Investigation of the Phytochemical Properties and In Vivo Diuretic Activity of Paliurus spina-christi Plant Seeds

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the diuretic effect (DE) of the extract obtained from the Paliurus spina-christi (PSC) seeds in Wistar Albino rats. Materials and Methods: The study utilised 20 adult male Wistar Albino rats and employed P. spina-christi seeds as the plant material. The antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Copper (II) Reduction Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) methods. To determine the diuretic effect, five groups consisting of four rats each were established. The rats received 0.9% NaCl (C)(2.5 mL/100 g) as the negative control and furosemide (10mg/kg) as the positive control (F) orally. The treatment groupswere administered the plant extract orally at doses of 20 mg/kg(PSC-20), 40 mg/kg (PSC-40), and 60 mg/kg (PSC-60). The DEwas assessed by measuring the volume, pH, and specific gravity ofurine samples collected after short (6 hours) and long (24 hours)periods, as well as various clinical parameters. Results: The findings of the study indicated that the use ofP.spina-christi seed extract at doses of 20, 40, and 60 mg/kgsignificantly increased urine output, diuretic effect, and diureticactivity after both 6 and 24 hours. Conclusions: The P. spina-christi seed extract, rich inphenolic and flavonoid components with antioxidant properties,demonstrates a dose-dependent DE on renal functions,establishing a linear relationship between dosage and diureticresponse. Further studies are required to explore the metabolic,hormonal, and toxic effects of the plant seeds.

Keywords

• Paliurus spina-christi
• Diuretic effect
• Flavonoid compounds
• Phenolic compounds

Paliurus Spina-Christi Bitki Tohumlarının Fitokimyasal Özelliklerinin ve In Vivo Diüretik Aktivitesinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Paliurus spina-christi (PSC) tohumlarından elde edilen ekstraktın diüretik etkisi Wistar Albino sıçanları kullanılarak araştırılması amaçlandı. Materyal ve metod: Çalışmada 20 adet yetişkin erkek Wistar Albino sıçan ve bitki materyali olarak P. spina-christi tohumLarı kullanıldı. Ekstraktın antioksidan potansiyeli, 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikali giderme aktivitesi, Fe3+ indirgeme gücü (FRAP) ve Cu2+ indirgeme antioksidan kapasitesi (CUPRAC) yöntemLeri kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Diüretik etkinin belirlenmesinde her biri 4 sıçandan oluşan 5 grup oluşturuldu. Sıçanlara negatif kontrol olarak %0,9 NaCl 2,5 mL/100 g dozda (C) ve pozitif kontrol olarak Furosemid 10 mg/kg dozda (F) oral olarak verildi. Uygulama gruplarına ise 20 mg/kg (PSC-20), 40 mg/kg (PSC-40) ve 60 mg/kg (PSC-60) dozlarında bitki ekstraktı oral yoldan uygulandı. Diüretik etki, kısa (6 saat) ve uzun (24 saat) periyodlar sonrasında toplanan idrar örneklerinin hacim, pH ve özgül ağırlık değerlerinin yanı sıra çeşitli klinik parametrelerle değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışma bulguları, P. spina-christi tohum ekstraktının 20, 40 ve 60 mg/kg dozlarında kullanımı sonrasında 6 ve 24 saatlik sürelerde idrar çıkışını, diüretik etkiyi ve diüretik aktiviteyi anlamLı bir şekilde artırdığı görüldü. Sonuç: Fenolik ve flavonoid bileşenler bakımından zengin antioksidan özelliklere sahip P. spina-christi tohum ekstraktının böbrek fonksiyonları üzerinde doza bağlı bir diüretik etki sağladığı ve doz ile diüretik yanıt arasında doğrusal bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi. Bitki tohumlarının metabolik, hormonal ve toksik etkilerinin araştırılması için ek çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

• Paliurus spina-christi
• Diüretik etki
• Flavonoid madde
• Fenolik madde

References

1. 1. Solanki D, Choudhary S, Vora A, Ghose T, Mantri RR, Modi N, et al. Loop Diuretics Unique Mechanism of Action. J Assoc Physicians India. 2024;72:14-15.
2. 2. Ellison DH. Clinical pharmacology in diuretic use. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(8):1248-57.
3. 3. Temiz G. Diüretiklerin Etki Mekanizmaları. Türkiye Klinikleri Nephrology- Special Topics. 2023;16(3):6-10.
4. 4. Salvetti A, Ghiadoni L. Thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension: an update. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:25-9.
5. 5. Akarsu GD. Doping amacıyla sık kullanılan ilaçların biyokimyasal etkileri. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;4(3):447-57.
6. 6. Süzgeç-Selçuk S, Eyisan S. Türkiye’deki eczanelerde bulunan bitkisel ilaçlar. J Res Pharm. March 2012;16(3):164-80.
7. 7. Malkoç M, Kara Y, Özkök A, Ertürk Ö, Kolaylı S. Karaçalı (Paliurus spina-christi Mill.) Balının Karakteristik Özellikleri. Uludağ Arı Dergisi. 2019;19(1):69-81.
8. 8. Takım K, Işık M. Phytochemical analysis of Paliurus spina-christi fruit and its effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2020;191(4):1353-68.

9. 9. Takım K. Bioactive component analysis and investigation of antidiabetic effect of Jerusalem thorn (Paliurus spina-christi) fruits in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;264:113263.
10. 10. Aydin S, Tokaç D, Başaran N, Başaran AA. Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2015;12(1):19-28.
11. 11. Bacanlı M, Başaran AA, Başaran N. The antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antigenotoxic effects of galangin, puerarin, and ursolic acid in mammalian cells. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2017;40(3):256-62.
12. 12. Takım K. Streptozotosin ile İndüklenen Diyabetik Sıçanlarda Karaçalı Meyve Özütlerinin Bazı Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi. KSÜ Tar Doga Derg. 2018;21(2):148-56.
13. 13. Ergun F, Taskin A, Ergun D. Effects of spraying cemele pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) extracts onto hatching eggs of atak-s layer hens on hatching results, serum glutathione and malondialdehyde levels. JAPS. 2024;34(5):1210-19.
14. 14. Slinkard K, Singleton VL. Total phenol analyses: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Vitic. 1977;28:49-55.
15. 15. Nieva Moreno MI, Isla MI, Sampieto AR, Vattuone MA. Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71:109-14.
16. 16. Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical, Nature. 1958;181:1199-200.
17. 17. Oyaizu M. Study on products of Browning reactions: antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr. 1986;44:307-15.
18. 18. Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE. Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC Method. J Agri Food Chem. 2004;52(26):7970-81.
19. 19. Gabriel BO, Idu MD. Anti-diuretic and anti-glycemic properties of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. leave extract on wistar rats. Clinical Phytoscience. 2021;7(1):1-12.
20. 20. Sanou A, Konaté K, Belemnaba L, Sama H, Kaboré K, Dakuyo R, et al. In vivo diuretic activity and anti-hypertensive potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and hypertension precursor enzymes. Foods. 2024;13(4):1-12.
21. 21. Lipschitz WL, Hadidian Z, Kerpcsar A. Bioassay of diuretics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1943;79(2):97-110.
22. 22. Wiebelhaus VD, Weinstock J, Maass AR, Brennan FT, Sosnowski G, Larsen T. The diuretic and natruretic activity of triamterene and several related pteridines in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1965;149(3):397-403.
23. 23. Thakur A, Mettu VS, Singh DK, Prasad B. Effect of probenecid on blood levels and renal elimination of furosemide and endogenous compounds in rats: Discovery of putative organic anion transporter biomarkers. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023;218:115867,1-12.
24. 24. Mosaddegh M, Khoshnood MJ, Kamalinejad M, Alizadeh E. Study on the Effect of Paliurus spina-christi on cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL Levels in diabetic male rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Iran J Pharm Res. 2004;3(1):51-4.
25. 25. Ngamlai EV, Pradhan RB, Lalbiaknii PC, Ralte V, Lalnunmawia F, Vanlalhluna PC, et al. Diuretic activity evaluation and chemical composition analysis of Hedyotis scandens extract from Mizoram, India, in rat models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;319:117079,1-10.
26. 26. Nedi T, Mekonnen N, Urga K. Diuretic effect of the crude extracts of Carissa edulis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;95:57-61.
27. 27. Abeywickrama KRW, Ratnasooriya WD, Amarakoon AMT. Oral diuretic activity of hot water infusion of Sri Lankan black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in rats. Pharmacogn Mag. 2010;6(24):271-77.
28. 28. Minitab 17. User Manual Making Data Analysis Easier. Minitab Inc. State College, USA, 2014.
29. 29. Genç S, Soysal MI. Parametric and nonparametric post hoc tests. BSJ Eng Sci. 2018;1(1):18-27.
30. 30. Duggan MR, Lee-Soety JY, Anderson MJ. Personality types in Budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulates. Behav Process. 2017;138:34-40.
31. 31. Zengin G, Fernández-Ochoa Á, Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Leyva-Jiménez FJ, Segura-Carretero A, Elbasan F, et al. Phytochemical profile and biological activities of different extracts of three parts of Paliurus spina-christi: A linkage between structure and ability. Antioxidants. 2023;12(2):255,1-15.
32. 32. Babotă M, Frumuzachi O, Nicolescu A, Stojković D, Soković M, Rocchetti G, et al. Phenolic profile, in vitro antimicrobial and in vivo diuretic effects of endemic wild thyme Thymus comosus Heuff ex. Griseb. (Lamiaceae) from Romania. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1115117,1-12.
33. 33. Amriani A, Novita RP, Gabriella R, Lestari SV, Agustina A. The diuretic effect of ethyl acetate fractions of Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus champeden, and Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves in normotensive Wistar rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2023;14(4):100746,1-6.
34. 34. Reddy PP, Nasreen S, Rao KNV. Phytochemical and Diuretic Activity of Barleria Strigosa Leaves. IJMRAP. 2024;5(6):671-6.
35. 35. Sivak KV, Kaukhova IE. Evaluation of the diuretic effect of crude ethanol and saponin-rich extracts of Herniaria glabra L. in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;273:113942,1-5.
36. 36. Selmi V. Ürolojik Açıdan İdrar Analizi. Yücetaş ŞC, ed. Sağlık & Bilim Güncel Tıp-I, Efe Akademi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2024;95.
37. 37. Kumar A, Nandi MK, Kumar B, Kumar A, Kumar R, Singh AK, et al. Antiurolithiasis, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Diuretic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Seeds of Caesalpinia bonducella. Int J Pharm Investig.2021;11(3):306-11.
38. 38. Tufer S, Engidawork E, Ayele AG, Bashea C. Evaluation of the diuretic activity of aqueous and 80% methanol extracts of Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae) leaves in saline-loaded rats. J Exp Pharmacol. 2021;213- 21.
39. 39. Sharma S, Kumar G, Kumar N, Sethiya NK, Bisht D. Diuretic activity of ethanol extract of piper attenuatum leaves might be due to the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase enzyme: An in vivo and in silico investigation. Clin Complement Med Pharmacol. 2024;4(1):100117,1-7.
40. 40. Abebayehu A. Urine test strip analysis, concentration range and its interpretations of the parameters. GSC Biol Pharm Sci. 2023;22(2):1-13.
41. 41. Kocabaş RN, Başol G. Proteinüri ve laboratuvar değerlendirmesi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Derg. 2006;4:133-45.
42. 42. Okayasu I, Kuroiwa H, Shinkawa K, Hayashi K, Sato S, Iwata N, et al. Significant increase in prostaglandin e-major urinary metabolite with physical exercise suggesting muscle inflammation. All Life. 2023;6(1):2167868,1-13.
43. 43. Hussein RA, El-Anssary AA. Plants secondary metabolites: the key drivers of the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants. Builders PF, ed. Herbal medicine. IntechOpen publications, United Kingdom, 2019;1(3):11-30.
44. 44. Martín-Herrera D, Abdala S, Benjumea D, Pérez-Paz P. Diuretic activity of Withania aristata: An endemic Canary Island species. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;113(3):487-91.