AMOUNTS OF VITAMIN A, VITAMIN E, VITAMIN C, Β-CAROTENE, LYCOPENE, GHRELIN, GLUTATHIONE, AND MDA IN FRUITS OF DIOSPYROS KAKI L

Abstract

In this study, the amounts of vitamins A, E, C, β-carotene, lycopene, ghrelin, reduced and oxidized form of glutathione (GSH, GSSG) with malondialdehyde (MDA) in ripe fruits of Diospyros kaki L. plant were determined by using HPLC. The amount of vitamins A, E, C, β-carotene, lycopene, ghrelin, GSH, GSSG and MDA in Diospyros kaki L. plant were found to be 0.40±0.06 – 0.92±0.08; 0.63±0.09 - 1.34±0.14; 47.00±0.80 - 65.61±1.56; 2.08±0.18 - 3.36±0.30; 0.69±0.08 - 1.42±0.13; 2.14±0.65 - 7.98±1.06; 398.25±34.23 - 527.90±23.36; 23.67±8.89 - 42.43±4.81 and 5.63±0.35 - 7.28±0.42 µg/g, respectively. It can be said that Diospyros kaki L. plant fruits are a good source of vitamin C, lycopene, ghrelin and glutathione. Findings suggest that the fruit of this plant may be a useful source of antioxidants. Differences in the amount of parameters in the Diospyros kaki L. fruit are thought to be due to the growth medium, climate, and environmental conditions.

Keywords

• Diospyros kaki L.
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin C
• β-carotene
• Lycopene
• Ghrelin
• Glutathione
• MDA

TRABZON HURMASI (DIOSPYROS KAKI L.) MEYVELERİNDEKİ A VİTAMİNİ, E VİTAMİNİ, C VİTAMİNİ, BETA-KAROTEN, LİKOPEN, GRELİN, GLUTATYON VE MDA MİKTARLARI

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Trabzon hurması (Diospyros kaki L.)’nın olgunlaşmış meyvelerinde A, E, C vitaminleri, β-karoten, likopen, ghrelin, indirgenmiş ve yükseltgenmiş glutatyon (GSH, GSSG) ve malondialdehit (MDA) miktarları Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi (HPLC) ile belirlendi. Trabzon hurması bitkisinin meyvelerindeki A vitamini, E vitamini, C vitamini, β-karoten, likopen, ghrelin, GSH, GSSG ve MDA miktarları sırasıyla 0.40±0.06 - 0.92±0.08; 0.63±0.09 - 1.34±0.14; 47.00±0.80 - 65.61±1.56; 2.08±0.18 - 3.36±0.30; 0.69±0.08 - 1.42±0.13; 2.14±0.65 - 7.98±1.06; 398.25±34.23 - 527.90±23.36; 23.67 ± 8.89 - 42.43 ± 4.81 μg/g ve 5.63 ± 0.35 - 7.28 ± 0.42 μg/g arasında olduğu gözlendi. Trabzon hurması meyvelerinin C vitamini, likopen, ghrelin ve glutatyon bakımından iyi bir kaynak olduğu söylenebilir. Bulgular bu bitkinin meyvelerinin antioksidan için yararlı bir kaynak olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Trabzon hurmasının meyvelerindeki parametrelerin miktarındaki farklılıkların büyüme ortamı, iklim ve çevresel koşullardan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Trabzon hurması
• A Vitamini
• E Vitamini
• C Vitamini
• β-karoten
• Likopen
• Grelin
• Glutatyon
• MDA

References

1. AbdAllatif, A. M., El Kheshin, M. A., Rashedy, A. A. (2015). Antioxidant Potential of some Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars Growing under Salinity Stress. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 42(2), 654-665.
2. Agoreyo, B. O., Agoreyo, F. O., Omigie, M. I. (2017). Antioxidant activity, phytochemical and antioxidant levels of musa paradisciaca l and mus asapientum l at various ripening stages. European Food Research Technology, 5, 41-59.
3. Aksoy, M. (2000). Beslenme Biyokimyası. Hatipoğlu Basım ve Yayım San. Tic. Ltd. Şti., 321-342, 564-565s, Ankara.
4. Aydin, S., Karatas, F., Geckil, H. (2008). Simultaneous quantification of acylated and desacylated ghrelin in biological fluids. Biomedical Chromatography, 22, 1354-1349.
5. Basuny, A.M., Gaafar, A.M., Arafat, S.M. (2009). Tomato lycopene is a natural antioxidant and can alleviate hypercholesterolemia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(23), 6627-6633.
6. Becana, M., Matamoros, M.A., Udvardi, M., Dalton, D.A. (2010). Recent insights into antioxidant defenses of legume root nodules. New Phytologist, 188, 960-976.
7. Butt, M.S., Sultan, M.T., Aziz, M., Naz A., Ahmed, W., Kumar, N., Imran, M. (2015). Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit: hidden phytochemicals and health claims. Experimental and Clinical Sciences (EXCLI Journal), 14, 542-61.
8. Catignani, G.L., Bieri, J.G. (1983). Simultaneous determination of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in serum or plasma by liquid chromatography. Clinical Chemistry, 29, 708-712.

9. Chen, X.N., Fan, J.F., Yue. X., Wu, X.R., Li, L.T. (2008). Radical scavenging activity and phenolic compounds in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Mopan). Journal of Food Science, 73, 24−28.
10. Dawes, P., Dawes, E. (2000). SGE Choromatography Products Catalog. p.182.
11. de Souza, L.M. (2008). L-ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene content in papaya fruits (carica papaya) with or without physiological skin freckles. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Braz.), 65(3), 246-250.
12. Dewanto, V., Wu, X., Adom, K.K., Rui Hai Liu, R.H. (2002). Thermal Processing Enhances the Nutritional Value of Tomatoes by Increasing Total Antioxidant Activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (10), 3010–3014.
13. Dursta, R.W., Weaver, G.W. (2012). Nutritional content of fresh and canned peaches. wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jsfa.5849.
14. Esterbauer, H., Gebicki, J., Puhl, H., Jürgens, G. (1992). The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 13, 341-390.
15. Feki, M., Souissi M., Mebazaa, A. (2001). Vitamin E: structure, metabolism, and functions. Annales de Medecine Interne (Paris), 152(6), 384-389.
16. Finkel, T., Holbrook, N.J. (2000). Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature, 408, 239-247.
17. Gaweł, S., Wardas, M., Niedworok, E., Wardas, P. (2004). Malondialdehyde as lipid peroxidation marker. Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland), 57 (9-10), 453-455.
18. George, A.P., Redpath S. (2008). Health and medicinal benefits of persimmon fruit: A review. Advances in Horticultural Science, 22, 244–249.
19. Gropper, S.S., Jack L. Smith, J.L. (2017). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Cengage Learning US Pub. 2017, 7th ed. ISBN 9781305627857.
20. Hamilton, C., Aidukaitis, L., Liu, P., Robison, R., O’Neill, K. (2014). Dietary Antioxidants in Prostate Cancer in Cancer. Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants. p.183-190 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405205-5.00017-9.
21. Hecke, K., Herbinger, K., Veberic, R., Toplak, H., Stampar, F., Keppel, H., Grill, D. (2006). Sugar-, acid-, and phenol contents in apple cultivars from organic and integrated fruit cultivation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 1136–1140.
22. Ibrahim, M.S., Ibrahim, Y.I., Mukhtar, Z.G., Karatas, F. (2017). Amount of Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Malondialdehyde, Glutathione, Ghrelin, Beta-Carotene, Lycopene in Fruits of Hawthorn, Midland (Crataegus laevigata). Journal of Human Nutrition & Food Science, 5(3), 1112.
23. Janick, J., Paull, R.E. (2008). The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, p. 327. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7
24. Kan, T., Gundogdu, M., Ercisli, S., Muradoglu, F., Celik, F., Gecer, M.K., Kodad, O., Zia-Ul-Haq, M. (2014). Phenolic compounds and vitamins in wild and cultivated apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruits grown in irrigated and dry farming conditions. Biological Research, 47(1), 46.
25. Karatas, F., Karatepe, M., Baysar, A. (2002). Determination of free malondialdehyde in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry, 311, 76-79.
26. Kumar, S., Yadav, P., Jain, V., Malhotra S.P. (2011). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative System in Ripening Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) Fruits. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 49(4), 453-459.
27. Lee, J.H., Lee, Y.B., Seo, W.D., Kang, S.T., Lim, J.W., Cho, K.M. (2012). Comparative Studies of Antioxidant Activities and Nutritional Constituents of Persimmon Juice (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Gapjubaekmok). Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 17(2), 141–151.
28. Lee, S.K., Kader, A.A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crop. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 20(3), 207-220.
29. Lee, Y., Cho, E., Tanaka, T., Yokozawa, T. (2007). Inhibitory activities of proanthocyanidins from persimmon against oxidative stress and digestive enzymes related to diabetes. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 53, 287–292.
30. Liu, W., Liu, J., Yin, D., Zhao, X. (2015). Influence of ecological factors on the production of active substances in the anti-cancer plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying. Plos One, 10(4), 1-22.
31. Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Review., 4(8), 118-26.
32. Lyun, S., Jianbao, Z., Xiaoyun, L., Liyu, Z., Yali, Z. (2011). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of total flavonoid sextract from persimmon (D. kaki L.) leaves. Food and chemtoxis. 49, 2689-2696.
33. Madhunapantula, S.R.V., Robertson, G.P. (2012). Current Challenges in Personalized Cancer. Medicine in Advances in Pharmacology, 65, 361-398.
34. Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 727–47.
35. Melov, S., Ravenscroft, J., Malik, S., Gill, M.S., Walker, D.W., Clayton, P.E., Wallace, D.C., Malfroy, B., Doctrow, S.R., Lithgow, G.J. (2000). Extension of life-span with süper oxide dismutase/catalas emimetics. Science, 289(5484), 1567-1569.
36. Miller, K.W., Lorr, N.A., Yang, C.S. (1984). Simultaneous determination of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lycopene, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene by high-performance liquid chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry. 138, 340-345.
37. Mittler, R., Van der Auwera, S., Gollery, M., Van, F.B. (2004). Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends in Plant Science, 9, 490-498.
38. Mondal, K., Sharma, N.S., Malhotra, S.P., Dhawan, K., Singh, R. (2004). Antioxidant systems in ripening tomato fruits. Biologia Plantarum, 48, 49-53.
39. Celik, A., Ercisli, S. (2008). Persimmon cv. Hachiya (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit: some physical, chemical and nutritional properties. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59(7-8), 599-606.
40. Müller, T.D., Nogueiras, R., Andermann, M.L., Andrews, Z.B., Anker, S.D., Argente, J., Batterham, R.L., Benoit, S.C., Bowers, C.Y., Broglio, F., Casanueva, F.F., D'Alessio, D., Depoortere, I., Geliebter A., Ghigo E., Cole P.A., Cowley M., Cummings D.E., Tschöp, M.H. (2015). Ghrelin. Molecular Metabolism, 4(6), 437-460.
41. Őzen, A., Colack, A., Dincer, B., Gűner, S. (2004). A diphenolase from persimmon fruits (Diospyroskaki L. Ebenaceae). Food Chemistry, 85, 431–437.
42. Petersen, C., Martin, A. (2007). General Crop Information: Persimmon. University of Hawaii, Extension Entomology & UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
43. Raouf, O., Patrice, A.R., Andre, B., Jean-Micheal, W., Yvan, T. (2000). Evidence of Prooxidant and antioxidant action of Melatonin on human liver cell lines HEPG2. Life Sciences, 68, 387-399.
44. Rasanu, N., Magearu, V., Nicoleta Matei, N., Soceanu, A. (2005). Determination of vitamin C in different stages of Fruits Growth. .Analele UniversităŃii din Bucureşti – Chimie, Anul XIV (serie nouă), I-II, p. 167-172. Analele UniversităŃii din Bucureşti.
45. Sarvajeet, S.G., Khan, N.A., Anjum, N.A., Tuteja, N. (2011). Amelioration of cadmium stress in crop plants by nutrients management: Morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects. Plant Stress, 5, 1-23.
46. Suzuki, T., Someya, S.H.F., Tanokura, M. (2005). Rapid communication. Comparativestudy of catechincompositions in five Japanese persimmons (Diospyros kaki). Food Chemistry, 93, 149−152.
47. Tavazzi, B., Lazzarino, G., Di-Pierro, D., Giardina, B. (1992). Malondialdehyde production and ascorbate decrease are associated to the perfusion of the isolated post ischemicrat heart. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 13, 75-78.
48. Wang, X.D. (2012). Lycopene metabolism and its biological significance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(5), 1214-1222.