Antifouling Performances and Acute Toxicities of Eco-Friendly Biocides

Year 2010, Volume: 38 Issue: 4, 277 - 286, 01.12.2010

Hakan Alyürük , Elmas Doner Zeynelabidin Karabay Levent Cavas

Abstract

There is a great need for developing of eco-friendly antifouling biocides since negative ecological effects have been proven for current antifouling biocides. In the present study acute toxicities of potassium sorbate KS , tannic acid TA , copper II sulphatepentahydrate CS , Caulerpa prolifera extract CPE were investigated on the survival of A.salina. LC50 values were found for KS, TA, CS and CPE as 19.96 g/L, 155.30 g/L, 10.47 g/L and 20.40%, respectively. In order to investigate the antifouling performances, the biocides were immobilized into phytagel and submerged into sea for one month in inner bay of İzmir. In conclusion, slightly dissolving versions of studied eco- friendly biocides could be replaced with copper based antifouling biocides.

Keywords

Artemia salina, acute toxicity, Biocides, Antifouling

References

• Wahl, M., Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling: some basic aspects. Marine Ecol. Prog. Series, 58, 175-189, 1989.
• Clare, A.S., Marine natural product antifoulants: status and potential. Biofouling, 9, 211-229, 1996.
• Callow, M.E., Fletcher, R.L., The influence of low surface energy materials on bioadhesion - a review. Int. Biodeter. Biodeg., 34, 333-348, 1994.
• Abarzua, S., Jakubowski, S., Biotechnological investigation for the prevention of biofouling. I. Biological and biochemical principles for the prevention of biofouling. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series, 123, 301-312, 1995.
• Clare, A.S., Rittschof, D., Gerhart, D.J., Maki, J.S., Molecular approaches to nontoxic antifouling. Inverteb. Reproduct. Develop., 22, 67-76, 1992.
• Yebra, D.M., Kiil, S., Dam-Johansen, K., Antifouling technology past, present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Prog. Org. Coat., 50, 75-104, 2004.
• Zahuranec, B.J., The United States Navy and research on bioactive substances from the sea. In Thompson MF, 1991.
• Almeida, E., Diamantino, T.C. and Sousa, O., Marine paints: the particular case of antifouling paints. Prog. Org. Coat., 59, 2-20, 2007.
• Flemming, H.C., Griebe, T., Schaule, G., Antifouling strategies in technical systems - a short review. Water Sci. Technol., 34, 517-524, 1996.
• Hall, L.W., Giddings, J.M., Soloman, K.R., Balcomb, R., An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 29, 367-437, 1999.
• Hellio, C., De La Broise, D., Dufossé, L., Le Gal, Y., Bourgougnon, N., Inhibition of marine bacteria by extracts of macroalgae: potential use for environmentally friendly antifouling paints. Mar. Envir. Res., 52, 231-247, 2001.
• Chambers, L.D., Stokes, K.R., Walsh, F.C., Wood, R.J.K., Modern approaches to marine antifouling coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 3642-3652, 2006.
• International Maritime Organisation, International conference on the control of armful anti-fouling systems for ships, adoption of the final act of the conference and any instruments, recommendations and resolutions resulting from the work of the conference. London, UK. 15 pp, 2001.
• Kiil, S., Weinell, C.E., Pedersen, M.S., Dam-Johansen, K., Analysis of self-polishing antifouling paints using rotary experiments and mathematical modeling. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40, 3906-3920, 2001.
• Thomas, K.V., Brooks, S., The environmental fate and effects of antifouling paint biocides. Biofouling 26, 73-88, 2009.
• Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N., Alternative antifouling biocides. Appl. Org. Chem., 13, 135-143, 1999.
• Thomas, K.V., Fileman, T.W., Readman, J.W. and Waldock, M.J., Antifouling paint booster herbicides in the UK coastal environment and the potential risks of biological effects. Mar. Poll. Bull., 42, 677-688, 2001.
• Lambert, S.J., Thomas, K.V., Davya, A.J., Assessment of the risk posed by the antifouling booster biocides Irgarol 1051 and diuron to freshwater macrophytes. Chemosphere, 63, 734-743, 2006.
• Omae, I., General aspects of Tin-free antifouling paints. Chem. Rev., 103, 3431-3448, 2003.
• Advisory Committee on Pesticides, In: Minutes of the 278th Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Pesticides (ACP), 2000.
• Chesworth, J.C., Donkin, M.E. and Brown, M.T., The interactive effects of the antifouling herbicides Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on the seagrass Zostera marina (L.), Aqua. Toxicol., 66, 293-305, 2004.
• Pérez, M., Blustein, G., Garcia, M., Amo, B., Stupak, M., Cupric tannate: A low copper content antifouling pigment. Prog. Org. Coat., 55, 311-315, 2006.
• Stupak, M., Garcia, M., Perez, M., Non-toxic alternative compounds for marine antifouling paints. Int. Biodeter. Biodeg., 52, 49-52, 2003.
• Pérez, M., Garcia, M., Blustein, G., Stupak, M., Tannin and tannate from the quebracho tree: an eco-friendly alternative for controlling marine biofouling. Biofouling, 23, 151-159, 2007.
• Blustein, G., Pérez, M., García, M., Stupak, M., Cerruti, C., Reversible effect of potassium sorbate on Balanus amphitrite larvae. Potential use as antifoulant. Biofouling, 25, 573-580, 2009.
• Klein, J., Verlaque, M., The Caulerpa racemosa invasion: A critical review. Mar. Poll. Bull., 56, 205-225, 2008.
• McConnell, O.J., Hughes, P.A., Targett, N.M., Daley, J., Effects of secondary metabolites from marine algae on feeding by the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegates. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 1437-1453, 1982.
• Boudouresque, C.F., Lemée, R., Mari, X., Meinesz, A., The invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia is not a suitable diet for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aqua. Bot., 53, 245-250, 1996.
• Jung, V., Thibaut, T., Meinesz, A., Pohnert, G., Comparison of the wound-activated transformation of Caulerpenyne by invasive and noninvasive Caulerpa species of the Mediterranean. J. Chem. Ecol., 28, 2091-2105, 2002.
• Cavas, L., Baskin, Y., Yurdakoc, K., Olgun, N., Antiproliferative and newly attributed apoptotic activities from an invasive marine alga: Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea. J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol., 339, 111-119, 2006.
• Nicoletti, E., Della Pieta, F., Calderone, V., Bandecchi, P., Pistello, M., Morelli, I., Cinelli, F., Antiviral properties of a crude extract from a green alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C- Agardh. Phytother. Res., 13, 245–247, 1999.
• Barbier, P., Guise, S., Huitorel, P., Amade, P., Pesando, D., Briand, C., Peyrot, V., Caulerpenyne from Caulerpa taxifolia has an antiproliferative activity on tumor cell line SK-N-SH and modifies the microtubule network. Life Sci., 70, 415- 429, 2001.
• Smyrniotopoulos, V., Abatis, D., Tziveleka, L.A., Tsitsimpikou, C., Roussis, V., Loukis, A., Vagias, C., Acetylene sesquiterpenoid esters from the green alga Caulerpa prolifera. J. Nat. Product., 66, 21-24, 2003.
• Barahona M.V. and Sanchez-Fortun S., Toxicity of carbamates to the brine shrimp Artemia salina and the effect of atropine, BW284c51, iso-OMPA and 2-PAM on carbaryl toxicity. Env. Poll., 104, 469-476, 1999.
• Koutsaftis A., Aoyama I., The interactive effects of binary mixtures of three antifouling biocides and three heavy metals against the marine algae Chaetoceros gracilis. Env. Toxicol., 21, 432-439, 2006.
• Grasshoff, K., Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1976.
• Freese, E., Sheu, C.W., Galliers, E., Function of lipophilic acids as antimicrobial food additives. Nature, 241, 321-325, 1973.
• Krebs, H.A., Wiggins, D., Stubs, M., Sols, A., Bedoya, F., Studies on the mechanism of the antifungal action of benzoate. Biochem. J., 214, 657-663, 1983.
• Plumridge, A., Hesse, S.J., Watson, A.J., Lowe, K.C., Stratford, M., Archer, D.B., The weak acid preservative, sorbic acid, inhibits conidial germination and mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger through intracellular acidification. Appl. Env. Microbiol., 70, 3506-3511, 2004.
• Walker, R., Toxicology of sorbic acid and sorbates. Food Add. Contamin., 7, 671-676, 1990.
• Plumridge, A., Stratford, M., Lowe, K.C., Archer, D.B., The weak-acid preservative sorbic acid is decarboxylated and detoxified by a phenylacrylic acid decarboxylase, PadA1, in the spoilage mold Aspergillus niger. Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 74, 550-552, 2008.
• Casas, E., Ancos B., Valderrama, M.J., Cano, P., Peinado, J.M., Pentadiene production from potassium sorbate by osmotolerant yeasts. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94, 93-96, 2004.
• Pinches, S.E., Apps, P., Production in food of 1,3- pentadiene and styrene by Trichoderma species. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 116, 182-185, 2007.
• Moore, J.W., Ramamoorthy, S., Heavy metals in natural waters applied monitoring and impact assessment. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.
• Qiu, J.W., Thiyagarajan, V., Cheung, S., Qian, P.Y., Toxic effects of copper on larval development of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Mar. Poll. Bull., 51, 688-693, 2005.
• White, S.L., Rainbow, P.S., Regulation and accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium by the shrimp Palaemon elegans. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Serie., 8, 95-101, 1982.
• Rao, M.S., Anjaneyulu, N., Effect of copper sulfate on molt and reproduction in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Int. J. Biol. Chem., 2,35-41, 2008.
• Hassall, M., Dangerfield, J.M., Density dependent processes in the population dynamics of Armadillidium vulgare (Isopoda: Oniscidae). J. Anim. Ecol., 59, 941-941, 1990.
• Nonnotte, L., Boitel, F. and Truchot, J.P., Water borne copper causes gill damage and hemolymph hypoxia in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Can. J. Zool., 71, 1569-1576, 1993.
• Hansen, J.I., Mastafa, T., Depledge, M., Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. 1. Effects on Na-K-ATPase activity, hemolymph electrolyte concentrations and tissue water contents. Mar. Biol., 114, 253-257, 1992.