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Investigation of Cyberbullying Types and Coping Methods of Students in Turkey: A Meta-synthesis

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 512 - 528, 31.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1143663

Abstract

This research, it is aimed to examine the types of cyberbullying and the ways to cope with cyberbullying by meta-synthesis method. In order to reach the studies to be examined within the framework of this purpose, the keywords "cyber bullying", "virtual bullying", "technology bullying", "internet bullying" were searched from TUBITAK, ULAKBIM, National Thesis Center and Google Scholar databases. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 researches suitable for the research questions were included in this study. Stages of meta-synthesis are implemented. As a result of the analysis, themes and sub-themes related to cyberbullying types and ways of coping with cyberbullying were reached. Their themes related to the types of cyberbullying are cyber harassment, dissemination, cyberstalking, exclusion, cheating, false identity, cyberlynching, defamation and trolling. Themes for coping with cyberbullying include safe internet, legal ways, support resources, education, individual resources, and unhealthy strategies. The obtained results were discussed within the framework of the literature and suggestions were made.

References

  • Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., & Salame, W. O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an Old Problem Gone Viral. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011
  • *Aydın, F., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sanal zorbalıkla baş etme stratejileri üzerine bir inceleme. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (2) , 579-594
  • *Alyakut, Ö. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık hakkında görüşleri. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 349-363. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.370198
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On being cyber bully and victim among primary school students. Elementary Education Online, 11(2), 369-380.
  • Bondas, T., & Hall, E. O. (2007). A decade of metasynthesis research in health sciences: A meta-method study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 2(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482620701251684
  • Cassidy, W., Brown, K., & Jackson, M. (2012). ‘Under the radar’: Educators and cyberbullying in schools. School Psychology International, 33(5), 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445245
  • Chadwick, S. (2014). Impacts of cyberbullying, building social and emotional resilience in schools. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Çetin, B., Yaman, E., & Peker, A. (2011). Cyber victim and bullying scale: A study of validity and reliability. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2261-2271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.014
  • *Dinç, E. S. (2020). Sosyal medya ortamlarında siber zorbalık: lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık deneyimlerinin incelenmesi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 4(1), 24-39
  • Feinberg, T., & Robey, N. (2009). Cyberbullying: Intervention and prevention strategies. National Association of School Psychologists, 38(4), 22-24.
  • Fluck, J. (2018). Investigating the comparability of two multi-item-scales for cyber bullying measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 15(11), 2356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112356
  • Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2015). Prevention of cyberbullying and cyber victimization: Evaluation of the ViSC Social Competence Program. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.963231
  • Hazelwood, S. D., & Koon-Magnin, S. (2013). Cyber stalking and cyber harassment legislation in the United States: A qualitative analysis. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 7(2), 155-168.
  • Husna, M., & Tentama, F. (2020). Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Cyberbullying Scale. American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 71(1), 20-33.
  • *İşçitürk, G.B., & Turan, E. Z. (2015). Öğretmen adaylarının siber zorbalığa ilişkin görüşleri. Researcher: Social Science Studies, 3 (1), 60-68.
  • Juvoven, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Bullying experiences in cyberspace. The Journal of School Health, 78 (9), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
  • *Karabatak, S., Namli, A., & Karabatak, M. (2018). Perceptions of high school students regarding cyberbullying and precautions on coping with cyberbullying. 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS). 1-6
  • *Kozan, M., & Özek, M. B. (2019). Böte bölümü öğretmen adaylarının dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri ve siber zorbalığa ilişkin duyarlılıklarının incelenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.538657
  • Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents’ experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50 (3), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880802309333
  • Liu, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 3(4), 435- 454.
  • Merrell, K.W., Gueldner, B. A., Ross, S.W., & Isava, D. M. (2008). How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 26 – 42. https://doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.26
  • Miles, M., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage.
  • Osuwan, H., & Songkram, N. (2019). A confirmatory factor analysis of cyberbullying behaviors among lower secondary school students in Thailand. Human Behavior, Development and Society, 20(4), 92-101.
  • Parris, L., Varjas, K., Meyers, J., & Cutts, H. (2012). High school students’ perceptions of copingwith cyberbullying. Youth & Society, 44(2), 284-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X11398881
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. USA: Sage.
  • Pearce, N., Cross, D., Monks, H., Stacey, W., & Sarah, F.(2011). Current evidence of best practice in whole-school bullying intervention and its potential to inform cyberbullying interventions. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 21 (1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.21.1.1
  • Polat, S. ve Ay, O. (2016). Meta-sentez: Kavramsal bir çözümleme. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 52-64.
  • Paul, S., Smith, P. K., & Blumberg, H. (2012). Revisiting cyberbullying in schools using the quality circle approach. School Psychology International, 33(5), 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445243
  • Rafferty, R., & Vander Ven, T. (2014). I hate everything about you: A qualitative examination of cyberbullying and on-line aggression in a college sample. Deviant Behavior, 35(5), 364-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.849171
  • Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2012). Stalking in the twilight zone: Extent of cyberstalking victimization and offending among college students. Deviant Behavior, 33, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2010.538364
  • Seto, K. W. (2002). How should legislation deal with children as victims and perpetrators of cyberstalking? Cardozo Women’s Law Journal, 9, 67–72.
  • Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
  • *Şahin, M., Sarı, S. V., Özer, Ö., & ER, S. H. (2010). Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorba davranışlarda bulunma ve maruz kalma durumlarına ilişkin görüşleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (21), 257-270.
  • Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D., & Pan, C. C. (2012). Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628–633.
  • Walsh, D., & Downe, S. (2005). Meta-synthesis method for qualitative research: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50 (2), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03380.x
  • Willard, N. E. (2006). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats. Eugene, OR: Center for Safe and Responsible Internet Use.
  • *Yaman, E. & Peker, A. (2012). The perceptions of adolescents about cyberbullying and cybervictimization. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 11 (3), 819-833.
  • Yang, S. C., Lin, C. Y., & Chen, A. S. (2014). A study of Taiwanese teens' traditional and cyberbullying behaviors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 50(4), 525-552. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.50.4.e
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, J. K. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308–1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin.
  • *Yıldızaç, B., & Demir, F. (2021). Siber zorbalık üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Sosyal Sağlık Dergisi, 1(1), 63-820.
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
  • Tudkuea, T.,& Laeheem, K. (2014). Development of indicators of cyberbullying among youths in Songkhla province. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p74
  • * Türkileri-İnselöz, N. (2012). Ergenlerde sanal zorbalık: nedenlerine ilişkin algılar, duygular tepkiler ve baş etme yöntemleri ile zorbalık statüleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1

Türkiye’deki Öğrencilerin Siber Zorbalık Türlerinin ve Baş Etme Yöntemlerinin İncelenmesi : Bir Meta-sentez Çalışması

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 512 - 528, 31.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1143663

Abstract

Bu araştırma ile siber zorbalığın türlerinin ve siber zorbalıkla baş etme yollarının meta-sentez yöntemiyle incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde incelenecek çalışmalara ulaşmak için ‘‘siber zorbalık’’, ‘‘sanal zorbalık’’, ‘‘teknoloji zorbalığı’’ ‘internet zorbalığı’’ anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak TÜBİTAK, ULAKBİM, Ulusal Tez Merkezi ve Google Akademi veri tabanlarından aranmıştır. Dahil edilme ve hariç tutulma kriterinden sonra araştırma sorularına uygun 10 araştırma bu çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Meta-sentez aşamaları uygulanmıştır. Bu araştırma kapsamında toplanan veriler içerik analizi kullanılarak kodlanmış, tema ve alt temalara ayrılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda siber zorbalık türleri ve siber zorbalıkla baş etme yöntemlerine ilişkin temalara ve alt temalara elde edilmiştir. Siber zorbalık türlerine ilişkin temaları siber taciz, yayma, sanal takip, dışlama, hile, sahte kimlik, sanal linç, karalama ve trolleme olarak belirlenmiştir. Siber zorbalıkla baş etme yöntemleri ilişkin temalar güvenli internet, hukuki yollar, destek kaynakları, eğitim, bireysel kaynaklar ve yapıcı olmayan yollar yer almaktadır. Elde edilen veriler alanyazın çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

References

  • Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., & Salame, W. O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an Old Problem Gone Viral. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011
  • *Aydın, F., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sanal zorbalıkla baş etme stratejileri üzerine bir inceleme. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (2) , 579-594
  • *Alyakut, Ö. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık hakkında görüşleri. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 349-363. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.370198
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On being cyber bully and victim among primary school students. Elementary Education Online, 11(2), 369-380.
  • Bondas, T., & Hall, E. O. (2007). A decade of metasynthesis research in health sciences: A meta-method study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 2(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482620701251684
  • Cassidy, W., Brown, K., & Jackson, M. (2012). ‘Under the radar’: Educators and cyberbullying in schools. School Psychology International, 33(5), 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445245
  • Chadwick, S. (2014). Impacts of cyberbullying, building social and emotional resilience in schools. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Çetin, B., Yaman, E., & Peker, A. (2011). Cyber victim and bullying scale: A study of validity and reliability. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2261-2271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.014
  • *Dinç, E. S. (2020). Sosyal medya ortamlarında siber zorbalık: lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık deneyimlerinin incelenmesi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 4(1), 24-39
  • Feinberg, T., & Robey, N. (2009). Cyberbullying: Intervention and prevention strategies. National Association of School Psychologists, 38(4), 22-24.
  • Fluck, J. (2018). Investigating the comparability of two multi-item-scales for cyber bullying measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 15(11), 2356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112356
  • Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2015). Prevention of cyberbullying and cyber victimization: Evaluation of the ViSC Social Competence Program. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.963231
  • Hazelwood, S. D., & Koon-Magnin, S. (2013). Cyber stalking and cyber harassment legislation in the United States: A qualitative analysis. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 7(2), 155-168.
  • Husna, M., & Tentama, F. (2020). Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Cyberbullying Scale. American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 71(1), 20-33.
  • *İşçitürk, G.B., & Turan, E. Z. (2015). Öğretmen adaylarının siber zorbalığa ilişkin görüşleri. Researcher: Social Science Studies, 3 (1), 60-68.
  • Juvoven, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Bullying experiences in cyberspace. The Journal of School Health, 78 (9), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
  • *Karabatak, S., Namli, A., & Karabatak, M. (2018). Perceptions of high school students regarding cyberbullying and precautions on coping with cyberbullying. 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS). 1-6
  • *Kozan, M., & Özek, M. B. (2019). Böte bölümü öğretmen adaylarının dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri ve siber zorbalığa ilişkin duyarlılıklarının incelenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.538657
  • Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents’ experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50 (3), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880802309333
  • Liu, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 3(4), 435- 454.
  • Merrell, K.W., Gueldner, B. A., Ross, S.W., & Isava, D. M. (2008). How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 26 – 42. https://doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.26
  • Miles, M., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage.
  • Osuwan, H., & Songkram, N. (2019). A confirmatory factor analysis of cyberbullying behaviors among lower secondary school students in Thailand. Human Behavior, Development and Society, 20(4), 92-101.
  • Parris, L., Varjas, K., Meyers, J., & Cutts, H. (2012). High school students’ perceptions of copingwith cyberbullying. Youth & Society, 44(2), 284-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X11398881
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. USA: Sage.
  • Pearce, N., Cross, D., Monks, H., Stacey, W., & Sarah, F.(2011). Current evidence of best practice in whole-school bullying intervention and its potential to inform cyberbullying interventions. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 21 (1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.21.1.1
  • Polat, S. ve Ay, O. (2016). Meta-sentez: Kavramsal bir çözümleme. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 52-64.
  • Paul, S., Smith, P. K., & Blumberg, H. (2012). Revisiting cyberbullying in schools using the quality circle approach. School Psychology International, 33(5), 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445243
  • Rafferty, R., & Vander Ven, T. (2014). I hate everything about you: A qualitative examination of cyberbullying and on-line aggression in a college sample. Deviant Behavior, 35(5), 364-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.849171
  • Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2012). Stalking in the twilight zone: Extent of cyberstalking victimization and offending among college students. Deviant Behavior, 33, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2010.538364
  • Seto, K. W. (2002). How should legislation deal with children as victims and perpetrators of cyberstalking? Cardozo Women’s Law Journal, 9, 67–72.
  • Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
  • *Şahin, M., Sarı, S. V., Özer, Ö., & ER, S. H. (2010). Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorba davranışlarda bulunma ve maruz kalma durumlarına ilişkin görüşleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (21), 257-270.
  • Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D., & Pan, C. C. (2012). Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628–633.
  • Walsh, D., & Downe, S. (2005). Meta-synthesis method for qualitative research: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50 (2), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03380.x
  • Willard, N. E. (2006). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats. Eugene, OR: Center for Safe and Responsible Internet Use.
  • *Yaman, E. & Peker, A. (2012). The perceptions of adolescents about cyberbullying and cybervictimization. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 11 (3), 819-833.
  • Yang, S. C., Lin, C. Y., & Chen, A. S. (2014). A study of Taiwanese teens' traditional and cyberbullying behaviors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 50(4), 525-552. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.50.4.e
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, J. K. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308–1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin.
  • *Yıldızaç, B., & Demir, F. (2021). Siber zorbalık üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Sosyal Sağlık Dergisi, 1(1), 63-820.
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
  • Tudkuea, T.,& Laeheem, K. (2014). Development of indicators of cyberbullying among youths in Songkhla province. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p74
  • * Türkileri-İnselöz, N. (2012). Ergenlerde sanal zorbalık: nedenlerine ilişkin algılar, duygular tepkiler ve baş etme yöntemleri ile zorbalık statüleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Bilal Kaya 0000-0002-6246-3540

Fulya Cenkseven Önder 0000-0001-9748-626X

Early Pub Date October 20, 2022
Publication Date October 31, 2022
Submission Date July 13, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kaya, B., & Cenkseven Önder, F. (2022). Türkiye’deki Öğrencilerin Siber Zorbalık Türlerinin ve Baş Etme Yöntemlerinin İncelenmesi : Bir Meta-sentez Çalışması. Humanistic Perspective, 4(3), 512-528. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1143663

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Humanistic Perspective - 2019

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