Research Article
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Representation of Bigorexia in Cartoons

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 148 - 164, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1609199

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyze how bigorexia is represented in cartoons through document analysis and to contribute to raising public awareness of the risk factors associated with the pursuit of an excessively muscular physique as conveyed through these representations. Utilizing a qualitative research method, 29 cartoons were analyzed through content analysis and evaluated using the MAXQDA-2020 program. The findings identified four main themes: gender, psychological, physiological, and socio-cultural factors. A total of 235 codes were generated, with psychological factors being the most frequently coded theme. Sub-themes such as "expectation," "anxiety," and "dissatisfaction" were particularly notable. The results of the study indicate that bigorexia is closely associated with male individuals, linked to societal norms, media influence, and masculine identity. The cartoons examined highlight risks related to steroid use, excessive exercise, and body abuse. Moreover, the findings emphasize that media influence and the idealization of specific body standards may contribute to the development of bigorexia. This study underscores the importance of raising societal awareness about bigorexia, restructuring media content, and encouraging individuals to engage in physical activities under professional supervision. Furthermore, it advocates for the development of educational programs and policies aimed at reshaping societal perceptions and addressing the underlying factors contributing to bigorexia.

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted using document analysis, one of the most commonly used methods within the scope of qualitative research, and therefore did not require approval from an ethics committee.

References

  • Ahuja, L., Hasan, F., Diedrichs, P. C., & Lewis-Smith, H. (2022). Comics as a body image intervention among adolescents in Indian Hindi medium schools: Insights from an acceptability study. Global Mental Health, 9, 460–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2022.50
  • Ashwal, G., & Thomas, A. (2018). Are comic books appropriate health education formats to offer adult patients? AMA Journal of Ethics, 20(1), 134–140. https://doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2018.20.2.ecas1-1802
  • Assunção, S. S. M. (2002). Dismorfia muscular. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria São Paulo, 24(3), 80-84. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462002000700018
  • Bal, H. (2016). Nitel Araştırma Yöntem ve Teknikleri: Uygulamalı-Örnekli (1. Basım). Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (H. Aydın, Çev.). Eğitim Kitabevi.
  • Cafri, G., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2006). Pursuit of muscularity in adolescent boys: Relations among biopsychosocial variables and clinical outcomes. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(2), 283-91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_12
  • Cash, T. F., Maikkula, C. L., & Yamamiya, Y. (2004). Baring the body in the bedroom: Body image, sexual self-schemas, and sexual functioning among college women and men. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 7, 1–9.
  • Connan, F., & Morgan, F. J. (2009). The invisible man: A self-help guide for men with eating disorders, compulsive exercise, and bigorexia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17, 162-163. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.905
  • Çevikayak, C. (2021). Karikatür Sanatının Görsel Sanat Disiplinlerindeki Temsilleri. Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi, 28, 191-214. https://doi.org/10.18603/sanatvetasarim.1048637
  • Daniel, S., & Bridge, S. K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.08.003
  • Demirel, A. (2014, October 25). Bigoreksiya üzerine bir karikatür [Çizim]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/120913767@N03/15624442250
  • Devrim, A., & Bilgiç, P. (2018). Bigoreksiya: Vücut Dismorfik Bozukluğu mu, Yeme Bozukluğu mu? Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Health Sciences), 27(1), 64-69.
  • Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., & Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American Journal of Men's Health, 12(5), 1746–1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786
  • Dos Santos Filho, C. A., Tirico, P. P., Stefano, S. C., Touyz, S. W., & Claudino, A. M. (2016). Systematic review of the diagnostic category muscle dysmorphia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415614106
  • Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eat Disorders - The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 15(1), 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064026060104453
  • Hartgens, F., & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Medicine, 34(8), 513-554. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434080-00003
  • Joy, E. L., Gauvin, L., & Lee, M. (2019). Reflections in comics: The views of queer artists in producing body image comics and how their work can improve health. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 10(6), 701-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2019.1621197
  • Kanayama, G., & Pope, H. G. P. (2011). Gods, men and muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2011.565250
  • Karikatürler. (2018). Bigoreksiya ile ilgili bir karikatür [Çizim]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2341566969217797&id=118905528150630&set=a.118909204816929
  • Keskin, U., Çalışkan, K., & Aydoğdu, V. (2017). Spor konulu karikatür kitapları üzerine bir inceleme. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.317223
  • Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 170-189.
  • Klein, H., & Shiffman, K. S. (2005). Thin is “in” and stout is “out”: What animated cartoons tell viewers about body weight. Eating and Weight Disorders, 10, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327532
  • Lavender, J. M., Brown, T. A., & Murray, S. B. (2017). Men, muscles, and eating disorders: An overview of traditional and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(6), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0787-5
  • Leone, J. E., Sedory, E. J., & Gray, K. A. (2005). Recognition and treatment of muscle dysmorphia and related body image disorders. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(4), 352-359.
  • Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: Findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Research, 256, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.065
  • Maciejewska, T., & Trzciński, P. (2014). Zachowania ryzykowne podejmowane przez mężczyzn zagrożonych bigoreksją. Rocznik Lubuski, 40(1), 145-154.
  • McDonagh, L. K., Morrison, T. G., & McGuire, B. E. (2009). The naked truth: Development of a scale designed to measure male body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 16(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1603.253
  • Milhausen, R. R., Buchholz, A. C., Opperman, E. A., & Benson, L. E. (2015). Relationships between body image, body composition, sexual functioning, and sexual satisfaction among heterosexual young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(6), 1621–1633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0328-9
  • Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: Bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17(3), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.897
  • Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., & Mond, J. M. (2016). Evolving eating disorder psychopathology: Conceptualising muscularity-oriented disorder eating. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(5), 414–415. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.168427
  • Niagara Spor Merkezi. (2023). Bigoreksiya ile ilgili bir görsel paylaşılmıştır [Fotoğraf]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=840362799331132&set=a.573705659330182
  • Özgür, M. (2023). Bigoreksiya. Gülşah Meral Özgür Blog. https://gulsahmeralozgur.dr.tr/bigorexia/
  • Polivka, J. S. (1988). Is America aging successfully? A message from media cartoons. Communication & Cognition, 21(1), 97-106.
  • Pope, H. G., Katz, D. L., & Hudson, J. I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and “reverse anorexia” among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(93)90066-d
  • Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, 38(6), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
  • Pope, H. G., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession. New York: Free Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/e490672008-001
  • Raevuori, A., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Hoek, H. W., Sihvola, E., Rissanen, A., & Kaprio, J. (2008). Lifetime anorexia nervosa in young men in the community: Five cases and their co-twins. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(5), 458–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20525
  • Sanchez, D. T., & Kiefer, A. K. (2007). Body concerns in and out of the bedroom: Implications for sexual pleasure and problems. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(6), 808–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9205-0
  • Sheppard, A. (1981). Response to cartoons and attitudes toward aging. Journal of Gerontology, 36(1), 122-126.
  • Tağ, M. N., & Çetinkaya, B. (2019). Öznel iyi oluş hali, başkasına güven ve iş motivasyonu arasındaki ilişki: Beklenti teorisi çerçevesinde çok düzeyli analiz. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(3), 858-888. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019355054
  • Tovt, Š., & Kajanova, A. (2021). Introduction to bigorexia. KONTAKT – Journal of Nursing and Social Sciences related to Health and Illness, 23(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.32725/kont.2021.014

Bigoreksiyanın Karikatürlerde Temsili

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 148 - 164, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1609199

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, bigoreksiyanın karikatürlerde nasıl temsil edildiğini doküman inceleme yöntemiyle analiz etmek ve bu temsiller aracılığıyla aşırı kaslı bir görünüme ulaşma çabasının doğurabileceği risk faktörlerine ilişkin toplumsal farkındalığın artırılmasına katkı sağlamaktır. Nitel bir yöntem olan içerik analizi kullanılarak 29 karikatür analiz edilmiş ve MAXQDA-2020 programı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularında dört ana tema ortaya çıkmıştır: cinsiyet, psikolojik, fizyolojik ve sosyo-kültürel faktörler. Toplam 235 kodlama yapılmış ve en fazla kodlanan tema, psikolojik faktörler olmuştur. Özellikle “beklenti”, “kaygı” ve “memnuniyetsizlik” gibi alt temalar dikkat çekmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, bigoreksiyanın özellikle erkek bireylerle özdeşleşmiş olduğunu ve bu durumun toplumsal normlar, medya etkisi ve erkek kimliği ile yakından ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Karikatürler, steroid kullanımı, aşırı egzersiz ve beden istismarına yönelik risklere işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, medya etkisi ve idealize edilen beden algısının bigoreksiya oluşumunu tetikleyebileceği vurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma, bigoreksiya ile ilgili toplumsal farkındalığın artırılması, medya içeriklerinin yeniden yapılandırılması ve bireylerin spor faaliyetlerini profesyonel rehberlik eşliğinde gerçekleştirmesi gibi önlemlerin önemine dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca toplumsal algıların değiştirilmesine yönelik eğitim programları ve politikaların geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma, nitel araştırma kapsamında yer alan ve en sık kullanılan yöntemlerden birisi olan doküman inceleme kullanılarak gerçekleştirildiği için etik kurul onayına ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır.

References

  • Ahuja, L., Hasan, F., Diedrichs, P. C., & Lewis-Smith, H. (2022). Comics as a body image intervention among adolescents in Indian Hindi medium schools: Insights from an acceptability study. Global Mental Health, 9, 460–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2022.50
  • Ashwal, G., & Thomas, A. (2018). Are comic books appropriate health education formats to offer adult patients? AMA Journal of Ethics, 20(1), 134–140. https://doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2018.20.2.ecas1-1802
  • Assunção, S. S. M. (2002). Dismorfia muscular. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria São Paulo, 24(3), 80-84. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462002000700018
  • Bal, H. (2016). Nitel Araştırma Yöntem ve Teknikleri: Uygulamalı-Örnekli (1. Basım). Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (H. Aydın, Çev.). Eğitim Kitabevi.
  • Cafri, G., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2006). Pursuit of muscularity in adolescent boys: Relations among biopsychosocial variables and clinical outcomes. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(2), 283-91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_12
  • Cash, T. F., Maikkula, C. L., & Yamamiya, Y. (2004). Baring the body in the bedroom: Body image, sexual self-schemas, and sexual functioning among college women and men. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 7, 1–9.
  • Connan, F., & Morgan, F. J. (2009). The invisible man: A self-help guide for men with eating disorders, compulsive exercise, and bigorexia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17, 162-163. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.905
  • Çevikayak, C. (2021). Karikatür Sanatının Görsel Sanat Disiplinlerindeki Temsilleri. Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi, 28, 191-214. https://doi.org/10.18603/sanatvetasarim.1048637
  • Daniel, S., & Bridge, S. K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.08.003
  • Demirel, A. (2014, October 25). Bigoreksiya üzerine bir karikatür [Çizim]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/120913767@N03/15624442250
  • Devrim, A., & Bilgiç, P. (2018). Bigoreksiya: Vücut Dismorfik Bozukluğu mu, Yeme Bozukluğu mu? Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Health Sciences), 27(1), 64-69.
  • Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., & Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American Journal of Men's Health, 12(5), 1746–1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786
  • Dos Santos Filho, C. A., Tirico, P. P., Stefano, S. C., Touyz, S. W., & Claudino, A. M. (2016). Systematic review of the diagnostic category muscle dysmorphia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415614106
  • Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eat Disorders - The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 15(1), 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064026060104453
  • Hartgens, F., & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Medicine, 34(8), 513-554. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434080-00003
  • Joy, E. L., Gauvin, L., & Lee, M. (2019). Reflections in comics: The views of queer artists in producing body image comics and how their work can improve health. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 10(6), 701-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2019.1621197
  • Kanayama, G., & Pope, H. G. P. (2011). Gods, men and muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2011.565250
  • Karikatürler. (2018). Bigoreksiya ile ilgili bir karikatür [Çizim]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2341566969217797&id=118905528150630&set=a.118909204816929
  • Keskin, U., Çalışkan, K., & Aydoğdu, V. (2017). Spor konulu karikatür kitapları üzerine bir inceleme. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.317223
  • Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 170-189.
  • Klein, H., & Shiffman, K. S. (2005). Thin is “in” and stout is “out”: What animated cartoons tell viewers about body weight. Eating and Weight Disorders, 10, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327532
  • Lavender, J. M., Brown, T. A., & Murray, S. B. (2017). Men, muscles, and eating disorders: An overview of traditional and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(6), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0787-5
  • Leone, J. E., Sedory, E. J., & Gray, K. A. (2005). Recognition and treatment of muscle dysmorphia and related body image disorders. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(4), 352-359.
  • Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: Findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Research, 256, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.065
  • Maciejewska, T., & Trzciński, P. (2014). Zachowania ryzykowne podejmowane przez mężczyzn zagrożonych bigoreksją. Rocznik Lubuski, 40(1), 145-154.
  • McDonagh, L. K., Morrison, T. G., & McGuire, B. E. (2009). The naked truth: Development of a scale designed to measure male body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 16(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1603.253
  • Milhausen, R. R., Buchholz, A. C., Opperman, E. A., & Benson, L. E. (2015). Relationships between body image, body composition, sexual functioning, and sexual satisfaction among heterosexual young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(6), 1621–1633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0328-9
  • Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: Bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17(3), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.897
  • Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., & Mond, J. M. (2016). Evolving eating disorder psychopathology: Conceptualising muscularity-oriented disorder eating. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(5), 414–415. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.168427
  • Niagara Spor Merkezi. (2023). Bigoreksiya ile ilgili bir görsel paylaşılmıştır [Fotoğraf]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=840362799331132&set=a.573705659330182
  • Özgür, M. (2023). Bigoreksiya. Gülşah Meral Özgür Blog. https://gulsahmeralozgur.dr.tr/bigorexia/
  • Polivka, J. S. (1988). Is America aging successfully? A message from media cartoons. Communication & Cognition, 21(1), 97-106.
  • Pope, H. G., Katz, D. L., & Hudson, J. I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and “reverse anorexia” among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(93)90066-d
  • Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, 38(6), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
  • Pope, H. G., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession. New York: Free Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/e490672008-001
  • Raevuori, A., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Hoek, H. W., Sihvola, E., Rissanen, A., & Kaprio, J. (2008). Lifetime anorexia nervosa in young men in the community: Five cases and their co-twins. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(5), 458–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20525
  • Sanchez, D. T., & Kiefer, A. K. (2007). Body concerns in and out of the bedroom: Implications for sexual pleasure and problems. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(6), 808–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9205-0
  • Sheppard, A. (1981). Response to cartoons and attitudes toward aging. Journal of Gerontology, 36(1), 122-126.
  • Tağ, M. N., & Çetinkaya, B. (2019). Öznel iyi oluş hali, başkasına güven ve iş motivasyonu arasındaki ilişki: Beklenti teorisi çerçevesinde çok düzeyli analiz. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(3), 858-888. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019355054
  • Tovt, Š., & Kajanova, A. (2021). Introduction to bigorexia. KONTAKT – Journal of Nursing and Social Sciences related to Health and Illness, 23(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.32725/kont.2021.014
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Merve Dalmaz 0000-0002-4529-6760

Ayşe Hümeyra Makine 0009-0002-5507-6953

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date December 29, 2024
Acceptance Date June 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dalmaz, M., & Makine, A. H. (2025). Bigoreksiyanın Karikatürlerde Temsili. Humanistic Perspective, 7(2), 148-164. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1609199

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Humanistic Perspective - 2019

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