Research Article

Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye

Volume: 10 Number: 3 October 10, 2026
TR EN

Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye

Abstract

This paper analyzes how renewable energy use and dependence on imported energy influence Türkiye’s trade balance. The study is grounded in the argument that economies relying heavily on imported fossil fuels are more exposed to external balance pressures, whereas domestic renewable energy use may help reduce this exposure by replacing part of imported energy demand. Economic growth and the real exchange rate are added as control variables in order to capture demand-side conditions and relative price movements in foreign trade. The empirical investigation is based on annual data for Türkiye and applies a time-series methodology that allows for structural shifts and long-run linkages. First, the integration order of the series is examined through the ADF and Fourier ADF tests. The long-run connection among the variables is then assessed by employing the RALS Fourier ADL and Gregory–Hansen cointegration approaches. After confirming cointegration, the long-run parameters are obtained through the DOLS estimator, and causal linkages are explored with the Fourier Toda–Yamamoto procedure. The results show that renewable energy contributes positively to Türkiye’s trade balance, while energy import dependence has a deteriorating effect. The causality evidence also points to a two-way interaction between renewable energy use and the trade balance. Overall, the findings indicate that renewable energy can support the trade balance by easing Türkiye’s dependence on imported energy.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

International Economics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 10, 2026

Submission Date

May 10, 2026

Acceptance Date

September 13, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 3

APA
Mike, F., Akyıldız, İ. E., & Kızılkaya, O. (2026). Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 10(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1948388
AMA
1.Mike F, Akyıldız İE, Kızılkaya O. Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye. FSECON. 2026;10(3):1-14. doi:10.25295/fsecon.1948388
Chicago
Mike, Faruk, İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız, and Oktay Kızılkaya. 2026. “Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye”. Fiscaoeconomia 10 (3): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1948388.
EndNote
Mike F, Akyıldız İE, Kızılkaya O (October 1, 2026) Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia 10 3 1–14.
IEEE
[1]F. Mike, İ. E. Akyıldız, and O. Kızılkaya, “Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye”, FSECON, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1–14, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.25295/fsecon.1948388.
ISNAD
Mike, Faruk - Akyıldız, İbrahim Ethem - Kızılkaya, Oktay. “Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye”. Fiscaoeconomia 10/3 (October 1, 2026): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1948388.
JAMA
1.Mike F, Akyıldız İE, Kızılkaya O. Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye. FSECON. 2026;10:1–14.
MLA
Mike, Faruk, et al. “Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye”. Fiscaoeconomia, vol. 10, no. 3, Oct. 2026, pp. 1-14, doi:10.25295/fsecon.1948388.
Vancouver
1.Faruk Mike, İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız, Oktay Kızılkaya. Renewable Energy, Energy Import Dependence, and Trade Balance in Türkiye. FSECON. 2026 Oct. 1;10(3):1-14. doi:10.25295/fsecon.1948388
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