AUTHENTICATION OF HAZELNUT OIL BY PORTABLE FT-NIR, FT-MIR AND RAMAN SPECTROMETERS COMBINED WITH MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS

Abstract

This research studied the authentication of hazelnut oil by portable FT-NIR, FT-MIR, and Raman spectrometers. Hazelnut oils were adulterated with vegetable oils at various concentrations (0-25%) (w/w). Collected spectra were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) to generate classification models to authenticate pure hazelnut oil and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) to predict the fatty acids and adulterant levels. For confirmation, oil’s fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography. In all three instruments, SIMCA provided distinct clusters for pure and adulterated samples with interclass distance (ICD)3. All instruments showed excellent performance in predicting fatty acids and adulteration levels with rval>0.93 and standard error prediction (SEP)<1.75%. Specifically, the FT-MIR unit provided the best performances. Still, all the units can be used as an alternative to traditional methods. These units showed great potential for in-situ surveillance to detect hazelnut oil adulterations.

Keywords

• Portable devices
• FT-NIR
• FT-MIR
• Raman
• Adulteration
• Hazelnut oil

FINDIK YAĞININ FT-NIR, FT-MIR VE RAMAN SPEKTROMETRELERİ İLE BİRLİKTE ÇOK BİLEŞENLİ VERİ ANALİZLERİ KULLANILARAK DOĞRULANMASI

Abstract

Bu araştırma fındık yağının taşınabilir FT-NIR, FT-MIR ve Raman spektrometreleri ile tağşişlerinin belirlenmesi üzerinedir. Fındık yağları değişik konsantrasyonlardaki (0-25%) (w/w) bitkisel yağlar ile karıştırılmıştır. Toplanan spektralarin Temel Bileşen Analizi (PCA) ve Sınıf Analojisinin Yumuşak Bağımsız Modellenmesi (SIMCA) ile saf fındık yağı sınıflandırma modelleri oluşturulmuştur. Yağ asitleri ve tağşiş seviyesi Kısmi En Küçük Kareler Regresyonu (PLSR) kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçların doğrulanması için gaz kromatografisi kullanılarak yağların yağ asidi profilleri belirlenmiştir. Her üç cihazda da SIMCA, saf ve tağşiş edilmiş örneklerin gruplarının sınıflar arası mesafesi (ICD) üçten büyük olarak bulunmuştur. Tüm cihazlar, yağ asidi ve tağşiş miktarlarının belirlenmesinde yüksek performans göstermiştir, rval>0.93 ve standart hata tahmini (SEP)<1.75%. Özellikle, FT-MIR cihazı en iyi performansı göstermiştir. Yine de, tüm cihazlar geleneksel yöntemlere alternatif olarak kullanılabilir. Bu cihazlar, fındık yağı tağşişinin yerinde belirlenmesi icin yüksek bir potansiyel göstermiştir.

Keywords

• taşınabilir cihazlar
• FT-NIR
• FT-MIR
• Raman
• Tağşiş
• Fındık Yağı

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