Armed Forces and Digital Transformation: Challenges and Prospects

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 47, 123 - 145, 26.04.2024

Murat Sağbaş , Fahri Alp Erdoğan , Mehmet Nurettin Uğural , Arzu Uğurlu Kara

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1403312

Abstract

Changing conditions inevitably affect military structures and systems. Throughout history, military structures have constantly undergone changes due to doctrinal, organizational, strategic, and technological developments. This research aims to identify the problems experienced by armies in the digital transformation process and to discuss possible solutions to these problems. As a research method, a hybrid method has been used by applying systematic literature review and expert interviews. The unique value of this research is that it addresses practical and current problems faced by armies in the digital transformation process and offers concrete, realistic, and applicable solutions to these problems. This study has reached the conclusions that old systems had problems adapting to new technologies, digital transformation created cyber security vulnerabilities, there was a lack of infrastructure in data management, and personnel having ten years or more in education and training fields may be resistant to change. These findings will help practitioners and decision-makers in the armed forces to make predictions in situations such as transformations in the organizational structures of armies through changes in technologies during the digital transformation process, personnel employment, new skill and capacity requirements, military training systems, and decision-making processes.

Keywords

Army, Digitalization, Digital Transformation, Defense Industry, Technology

Ordular ve Dijital Dönüşüm: Sorunlar ve Çözümler

Abstract

Değişen koşullar kaçınılmaz olarak askerî yapıları ve sistemleri etkilemektedir. Tarih boyunca askerî yapılar doktrinel, organizasyonel, stratejik ve teknolojik gelişmeler nedeniyle sürekli olarak değişikliklere uğramıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, orduların dijital dönüşüm sürecinde yaşadıkları sorunların tespiti ve bu sorunlara yönelik olası çözüm önerilerini tartışmaktır. Araştırma yöntemi olarak sistematik literatür taraması ile uzman görüşmesine başvurularak hibrit bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın özgün değeri, orduların dijital dönüşüm sürecinde karşılaştığı pratik ve güncel sorunları ele alması ve bu sorunlara somut, gerçekçi ve uygulanabilir çözüm önerileri sunmasıdır. Araştırmanın sonucunda eski sistemlerin yeni teknolojilere uyum sağlamada sorun yaşadığı, dijital dönüşümün siber güvenlik açıkları oluşturduğu, veri yönetiminde altyapı eksikliği görüldüğü, eğitim ve öğretim alanlarında 10 yıl ve üzeri personelin değişime karşı direnç gösterebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulguların, silahlı kuvvetlerdeki uygulayıcılara ve karar vericilere, dijital dönüşüm süreci içerisinde teknolojilerdeki değişimler yoluyla orduların örgütsel yapılarındaki dönüşümler, personel istihdamı, yeni beceri ve kapasite gereksinimleri, askerî eğitim sistemleri ve karar alma süreçleri gibi durumlarda öngörülerde bulunmalarına yardımcı olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

Ordu, Dijitalleşme, Dijital Dönüşüm, Savunma Sanayi, Teknoloji

References

• ALBERTS David S. GARSTKA Joh ve STEIN Frederick P. (1999). Network Centric Warfare: Developing and Leveraging Information Superiority, National Defense University Press, Washington, DC.
• ALBUKHITAN Saeed (2020). "Developing Digital Transformation Strategy for Manufacturing", Procedia Computer Science, 170, 664-671.
• ARMY OF UNITED STATES. (2001). Operations (FM 3-0). Department of the Army, Washington, DC.
• BHARDWAJ Anshu (2020). "5G for Military Communications", Procedia Computer Science, 171, 2665-2674.
• BILLING C. Daniel FORDY Graham R. FRIEDL Karl E. ve HASSELSTRØM Henriette (2021). "The Implications of Emerging Technology on Military Human Performance Research Priorities", Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24:10, 947-953.
• BURMAOĞLU Serhat SARITAŞ Ozcan ve YALÇIN Haydar (2019). "Defense 4.0: The Internet of Things in Military", Dirk Meissner, Leonid Gokhberg ve Ozcan Saritas (ed.), Emerging Technologies for Economic Development, Springer Nature, Switzerland, 303-320.
• DADDIS Gregory A. (2011). No Sure Victory: Measuring US Army Effectiveness and Progress in the Vietnam War, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• DUMAN Aslı (2019). Endüstri 4.0 İle Akıllı Üretimin İşletme Performansı Üzerine Etkisi: Vestel Buzdolabı Fabrikası’nda Bir Uygulama, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa.
• DUMAN Aslı (2023). "Savunma Sanayiinin Dijitalleşmesi ve Modernleşmesi", Arzu Uğurlu Kara ve Kubilay Baş (ed.), Savunma Yönetimi: Disiplinlerarası Bir Yaklaşım, Nobel Yayınevi, Ankara, 281-307.
• ELLSTRÖM Daniel HOLTSTRÖM Johan BERG Emma ve JOSEFSSON Cecilia (2021). "Dynamic Capabilities for Digital Transformation", Journal of Strategy and Management, 15:2, 272-286.
• EMIMI Mohamed, KHALEEL Mohamed ve ALKRASH Abobakr (2023). "The current opportunities and challenges in drone technology", International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Sustainability (IJEES), 3:1, 74-89.
• FLETCHER Gordon ve GRIFFITHS Marie (2020). "Digital Transformation During A Lockdown", International Journal of Information Management, 55:5, 102185.
• FRANKENBERGER Karolin MAYER Hannah REITER Andreas ve SCHMIDT Markus (2020). The Digital Transformer's Dilemma: How To Energize Your Core Business While Building Disruptive Products And Services. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
• FRANKIEWICZ Becky ve CHAMORRO-PREMUZIC Tomas (2020). "Digital transformation Is About Talent, Not Technology", Harvard Business Review, 6:3, 1-6.
• GOODWIN Tom (2018). Digital Darwinism: Survival of the Fittest in The Age Of Business Disruption, Kogan Page Publishers, London.
• GONG Cheng ve RIBIERE Vincent (2021). "Developing a Unified Definition of Digital Transformation", Technovation, 102:3, 102217.
• GUNAWAN Aditya B. (2022). Under the Shadow of Army Domination: Defense Transformation in Indonesia, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg.
• HELTBERG Therese (2022). "“I Cannot Feel Your Print”, How Military Strategic Knowledge Managers Respond To Digitalization", Journal of Strategy and Management, 15:2, 220-233.
• HILL Andrew (2015). "Military Innovation and Military Culture", The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 45:1, 85-98. HOROWITZ Micheal C. KAHN Lauren ve MAHONEY Casey. (2020). "The Future Of Military Applications Of Artificial Intelligence: A Role For Confidence-Building Measures?", Orbis, 64:4, 528-543.
• JOHNSON James (2019). "The AI-Cyber Nexus: Implications For Military Escalation, Deterrence And Strategic Stability", Journal of Cyber Policy, 4:3, 442-460.
• KONOPIK Jens JAHN Christoph SCHUSTER Tassilo HOßBACH Nadja ve PFLAUM Alexander (2022). "Mastering The Digital Transformation Through Organizational Capabilities: A Conceptual Framework", Digital Business, 2:2, 100019. KUNERTOVA Dominika (2022). "The Ukraine Drone Effect On European Militaries", CSS Policy Perspectives, 10:15, 1-5.
• MONTGOMERY Evan B. (2020). "Signals Of Strength: Capability Demonstrations And Perceptions Of Military Power", Journal of Strategic Studies, 43:2, 309-330.
• NEADS Alex, FARRELL Theo ve GALBREATH David J. (2023). "Evolving Towards Military Innovation: AI And The Australian Army", Journal of Strategic Studies, 1-30.
• NONAKA Ikujiro ve TAKEUCHI Hirotaka (2019). The Wise Company: How Companies Create Continuous Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• NORHEIM-MARTINSEN Per Martin (2016). "New Sources of Military Change–Armed Forces as Normal Organizations", Defence Studies, 16:3, 312-326.
• O’HANLON Micheal E. (2018). "Forecasting Change In Military Technology, 2020-2040", Foreign Policy at Brookings, 1-30.
• PORFÍRIO Jose A. CARRILHO Tiago FELÍCIO Jose A. ve JARDIM Jacinto (2021). "Leadership Characteristics And Digital Transformation", Journal of Business Research, 124, 610-619.
• ROTHER Edna T. (2007). "Systematic Literature Review X Narrative Review", Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 20, 1-6.
• SAĞBAŞ Murat ve ERDOĞAN Fahri A. (2022). "Digital Leadership: A Systematic Conceptual Literature Review", İstanbul Kent Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3:1, 17-35.
• SCHIUMA Giovanni (2012). "Managing Knowledge For Business Performance İmprovement", Journal of Knowledge Management, 16:4, 515-522.
• SILFVERSKIÖLD Stefan ANDERSSON Kent ve LUNDMARK Martin (2021). "Does The Method For Military Utility Assessment Of Future Technologies Provide Utility?", Technology in Society, 67, 101736.
• STRUIJK Mylène ANGELOPOULOS Spyros OU Carol X. ve DAVISON Robert M. (2023). "Navigating Digital Transformation Through An Information Quality Strategy: Evidence From A Military Organisation", Information Systems Journal, 33:4, 912- 952.
• TANG David (2021). "What Is Digital Transformation?", EDPACS, 64:1, 9-13.
• TEECE David J. PISANO Gary ve SHUEN Amy (1997). "Dynamic Capabilities And Strategic Management", Strategic Management Journal, 18:7, 509-533.
• TORTONESI Mauro MORELLI Alessandro GOVONI Marco MICHAELIS James SURI Niranjan, STEFANELLI Cesare ve RUSSELL Stephen (2016). Leveraging Internet Of Things Within The Military Network Environment-Challenges And Solutions. 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 111-116.
• VERHOEF Peter C. BROEKHUIZEN Thijs BART Yakov BHATTACHARYA Abhi DONG John Q. FABIAN Nicolai ve HAENLEIN Micheal (2021). "Digital Transformation: A Multidisciplinary Reflection And Research Agenda", Journal of Business Research, 122, 889-901.
• WARNER Karl S. ve WÄGER Maximilian (2019). "Building Dynamic Capabilities For Digital Transformation: An Ongoing Process Of Strategic Renewal", Long Range Planning, 52:3, 326-349.
• ZAOUI Fadwa ve Souissi Nissrine. (2020). "Roadmap For Digital Transformation: A Literature Review", Procedia Computer Science, 175, 621-628.
• ZHENG Denise E. ve CARTER William A. (2015). Leveraging the Internet of Things for a More Efficient and Effective Military, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham.
• ZIYADIN Sayabek, SUIEUBAYEVA Saltanat ve UTEGENOVA Aliya (2020). "Digital Transformation in Business", Ashmarina Svetlana, Vochozka Marek & Mantulenko Valentina (ed.), Digital Age: Chances, Challenges and Future, Springer Cham, 408- 415.
• DELOITTE. "Aerospace and Defense 4.0, Capturing the Value of Industry 4.0 Technologies” https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4912_Aerospace-and-defense-4-0/DI_A&D_4-0.pdf, erişim 28.11.2023.
• KRYGIEL Annette J. “Behind The Wizard's Curtain: An Integration Environment For A System Of Systems”. Defense Technical Information Center Report, 1999, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA461322.pdf, erişim 25.11.2023.
• LIBICKI Martin C. “What Is Information Warfare? Center For Advanced Concepts And Technology”. Defense Technical Information Center Report, 1995, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA367662.pdf, erişim 25.11.2023.
• NATO. “Science &Technology Trends: 2020–2040”, NATO Report, 2020, https://tto.iste.edu.tr/content/files/tto-8faf19a901-73c24.pdf, erişim 25.11.2023.
• NATO News, “NATO Will Defend Itself” https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_168435.htm?selectedLocale=en, erişim 25.11.2023
• PERNIN Christopher G. AXELBAND Elliot DREZNER Jeffrey A. DILLE Brian B. GORDON John IV, J. HELD Bruce J. MCMAHON Scott K. PERRY Walter L. RIZZI Christopher SHAH Akhil R. WILSON Peter A. ve SOLLINGER Jerry M. “Lessons from the Army's Future Combat Systems Program” Rand Report, 2012, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1206.sum.pdf, erişim 23.11.2023.
• SAYLER Kelley M. “Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress”. CRS Report, October 2021, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1151925.pdf, erişim 23.11.2023.
• WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. “The Global Risks Report 2023”. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf, erişim 23.11.2023.