UZAKTAN ÇALIŞMANIN İŞ GÜVENCESİZLİĞİNE ETKİSİNDE İŞ-YAŞAM DENGESİ VE PSİKOLOJİK GÜVENLİĞİN DÜZENLEYİCİ-ARACILIK ROLÜ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 25, 30.06.2021

Orkun Demirbağ , Dr. Hale Cide Demir , Uğur Yozgat

https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.881224

Cited By: 1

Öz

Covid-19 öncesi dönemlerde moda bir kelime olarak görülen uzaktan çalışma, Mart 2020'den itibaren milyonlarca çalışanın bir gecede geçmek zorunda kaldığı “yeni normal” olarak lanse edilen ve çalışanların hızlıca adapte olmaları gereken bir esnek çalışma düzenlemesi şeklinde hayatlarının ana odağında yer almıştır. Salgının yarattığı belirsiz ve kaotik ortamda çalışanlar, uzaktan çalışma düzenlemeleriyle yalnızca kişinin işini kaybetmesine değil, aynı zamanda korumak istediği çeşitli iş özelliklerinin kaybına da işaret eden artan iş güvensizliği seviyeleri ile karşı karşıyadır. Bu doğrultu da çalışmada, olay sistemler, sınır ve kaynakların korunması teorileri çalışmanın teorik arka planını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ilgili teorilere dayalı olarak, uzaktan çalışma etkililiğinin iş güvencesizliğine etkisinde iş-yaşam dengesinin düzenleyici ve psikolojik güvenliğin aracı rolünü irdelemektedir. Hizmet ve imalat sektöründen 444 adet beyaz yakalı çalışan yapılan anket çalışması neticesinde, uzaktan çalışma etkililiği ve iş güvencesizliği arasındaki ilişkiye psikolojik güvenlik aracılık etmektedir ve iş-yaşam dengesinin, uzaktan çalışma etkililiğinin çalışanların psikolojik güvenlikleri üzerindeki dolaylı olumlu etkisini iş-yaşam dengesi yoluyla güçlendirdiğini, dolaylı olumlu etkinin iş-yaşam dengeleri arttıkça daha yükseldiği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uzaktan Çalışma, Yeni Normal, İş-yaşam Dengesi, Psikolojik Güvenlik, İş Güvencesizliği

The Moderated-Mediatıon Role Of Work-Life Balance And Psychological Safety In The Effect Of Remote Working On Job Insecurity

Öz

Remote work, which was seen as a fashionable word in the pre-Covid-19 periods, has been the main focus of their lives as a flexible working arrangement, which has been introduced as the "new normal" that millions of employees had to pass overnight since March 2020, and employees must adapt quickly. People who work in the uncertain and chaotic environment created by the epidemic are faced with increasing levels of job insecurity, which indicates not only the loss of one's job but also the loss of various job characteristics that they want to protect with remote working arrangements. In this direction, event systems, boundary and conservation of resource theories constitute the theoretical background of the study. This study, based on the relevant theories, examines the moderating role of work-life balance and the mediating role of psychological security in the effect of remote work effectiveness on job insecurity. As a result of the survey conducted by 444 white-collar employees from the service and manufacturing sectors, the findings reveal that psychological security mediates the relationship between the effectiveness of working remotely and job insecurity, work-life balance increases the indirect positive effect of remote work effectiveness on the employees' psychological safety, and as work-life balance increases, this indirect effect also increases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Remote Working, New Normal, Work-Life Balance, Psychological Safety,

Kaynakça

• Ågerfalk, P. J., Conboy, K., ve Myers, M. D. (2020). Information systems in the age of pandemics: Covid-19 and beyond, European Journal of Information Systems, 29 (3), 203-207, doi:10.1080/0960085X.2020.1771968.
• Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., ve Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in The Public Interest, 16 (2), 40–68, doi:10.1177/1529100615593273.
• Andrews, M.C., Kacmar, K.M., ve Valle, M. (2016), Surface acting as a mediator between personality and attitudes, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31 (8), 1265-1279, doi:10.1108/JMP-11-2015-0414.
• Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., ve Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472-491, doi:10.5465/amr.2000.3363315.
• Beer, T. (2020). Covid-19 fallout: lower-ıncome earners hit hardest by job losses. “Retrieved from” https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2020/05/14/covid-19falloutlowerincome-earners-hit-hardest-by-joblosses/#94ba9c35d897.
• Behson, S. J. (2002). Coping with family-to-work conflict: the role of ınformal work accommodations to family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 324–341, doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.4.324.
• Béland, L. P., Brodeur, A., ve Taylor, W. (2020). The short-term economic consequences of covıd-19: exposure to disease, remote work and government response, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 13159, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.
• Bell, B. S. (2012). Remote Work: Examining Current Trends and Organisational Practices. International HR Adviser, 49, 4-6, “Retrieved from” https://hdl.handle.net/1813/76024.
• Bellmann, L., ve Hübler, O. (2020), Working from home, job satisfaction and work–life balance – robust or heterogeneous links?, International Journal of Manpower, doi:10.1108/IJM-10-2019-0458.
• Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., ve Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 229–253, doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500.
• Bentley, T.A., Teo, S.T., Catley, B., Blackwood, K., Roche, M., ve O’Driscoll, M.P. (2019). Factors ınfluencing leave ıntentions among older workers: a moderated-mediation model, Personnel Review, 48 (4), 898-914, doi:10.1108/PR-03-2018-0095.
• Berntson, E., Näswall, K., ve Sverke, M. (2010). The moderating role of employability ın the association between job ınsecurity and exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 215-230, doi:10.1177/0143831X09358374.
• Blustein, D. L., Duffy, R., Ferreira, J. A., Cohen-Scali, V., Cinamon, R. G., e Allan, B. A. (2020). Unemployment ın the time of covıd-19: a research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, . doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103436.
• Bolander, P., Sumelius, J., ve Werr, A. (2020). Will remote work be the new normal after the covıd-19 crısıs?, Sweden Through the Crisis, Stockholm School of Economics Institute for Research. “Retrieved from” https://www.hhs.se/contentassets/21bbbcc559c34f6da902b db50e727598/a31.pdf
• Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., ve Wethington, E. (1989). The contagion of stress across multiple roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51 (1), 175-183, doi:10.2307/352378.
• Brislin, R. W. (1986). The Wording And Translation Of Research İnstruments. W. J. Lonner, J. W. Berry (der.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (137-164). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
• Brough, P., Timms, C., O'Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., ve Lo, D. (2014). Work–Life Balance: A Longitudinal Evaluation of A New Measure Across Australia and New Zealand Workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724-2744, doi:10.1080/09585192.2014.899262.
• Buffer. 2020. The 2020 state of remote work. “Retrieved from” https://lp.buffer.com/state-of-remotework-2020.
• Butt, H. P., Tariq, H., Weng, Q., ve Sohail, N. (2019). I see you in me, and me in you: the moderated mediation crossover model of work passion. Personnel Review, 48(5), 1209-1238, doi:10.1108/PR-05-2018-0176.
• Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with amos, eqs, and lısrel: comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring ınstrument. International Journal of Testing, 1(1), 55-86, doi:10.1207/S15327574IJT0101_4.
• Carnevale, J. B., ve Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of covıd-19: ımplications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183-187, doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037.
• Chandrasekaran, A., ve Mishra, A. (2012). Task design, team context, and psychological safety: an empirical analysis of r&d projects in high technology organizations. Production and Operations Management, 21(6), 977-996, doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.2012.01329.x.
• Chardon, M. L., Janicke, D. M., Carmody, J. K., ve Dumont-Driscoll, M. C. (2016). Youth ınternalizing symptoms, sleep-related problems, and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors: a moderated mediation analysis. Eating Behaviors, 21, 99-103, doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.01.007.
• Chiru, C. (2017). Teleworking: evolution and trends in the Usa, Eu and Romania. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 12(2), 222-229, “Retrieved from” http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=124031542&site=eds-live.
• Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770, doi:10.1177/0018726700536001.
• Croucher, R, ve Kelliher, C. (2005). The right to requiest flexible working in britain: the law and organizational realities, European Journal of Comparative Law and Industrial Relations, 21 (3), 503-529. “Retrieved from” https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/ International+Journal+of+Comparative+Labour+Law+and+Industrial+Relations/21.3/IJCL2005023.
• De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 155 – 177, doi:10.1080/135943299398302.
• Di Martino, V., ve Wirth, L. (1990). Telework: a new way of working and living. international labour review, 129(5), 529–554. “Retrieved from” https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage? handle= hein.journals/intlr129&div=54&id=&page=
• Donthu, N., ve Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008.
• Duffy, C. (2020). Big tech firms ramp up remote working orders to prevent coronavirus spread. “Retrieved from” https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/10/tech/google-work-from-home coronavirus/index.html.
• Duxbury, L., Stevenson, M., ve Higgins, C. (2018). Too much to do, too little time: Role overload and stress in a multi-role environment. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(3), 250–266. Doi:10.1037/str0000062
• Eby, L. T., Mitchell, M., ve Zimmerman, L. (2016). Work and family in times of crisis. T. D. Allen , L. T. Eby (Der.), The Oxford handbook of work and family. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.32.
• Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383, doi:10.2307/2666999.
• Edmondson, A. C., Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: the history, renaissance, and future of an ınterpersonal construct. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 1(1), 23-43, doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305.
• Ferriss, T. (2007). The 4-hour workweek: escape 9-5, live anywhere, and join the new rich. New York: Crown.
• Fisher, J., Languilaire, J.-C., Lawthom, R., Nieuwenhuis, R., Petts, R. J., Runswick-Cole, K., ve Yerkes, M. A. (2020). Community, work, and family in times of covıd-19. Community Work & Family, 23, 247–252, doi:10.1080/13668803.2020.1756568. Folkman,S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoritical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 839-859, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.839.
• Fonner, K. L., ve Stache, L. C. (2012). All in day's work, at home: teleworkers’ management of micro role transitions and the work–home boundary. New Technology, Work and Employment, 27(3), 242-257, doi:10.1111/j.1468-005X.2012.00290.x.
• Fornell, C., ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50, doi:10.1177/002224378101800104.
• Gajendran, R. S., ve Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and ındividual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541, doi.:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524.
• Gedro, J., Allain, N. M., De-Souza, D., Dodson, L., ve Mawn, M. V. (2020). Flattening the learning curve of leadership development: reflections of five women higher education leaders during the coronavirus pandemic of 2020. Human Resource Development International, 23(4), 395-405, 10.1080/13678868.2020.1779911.
• George, G., Howard-Grenville, J., Joshi, A., ve Tihanyi, L. (2016). Understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6), 1880-1895, doi:10.5465/amj.2016.4007
• Golden, T. D., ve Gajendran, R. S. (2019). Unpacking the role of a telecommuter’s job in their performance: examining job complexity, problem solving, ınterdependence, and social support. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(1), 55-69, doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9530-4.
• Grandey, A. A., ve Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain. Journal of vocational behavior, 54(2), 350-370, doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1998.1666.
• Grant, C.A., Wallace, L.M. ve Spurgeon, P.C. (2013), An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e-worker’s job effectiveness, well-being and work-life balance, Employee Relations, 35 (5), 527-546, 10.1108/ER-08-2012-0059.
• Greenhalgh, L., Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job ınsecurity: toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438-448, doi:10.5465/amr.1984.4279673.
• Groen, B. A., van Triest, S. P., Coers, M., ve Wtenweerde, N. (2018). Managing flexible work arrangements: teleworking and output controls. European Management Journal, 36(6), 727-735, doi:10.1016/j.emj.2018.01.007.
• Hayes S., Priestley J.L., Ishmakhametov N., ve Ray H.E. (2020). I’m not working from home, ı’m living at work: perceived stress and work-related burnout before and during covıd-19. “Retrieved from” https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=tr&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0%2C5 &cites=11832450863245662514&scipsc=&q=I%E2%80%99m+not+working+from+home%2C+I%E2%80%99m+living+at+work%E2%80%9D%3A+perceived+stress+and+work-related+burnout+before+and+during+COVID-19&btnG=
• Hayes, Andrew F., ve Scharkow, M. (2013). The relative trustworthiness of ınferential tests of the ındirect effect ın statistical mediation analysis: does method really matter?. Psychological Science, 24 (10), 1918-1927, doi:10.1177/0956797613480187.
• Hayman, J. R. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: exploring the linkages between perceived usability of flexible work schedules and work/life balance. Community, Work & Family, 12, 327–338, doi:10.1080/13668800902966331
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44 (3), 513-524, “Retrieved from” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc /download?doi=10.1.1.452.8014&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Hu, L. T., ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit ındexes ın covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55, doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118.
• Jessica L., Ghosh, R., ve Nachmias, S. (2020). A special issue on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on work, worker, and workplace!? Implications For HRD Research And Practices In Time of Crisis. Human Resource Development International 23 (4), 329-332, doi: 10.1080/13678868.2020.1780715.
• Jin, X., Jiang, J., Li, P., ve Li, B. (2020). Lmx and voice: A test in the chinese hospitality ındustry. Anatolia, 31(1), 131-141, doi: 10.1080/13032917.2020.1716259.
• Joo, B. K., Song, J.H., Lim, D.H., veYoon, S.W. (2012). Team creativity: the effects of perceived learning culture, developmental feedback and team cohesion. International Journal of Training and Development, 16, 77–91, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2419.2011.00395.x.
• Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724, doi: 10.5465/256287.
• Kaushik, M., ve Guleria, N. (2020). The ımpact of pandemic covıd-19 in workplace. European Journal of Business and Management, 12(15), 1-10. “Retrieved from” https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Meenakshi_Pandey8/publication/342011150_The_Impact_of_Pandemic_COVID_-9_in_Workplace/links/5ede65e892851cf13869888b/The-Impact-of-Pandemic-COVID-19-in-Workplace.pdf.
• Kelliher, C., ve Anderson, D. (2010). Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the ıntensification of work. Human Relations, 63(1), 83-106, doi: 10.1177/0018726709349199.
• Khan, A.N., Khan, N.A., Bodla, A.A., ve Gul, S. (2020), Impact of psychopathy on employee creativity via work engagement and negative socioemotional behavior in public health sector: role of abusive supervision, Personnel Review, 49 (8), 1655-1675, 10.1108/PR-02-2019-0072.
• Kiburz, K. ve Kiburz, A. (2016). Closer look into remote work: examining resources within remote work arrangements with outcomes of job performance and work-family conflict. Graduate Theses and Dissertations, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6275.
• Kniffin, K.M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S.P., Bakker, A.B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D.P., Choi, V.K., Creary, S.J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F.J., Gelfand, M.J., Greer, L.L., Johns, G., Klein, P.G., Lee, S.Y., ve Vugt, M. van (2020). Covid-19 and the workplace: ımplications, ıssues, and ınsights for future research and action. American Psychologist, doi:10.1037/amp0000716.
• Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., ve Hannum, K. M. (2012). Work–nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centered approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 112-128, doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.04.003
• König, C. J., Debus, M. E., Häusler, S., Lendenmann, N., ve Kleinmann, M. (2010). Examining occupational self-efficacy, work locus of control and communication as moderators of the job ınsecurity-job performance relationship. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 231-247, doi: 10.1177/0143831X09358629.
• Landsbergis, P. A., Dobson, M., LaMontagne, A. D., Choi, B., Schnall, P., ve Baker, D. B. (2017). Occupational Stress. In Occupational and Environmental Health (325-343). Oxford University Press.
• Liao, H., Liu, D., ve Loi, R. (2010). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1090–1109, doi: /10.5465/amj.2010.54533207
• Lu, L. C., Chang, H.H., ve Chang, A. (2015). Consumer personality and green buying ıntention: the mediate role of consumer ethical beliefs. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(1), 205–219, doi:10.1007/s10551-013-2024-4.
• Mahmoud, A. B., Reisel, W. D., Fuxman, L., ve Mohr, I. (2020). A motivational standpoint of job ınsecurity effects on organizational citizenship behaviors: a generational study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, “Retrieved from” https://doi.org/10.1111/ sjop.12689.
• Mao, Y., He, J., Morrison, A. M., ve Andres Coca-Stefaniak, J. (2020). Effects of tourism csr on employee psychological capital in the covıd-19 crisis: from the perspective of conservation of resources theory. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-19. doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.1770706.
• Matli, W. (2020). The changing work landscape as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic: Insights from remote workers life situations in south africa. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 40 (9/10), 1237-1256, doi:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0386.
• McAlpine, K. (2018). Don't abandon the water cooler yet: Flexible work arrangements and the unique effect of face-to-face informal communication on Idea generation and innovation, “Retrieved from” ve https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049 con text=cahrs_ researchlink.
• McDonald, P., Townsend, K. Wharton, A. (2013). The legitimation and reproduction of discourse‐practice gaps in work‐life balance, Personnel Review, 42 (2), 205-222, doi:10.1108/00483481311309384
• Michel, A., Bosch, C., ve Rexroth, M. (2014). Mindfulness as a cognitive–emotional segmentation strategy: an intervention promoting work–life balance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 733-754, doi:10.1111/joop.12072.
• Moorhead, G., (2013). Perilaku organisasi manajemen sumber daya manusia dan organisasi, Edisi 9, Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
• Morgeson, F. P., Mitchell, T. R., ve Liu, D. (2015). Event system theory: an event-oriented approach to the organizational sciences. Academy of Management Review, 40(4), 515-537, doi:10.5465/amr.2012.0099
• Nilles, J.M. (2007), Editorial: the future of e-work, The Journal of E-Working, 1 (1), 1-12.
• Nippert-Eng, C. E. (1996). Home and work: Negotiating boundaries through everyday life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Obrenovic B, Jianguo D, Khudaykulov A, ve Khan M.A.S. (2020) Work-family conflict ımpact on psychological safety and psychological well-being: a job performance model. Front. Psychol. 11, 1-18, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00475
• Perrigino, M. B., ve Raveendhran, R. (2020). Managing remote workers during quarantine: Insights from organizational research on boundary management. Behavioral Science & Policy. Retrieved from https://behavioralpolicy.org/journal_issue/covid-19/
• Perry, S. J., Rubino, C., ve Hunter, E. M. (2018). Stress in remote work: two studies testing the demand-control-person model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(5), 577-593, doi:10.1080/1359432X.2018.1487402
• Phalet, K., ve Poppe, E. (1997). Competence and morality dimensions of national and ethnic stereotypes: a study in six eastern‐european countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(6), 703-723, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199711/12)27:6<703::AID-EJSP841>3.0.CO;2-K
• Pink, D., (2001). Free agent nation: the future of working for yourself. Warner Books, New York.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569, doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P., ve Lee, J. Y. (2003). The mismeasure of man (agement) and ıts ımplications for leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 615-656, doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.08.002.
• Preacher, K. J., ve Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing ındirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891, doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
• Prime, H., Wade, M., ve Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the covıd-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75 (5), 631–643, doi:10.1037/amp0000660.
• Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., ve Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). Covıd-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Front. Psychiatry, 11, 1–6, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790.
• Rothbard, N. P., Beetz, A. M., ve Harari, D. (2020). Balancing the scales: a configurational approach to work-life balance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 73-103, doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833.
• Scholarios, D., ve Marks, A. (2004). Work‐life balance and the software worker. Human Resource Management Journal, 14(2), 54-74, doi: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2004.tb00119.x.
• Selenko, E., ve Batinic, B. (2013). Job ınsecurity and the benefits of work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 725-736, doi: 10.1080/1359432X .2012.703376
• Sheehy, N. (2008). Telework. N. Chmiel (Ed.), An introduction to work and organizational psychology: A European perspective (190–208). Malden: Blackwell.
• Shipp, A. J., ve Cole, M. S. (2015). Time in individual-level organizational studies: what is it, how is it used, and why isn’t ıt exploited more often? Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 2(1), 237-260, doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111245.
• Sinclair, R. R., Allen, T., Barber, L., Bergman, M., Britt, T., Butler, A., ... ve Yuan, Z. (2020). Occupational health science in the time of Covid-19: Now more than ever. Occupational Health Science, Occupational Health Science (2020) 4:1–22, doi:10.1007/s41542-020-00064-3.
• Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., ve Higgins, C. A. (1999). A self-efficacy theory explanation for the management of remote workers in virtual organizations. Organization Science, 10(6), 758-776, doi:10.1287/orsc.10.6.758. Suh, A., ve Lee, J. (2017), Understanding teleworkers’ technostress and ıts influence on job satisfaction, Internet Research, 27 (1), 140-159, doi:10.1108/IntR-06-2015-0181.
• Sullivan, C. (2003). What’s in a name? definitions and conceptualisations of teleworking and homeworking. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 158–165, doi: 10.1111/1468-005X.00118.
• Sverke, M., ve Hellgren, J. (2002) The nature of job insecurity: understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium, Applied Psychology: An International Review 51(1): 23–42, doi:10.1111/1464-0597.0077z
• Şeker, S. (2011). Çalışanlarda iş güvencesizliği ve tükenmişlik ilişkisi: tıbbi tanıtım sorumlularına yönelik bir alan araştırması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. DEÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• Toscano, F., ve Zappalà, S. (2020). Social isolation and stress as predictors of productivity perception and remote work satisfaction during the covıd-19 pandemic: the role of concern about the virus in a moderated double mediation. Sustainability, 12(23), 1-14, doi: 10.3390/su12239804.
• Tozzi, J. (2020). Health-care Industry Loses 1.4 Million Jobs in Pandemic. “Retrieved from” .https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-08/health-care-industry-loses-1-4-million-jobs-in-pandemic
• Turulja, L., ve Bajgoric, N. (2019), Innovation, firms’ performance and environmental turbulence: Is there a moderator or mediator?, European Journal of Innovation Management, 22 (1), 213-232, doi:10.1108/EJIM-03-2018-0064.
• Twentyman, J. (2010), The Flexible Workforce, The Times, 1-16.
• Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M ... ve Willer, R. (2020). Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic Response. Nature Human Behaviour, (4), 460-471, doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z.
• Van der Velden, P.G., Contino, C., Das, M., van Loon, P., ve Bosmans, M.W (2020). Anxiety and depression symptoms, and lack of emotional support among the general population before and during the covıd-19 pandemic. A prospective national study on prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 540–548, doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.026
• Vaziri, H., Casper, W. J., Wayne, J. H., ve Matthews, R. A. (2020). Changes to the work–family interface during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining predictors and implications using latent transition analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105 (10), 1073-1087, doi:10.1037/apl0000819
• Verma, S., ve Gustafsson, A. (2020). Investigating the emerging Covid-19 research trends in the field of business and management: A bibliometric analysis approach. Journal of Business Research, 118, 253-261, doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.057 Versey, H. S. (2015). Managing work and family: do control strategies help?. Developmental Psychology, 51(11), 1672-1681, doi:10.1037/a0039607
• Visser, F., ve Williams, L. (2006), WLB, Rhetoric Versus Reality? An Independent Report Commissioned by UNISON. London: The Work Foundation.
• Waizenegger, L., McKenna, B., Cai, W., ve Bendz, T. (2020). An affordance perspective of team collaboration and enforced working from home during covıd-19. European Journal of Information Systems, 29(4), 429-442, 10.1080/0960085X.2020.1800417
• Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., ve Parker, S.K. (2020). Achieving effective remote working during the covıd‐19 pandemic: a work design perspective. Applied Psychology. doi:10.1111/apps.12290
• Warr, P., ve Nielsen, K. (2018). Wellbeing and work performance. E. Diener, S. Oishi, L. Tay (Ed.), Handbook of well-being (1-22). Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers
• Wheatley, D. (2017), Employee satisfaction and patterns ın availability and use of flexible working arrangements, work, Employment and Society, 31 (4), 567-585, doi:10.1177/0950017016631447
• Wheatley, D. (2020), Workplace location and the quality ff work: the case of urban-based workers in the uk, Urban Studies, 1-25, doi: 10.1177/0042098020911887. Wiklund, J. (2020), Working in bed-a commentary on “automation, algorithms, and beyond: why work design matters more than ever in a digital world” by Parker and Grote. Applied Psychology. doi:10.1111/apps.12261.
• Willis Towers Watson (2020). Global pension assets study 2020, “Retrieved from” https://www.thinkingaheadinstitute.org/research-papers/global-pension-assets-study-2020/. Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., Fitzgerald, H. N., Oosterhoff, B., Sevi, B., Shook, N. J. (2020). Job insecurity and financial concern during the Covid-19 pandemic are associated with worse mental health. Journal Of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(9), 686-691, doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001962.
• Worldometers (2020). “Retrieved from” https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
• Yener, S. (2015). Paylaşılan liderlik davranışı ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik güvenlik algısının aracı değişken ilişkisinin araştırılması. Haliç Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Zhai, Q., Wang, S., ve Weadon, H. (2017). Thriving at work as a mediator of the relationship between workplace support and life satisfaction. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–17. Doi:10.1017/jmo.2017.62.