Research Article
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DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY

Year 2025, Volume: 50 Issue: 6, 1033 - 1042, 08.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25069

Abstract

In this study, nine different Dulce de leche (DL) samples produced by industrial methods were investigated for their physicochemical, textural, sensory properties, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. In addition, macro and micro element (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) contents of the samples were determined. Dry matter, fat, protein, acidity, pH, ash and brix values of the samples varied between 48.14–77.21%, 1.45–12.35%, 0.10–9.04%, 0.41–0.65%, 5.66–6.65%, 1.15–3.18% and 59.65–79.35%, respectively. HMF was determined as 9.98–25.06 µmol/100 g, total phenolic content as 810.00–2830.83 mg GAE/kg, antioxidant activity as 12.73–71.95% in the DPPH, and 4.50–7.91 mmol TE/g in the TEAC test. In the mineral analysis, the concentration of Ca and K elements was found to be high, and a wide variation was observed in color and textural properties. Sensory evaluations showed that DL formulation and production differences significantly affected product properties.

References

  • Akal, C., Buran, İ., Delialioğlu, R. A., Yetişemiyen, A. (2018). Farklı şeker oranlarının süt kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Gıda, 43(5), 865-875. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD18067
  • Anonymous, (1995) TS 3606 "Gıdalarda Metal iyonlarının Tayini". Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Bakanlıklar, Ankara.
  • Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (2005). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international (18th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International.
  • Bae S. H., Suh H. J. (2007) Antioxidant activities of five different mulberry cultivars in Korea. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40(6), 955-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.06.007.
  • Brand Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., Berset C. L. W. T. (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28 (1): 25-30.
  • Bruno, R.C., Oliveira, M.M., Fernandes, M.S., Sehn, G.R., Carvalho, G., Barone, B., Correa, A.C., Bolini H.M. (2018) “Sensory Characterization of Commercial Dulce De Leche with Consumers and Trained Assessors”. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1, 6-14.
  • Chacón-Villalobos, A., Pineda Castro, M. L., Méndez-Rojas, S. G. (2013). Efecto de la proporcıón de leche bovına y caprına en las característıcas del dulce de leche. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(1), 149-167.
  • Cebeci, C. (2020). Farklı süt kombinasyonlarinin süt reçeli üzerine etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ.
  • Erim Kose, Y., Altun, I., S. Kose (2018) Determination of texture profile analysis of yogurt produced by industrial and traditional method. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(8), 66-70.
  • da Silva, F. L., Ferreira, H. A. L., de Souza, A. B., de Freitas Almeida, D., Stephani, R., Pirozi, M. R., ... & Í. T. Perrone (2015). Production of dulce de leche: The effect of starch addition. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 62(1), 417-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.062.
  • Gaze, L. V., Costa, M. P., Monteiro, M. L. G., Lavorato, J. A. A., Júnior, C. C., Raices, R. S. L., ... M. Q. Freitas (2015) Dulce de Leche, a typical product of Latin America: Characterisation by physicochemical, optical and instrumental methods. Food Chemistry, 169, 471-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.017.
  • Giménez, A., Ares, G., & Gámbaro, A. (2008). Consumer reaction to changes in sensory profile of dulce de leche due to lactose hydrolysis. International Dairy Journal, 18(9), 951-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.12.007.
  • Institute Adolfo Lutz. (2008) Métodos Físico-Químicos para Análise de Alimentos (4th ed.). São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Adolfo Lutz.
  • Kırca, A., M. Özkan (2007). Değişik amaçlı bazı test ve analiz yön-temleri, Bölüm, 11. Gıda Analizleri (Editör: Bekir Cemeroğlu). GıdaTeknolojisi Derneği Yayınları, 34, Ankara. 535.
  • Lima, P. C., Marco, I. D., Stein, V., Pagotto, C. K., Rigo, E., Cavalheiro, D., Schogor, A. L. B. (2020). Obtaining and characterizing “dulce de leche” prepared with sheep’s and cow’s milk in different proportions. Food Science and Technology, 40, 832 837. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.16819
  • Malec, L.S., Llosa, R.A., Vigo, M.S. (1999). Sugar formulation effect on available lysine content of dulce de leche. Journal of Dairy Research, 66, 335-339. doi: 10.1017/s0022029999003416.
  • Mistry, V. V., Pulgar, J. B. (1996). Physical and storage properties of high milk protein powder. International Dairy Journal, 6(2), 195-203.
  • Perrone, I. T., Stephani, R., B. S. Neves (2011). Doce de Leite. Aspectos Tecnológicos. Juiz de Fora, MG: Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes.
  • Ranalli, N., Andrés S.C., A.N. Califano (2012) Physicochemical and rheological characterization of “dulce de leche”. Journal of Texture Studies, 43(2): 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.2011.00321.x.
  • Oliveira, M. N., Penna, A. L. B., Nevarez, H. G. (2009). Production of evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk and ‘dulce de leche’. In Tamime, A. Y. (Ed.), Dairy Powders and Concentrated Products (pp. 149-180). Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK.
  • Ranalli, N., Andrés, S. C., & Califano, A. N. (2017). Rheological behavior of low‐fat dulce de leche with added xanthan gum. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 41(4), e13011. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13011. Smit, G. (2000). Dairy processing – Improving quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Selcuk, A. R., Y. Yılmaz (2009) İşlenmiş üzüm çekirdeği tozu ilavesinin lokum benzeri bir ürünün toplam fenolik madde içeriği ile antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. Akademik Gıda, 7(5), 56-61.
  • Tuna, C. (2018) Farklı meyvelerle zenginleştirilen süt reçellerinin bazı özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, (1982). Meyveler ve Ürünleri. Marmelatlar Standardı (TS 3734). Ankara.
  • Yüksel Önür, Z. (2018) Süt reçeli veya dulce de leche: fizikokimyasal karakterizasyonu. GIDA (2018) 43(6): 1091-1099. doi: 10.15237/gida.GD180111.

TÜRKİYE'DE ENDÜSTRİYEL OLARAK ÜRETİLEN SÜT REÇELLERİNİN BAZI KALİTE ÖZELLİKLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 50 Issue: 6, 1033 - 1042, 08.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25069

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, endüstriyel yöntemlerle üretilen dokuz farklı süt reçeli (Dulce de leche) örneğinin fizikokimyasal, tekstürel, duyusal özellikleri ile toplam fenolik madde (TFM) ve antioksidan aktiviteleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca örneklerin makro ve mikro element (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Numunelerin kuru madde, yağ, protein, asitlik, pH, kül ve briks değerleri sırasıyla %48.14–77.21, %1.45–12.35, %0.10–9.04, %0.41–0.65, 5.66–6.65, %1.15–3.18 ve 59.65–79.35 arasında değişmiştir. HMF 9.98–25.06 µmol/100 g, toplam fenolik madde 810.00–2830.83 mg GAE/kg, antioksidan aktivite DPPH testinde %12.73–71.95, TEAK testinde 4.50–7.91 mmol TE/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Mineral analizinde Ca ve K elementlerinin konsantrasyonu yüksek bulunmuş olup, renk ve tekstürel özellikleri arasında geniş varyasyon gözlenmiştir. Duyusal değerlendirmeler, reçel formülasyonunun ve üretim farklılıklarının ürün özelliklerini önemli ölçüde etkilediğini göstermiştir.

References

  • Akal, C., Buran, İ., Delialioğlu, R. A., Yetişemiyen, A. (2018). Farklı şeker oranlarının süt kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Gıda, 43(5), 865-875. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD18067
  • Anonymous, (1995) TS 3606 "Gıdalarda Metal iyonlarının Tayini". Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Bakanlıklar, Ankara.
  • Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (2005). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international (18th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International.
  • Bae S. H., Suh H. J. (2007) Antioxidant activities of five different mulberry cultivars in Korea. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40(6), 955-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.06.007.
  • Brand Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., Berset C. L. W. T. (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28 (1): 25-30.
  • Bruno, R.C., Oliveira, M.M., Fernandes, M.S., Sehn, G.R., Carvalho, G., Barone, B., Correa, A.C., Bolini H.M. (2018) “Sensory Characterization of Commercial Dulce De Leche with Consumers and Trained Assessors”. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1, 6-14.
  • Chacón-Villalobos, A., Pineda Castro, M. L., Méndez-Rojas, S. G. (2013). Efecto de la proporcıón de leche bovına y caprına en las característıcas del dulce de leche. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(1), 149-167.
  • Cebeci, C. (2020). Farklı süt kombinasyonlarinin süt reçeli üzerine etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ.
  • Erim Kose, Y., Altun, I., S. Kose (2018) Determination of texture profile analysis of yogurt produced by industrial and traditional method. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(8), 66-70.
  • da Silva, F. L., Ferreira, H. A. L., de Souza, A. B., de Freitas Almeida, D., Stephani, R., Pirozi, M. R., ... & Í. T. Perrone (2015). Production of dulce de leche: The effect of starch addition. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 62(1), 417-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.062.
  • Gaze, L. V., Costa, M. P., Monteiro, M. L. G., Lavorato, J. A. A., Júnior, C. C., Raices, R. S. L., ... M. Q. Freitas (2015) Dulce de Leche, a typical product of Latin America: Characterisation by physicochemical, optical and instrumental methods. Food Chemistry, 169, 471-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.017.
  • Giménez, A., Ares, G., & Gámbaro, A. (2008). Consumer reaction to changes in sensory profile of dulce de leche due to lactose hydrolysis. International Dairy Journal, 18(9), 951-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.12.007.
  • Institute Adolfo Lutz. (2008) Métodos Físico-Químicos para Análise de Alimentos (4th ed.). São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Adolfo Lutz.
  • Kırca, A., M. Özkan (2007). Değişik amaçlı bazı test ve analiz yön-temleri, Bölüm, 11. Gıda Analizleri (Editör: Bekir Cemeroğlu). GıdaTeknolojisi Derneği Yayınları, 34, Ankara. 535.
  • Lima, P. C., Marco, I. D., Stein, V., Pagotto, C. K., Rigo, E., Cavalheiro, D., Schogor, A. L. B. (2020). Obtaining and characterizing “dulce de leche” prepared with sheep’s and cow’s milk in different proportions. Food Science and Technology, 40, 832 837. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.16819
  • Malec, L.S., Llosa, R.A., Vigo, M.S. (1999). Sugar formulation effect on available lysine content of dulce de leche. Journal of Dairy Research, 66, 335-339. doi: 10.1017/s0022029999003416.
  • Mistry, V. V., Pulgar, J. B. (1996). Physical and storage properties of high milk protein powder. International Dairy Journal, 6(2), 195-203.
  • Perrone, I. T., Stephani, R., B. S. Neves (2011). Doce de Leite. Aspectos Tecnológicos. Juiz de Fora, MG: Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes.
  • Ranalli, N., Andrés S.C., A.N. Califano (2012) Physicochemical and rheological characterization of “dulce de leche”. Journal of Texture Studies, 43(2): 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.2011.00321.x.
  • Oliveira, M. N., Penna, A. L. B., Nevarez, H. G. (2009). Production of evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk and ‘dulce de leche’. In Tamime, A. Y. (Ed.), Dairy Powders and Concentrated Products (pp. 149-180). Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK.
  • Ranalli, N., Andrés, S. C., & Califano, A. N. (2017). Rheological behavior of low‐fat dulce de leche with added xanthan gum. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 41(4), e13011. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13011. Smit, G. (2000). Dairy processing – Improving quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Selcuk, A. R., Y. Yılmaz (2009) İşlenmiş üzüm çekirdeği tozu ilavesinin lokum benzeri bir ürünün toplam fenolik madde içeriği ile antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. Akademik Gıda, 7(5), 56-61.
  • Tuna, C. (2018) Farklı meyvelerle zenginleştirilen süt reçellerinin bazı özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, (1982). Meyveler ve Ürünleri. Marmelatlar Standardı (TS 3734). Ankara.
  • Yüksel Önür, Z. (2018) Süt reçeli veya dulce de leche: fizikokimyasal karakterizasyonu. GIDA (2018) 43(6): 1091-1099. doi: 10.15237/gida.GD180111.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Technology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sibel Öztok This is me 0000-0002-7479-5331

Şenol Köse 0000-0003-0599-6030

Yağmur Erim Köse 0000-0002-8008-0009

Submission Date May 27, 2025
Acceptance Date October 15, 2025
Publication Date December 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 50 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Öztok, S., Köse, Ş., & Erim Köse, Y. (2025). DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY. Gıda, 50(6), 1033-1042. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25069
AMA Öztok S, Köse Ş, Erim Köse Y. DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY. The Journal of Food. December 2025;50(6):1033-1042. doi:10.15237/gida.GD25069
Chicago Öztok, Sibel, Şenol Köse, and Yağmur Erim Köse. “DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY”. Gıda 50, no. 6 (December 2025): 1033-42. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25069.
EndNote Öztok S, Köse Ş, Erim Köse Y (December 1, 2025) DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY. Gıda 50 6 1033–1042.
IEEE S. Öztok, Ş. Köse, and Y. Erim Köse, “DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY”, The Journal of Food, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1033–1042, 2025, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD25069.
ISNAD Öztok, Sibel et al. “DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY”. Gıda 50/6 (December2025), 1033-1042. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25069.
JAMA Öztok S, Köse Ş, Erim Köse Y. DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY. The Journal of Food. 2025;50:1033–1042.
MLA Öztok, Sibel et al. “DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY”. Gıda, vol. 50, no. 6, 2025, pp. 1033-42, doi:10.15237/gida.GD25069.
Vancouver Öztok S, Köse Ş, Erim Köse Y. DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DULCE DE LECHE’S PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY IN TURKEY. The Journal of Food. 2025;50(6):1033-42.