensability of Scientific Thought Experiment”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 49: 397–424.
  • Gendler, T. S. (2004). “Thought Experiments Rethought — and Reperceived”, Philosophy of Science, 71: 1152–1164. Kuhn, T. S. (1994). Asal Gerilim, çev. Yakup Şahan, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Lennox, J. G. (1991). “Darwinian Thought Experiments: A Function for Just-So Stories”, in T. Horowitz and G. Massey (eds.), Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 223–245.
  • Miščević, N. (1992). “Mental Models and Thought Experiments”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 6: 215–226.
  • Miščević, N. (2007). “Modelling Intuitions and Thought Experiments”, Croatian Journal of Philosophy, VII: 181–214.
  • Nersessian, N.(1992). “How Do Scientists Think? Capturing the Dynamics of Conceptual Change in Science”, In R. Giere (ed.), Cognitive Models of Science, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 3–44.
  • Nersessian, N.(1993). “In the Theoretician's Laboratory: Thought Experimenting as Mental Modeling”, Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2: 291–301.
  • Norton, J. D. (1991). “Thought Experiments in Einstein's Work”, In T. Horowitz and G. Massey (eds.), Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 129–148.
  • Norton, J. D. (1996). “Are Thought Experiments Just What You Thought?”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 26: 333–366.
  • Norton, J. D. (2004). “Why Thought Experiments Do Not Transcend Empiricism”, In C. Hitchcock (ed.), Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 44–66.
  • Palmieri, P. (2003). “Mental models in Galileo's early mathematization of nature”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 34: 229–264.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Efe Ateş 0000-0002-8927-6884

Publication Date December 15, 2023
Submission Date May 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 78

Cite

APA Ateş, M. E. (2023). DÜŞÜNCE DENEYLERİNİN EPİSTEMOLOJİK STATÜSÜ: GALILEO’NUN PİSA DENEYİNE İLİŞKİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA. Felsefe Dünyası(78), 98-121. https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1122722