Investigating the Effects of Anthocyanin Rich Cherry Red Fruits on Human Health in Clinical Studies

Abstract

Anthocyanin-rich cherry red fruits contain lower calories and high antioxidant capacities due to their high content of bioactive components, including fiber, vitamin C, polyphenols, carotenoids and some minerals such as potassium. Turkey ranks fourth in total fruit production, which ranks first in laurel cherry production and third in sour cherry production in the world. It is important to increase the interest in these fruits, which are very high in production and which are thought to reduce the risks and symptoms of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity and fatty liver disease by affecting health positively. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effects of sour cherry, tart cherry and cornelian cherry fruits on human health, which are the most powerful antioxidant compounds naturally found in red fruits, anthocyanin rich cherry group, and highly cultivated in our country and important in the world ranking. For this aim, a literature review was conducted in Dergipark, PubMed and Google Scholar databases and 27 international clinical studies evaluating the effects of cherry group red fruits on human health were included in the review. It was observed there was no clinical study conducted in Turkey. The results show that cherry group red fruits may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, hypertensive and protective effects on the cardiovascular system and positive effects on sleep and mood. Although current studies are very promising that anthocyanin-rich cherry group fruits will positively effect health, more clinical studies are needed on humans in order to clarify their exact mechanisms and results.

Keywords

• Red fruits
• sour cherry
• cornelian cherry
• health effect
• tart cherry

Antosiyanince Zengin Kiraz Grubu Meyvelerin İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkilerini İnceleyen Klinik Çalışmalara Bir Bakış

Abstract

Antosiyanince zengin kiraz grubu kırmızı meyveler, düşük kalorili olmalarının yanı sıra lif, C vitamini, polifenoller, karotenoidler ve potasyum gibi bazı mineraller dahil olmak üzere yüksek miktarda biyoaktif bileşene sahiptir ve bu nedenle antioksidan kapasiteleri yüksektir. Türkiye toplam meyve üretiminde dünyada dördüncü, kiraz üretiminde birinci ve vişne üretiminde üçüncü sırada yer almaktadır. Üretimi oldukça yüksek olan ve sağlığı olumlu yönde etkileyerek diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, hipertansiyon, obezite ve yağlı karaciğer hastalığı gibi hastalıkların risklerini ve semptomlarını azalttığı düşünülen bu meyvelere olan ilginin ülkemizde arttırılması önemlidir. Bu derlemenin amacı, ülkemizde yetiştiriciliği yüksek ve dünya sıralamasında önemli bir yerde olan, doğada doğal olarak bulunan en güçlü antioksidan bileşik olan antosiyanince zengin kiraz grubundan olan kiraz, vişne ve kızılcık kırmızı meyvelerinin insan sağlığı üzerine etkilerini inceleyen klinik çalışmaları değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla Dergipark, PubMed ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında literatür taraması yapılmış ve kiraz grubu kırmızı meyvelerin insan sağlığı üzerine etkinliğini değerlendiren toplam 27 uluslararası klinik çalışma derlemeye dahil edilmiştir. Türkiye’de yapılmış bir klinik çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Sonuçlar, kiraz grubu kırmızı meyvelerin antioksidan, anti-inflamatuar, anti diyabetik, hipolipidemik, hipertansiyon ve kardiyovasküler sistemi koruyucu etkileri ve uyku ile ruh hali üzerinde olumlu etkileri olabileceğini göstermektedir fakat etkisi saptanmayan çalışmalarda mevcuttur. Güncel çalışmalar kiraz grubu kırmızı meyvelerin sağlığı olumlu yönde etkileyeceği konusunda oldukça umut verici olsa da kesin mekanizmalarının ve sonuçlarının aydınlatılabilmesi adına insanlar üzerinde yapılacak daha fazla klinik çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

• kırmızı meyveler
• kiraz
• vişne
• kızılcık
• sağlık etkisi

References

1. Önem E. Vişne ve insan sağlığı. Meyve Bilimi. 2017;4(2):1-5.
2. Robinson MM, Zhang X. The World medicines situation 2011 traditional medicines: global situation, issues and challenges. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
3. Palhares RM, Drummond MG, Brasil BSAF, Cosenza GP, Brandao MGL, Oliveira G. Medicinal plants recommended by the world health organization: DNA barcode identification associated with chemical analyses guarantees their quality. PLoS One. 2015;10(5): e0127866. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127866.
4. World Health Organization. WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine.2019;Geneva.
5. Bulut G, Haznedaroğlu MZ, Doğan A, Koyu H, Tuzlacı E. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Acipayam (Denizli-Turkey). J Herb Med. 2017;10:64-81. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.08.001.
6. Paksoy MY, Selvi S, Savran A. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Ulukışla (Niǧde-Turkey). J Herb Med. 2016;6(1):42–48. doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2015.04.003.
7. Sargin SA, Büyükcengiz M. Plants used in ethnomedicinal practices in Gulnar district of Mersin, Turkey. J Herb Med. 2019;15(3):100224. doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2018.06.003.
8. Polat R. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in Bingöl (City center) (Turkey). J. Herb. Med. 2019;16:100211. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2018.01.007.

9. Stull AJ, Cash KC, Champagne CM, Gupta AK, Boston R, Beyl RA, et al. Blueberries improve endothelial function, but not blood pressure, in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrients. 2015;7(6):4107-4123. doi:10.3390/nu7064107.
10. Kelley DS, Adkins Y, Laugero KD. A review of the health benefits of cherries. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):368. doi: 10.3390/nu10030368.
11. Zhan J, Liu YJ, Cai LB, Xu FR, Xie T, He QQ. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(8):1650-1663. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1008980.
12. Cooper AJ, Forouhi NG, Ye Z, et al. Europe PMC Funders Group Fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes : EPIC-InterAct prospective study and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(10):1082-1092. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.85.
13. Liu J, Wang J, Leng Y, Lv C. Intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Cancer. 2013;133(2):473–485. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28024.
14. Szczepaniak OM, Kobus-Cisowska J, Kusek W, Przeor M. Functional properties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.): a comprehensive review. Eur Food Res Technol. 2019;245(10):2071–2087. doi: 10.1007/s00217-019-03313-0.
15. Bisson J, McAlpine JB, Friesen JB, Chen SN, Graham J, Pauli GF. Can invalid bioactives undermine natural product-based drug discovery? J Med Chem. 2016;59(5):1671-1690. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01009.
16. Asgary S, Kelishadi R, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Najafi S, Najafi M, Sahebkar A. Investigation of the lipid-modifying and antiinflammatory effects of Cornus mas L. supplementation on dyslipidemic children and adolescents. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2013;34(7):1729–1735. doi: 10.1007/s00246-013-0693-5.
17. Olas B. Berry phenolic antioxidants-implications for human health? Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:78. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00078.
18. Hidalgo GI, Almajano MP. Red fruits: Extraction of antioxidants, phenolic content, and radical scavenging determination: A review. Antioxidants. 2017;6:7. doi: 10.3390/antiox6010007.
19. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Bitkisel Üretim Verileri 2019. http://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/. Yayınlanma tarihi 2019. Erişim tarihi 24 Mayıs 2020.
20. Göksel Z, Aksoy U. Sofralık bazı kiraz çeşitlerinin fizikokimyasal özellikleri. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilim Derg. 2014;2:1856–1862.
21. Dinda B, Kyriakopoulos AM, Dinda S, et al. Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), an important European and Asian traditional food and medicine: Ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology for its commercial utilization in drug industry. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;193(4):670–690. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.042.
22. Çağlar MY, Demirci M. Üzümsü meyvelerde bulunan fenolik bileşikler ve beslenmedeki önemi. EJOSAT. 2017;7(11):18–26.
23. Blando F, Oomah BD. Sweet and sour cherries: Origin, distribution, nutritional composition and health benefits. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2019;86(2):517–529. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.052.
24. Karlidag H, Ercisli E, Sengul M, Tosun M. Physico-chemical diversity in fruits of wild-growing sweet cherries (Prunus Avium L.). Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 2009;23(3):1325-1329. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10817663.
25. Capanoglu E, Boyacioglu D, de Vos RCH, Hall RD, Beekwilder J. Procyanidins in fruit from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) differ strongly in chainlength from those in laurel cherry (Prunus lauracerasus) and cornelian cherry (Cornus mas). J Berry Res. 2011;1(3):137–146. doi: 10.3233/BR-2011-015.
26. Hayaloglu AA, Demir N. Physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, organic acid and sugar contents of 12 sweet cherry (prunus avium l.) cultivars grown in Turkey. J Food Sci. 2015;80(3):564–570. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12781.
27. Celep E, Aydin A, Yesilada E. A comparative study on the in vitro antioxidant potentials of three edible fruits: Cornelian cherry, Japanese persimmon and cherry laurel. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(9):3329–3335. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.010.
28. Onur OT, Serencam H, Baltas N, Can Z. Some edible forest fruits their in vitro antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds and some enzyme inhibition effects. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2019;28(8):6090-6098.
29. Yılmaz FM, Karaaslan M, Vardin H. Optimization of extraction parameters on the isolation of phenolic compounds from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) pomace. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(5):2851–2859. doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1345-3.
30. Hayaloglu AA, Demir N. Phenolic Compounds, volatiles, and sensory characteristics of twelve sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars grown in Turkey. J Food Sci. 2016;81(1):7–18. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13175.
31. Kelebek H, Selli S. Evaluation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2011;46(12):2530–2537. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02777.x.
32. DeBiaggi M, Donno D, Mellano MG, Riondato I, Rakotoniaina EN, Beccaro GL. Cornus mas (L.) Fruit as a potential source of natural health-promoting compounds: physico-chemical characterisation of bioactive components. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2018;73(2):89–94. doi: 10.1007/s11130-018-0663-4.
33. Drkenda P, Spahic A, Begic-Akagic A, et al. Pomological characteristics of some autochthonous genotypes of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Erwerbs-Obstbau. 2014;56(2):59–66. doi: 10.1007/s10341-014-0203-9.
34. Begic-Akagic A, Drkenda P, Vranac A, Orazem P, Hudina M. Influence of growing region and storage time on phenolic profile of cornelian cherry jam and fruit. Eur J Hortic Sci. 2013;78(1):30–39.
35. Pawlowska AM, Camangi F, Braca A. Quali-quantitative analysis of flavonoids of Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae) fruits. Food Chem. 2010;119(3):1257–1261. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.063.
36. Dzydzan O, Bila I, Kucharska AZ, Brodyak I, Sybirna N. Antidiabetic effects of extracts of red and yellow fruits of cornelian cherries (Cornus mas L.) on rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Food Funct. 2019;10(10):6459–6472. doi: 10.1039/c9fo00515c.
37. Kalyoncu IH, Ersoy N, Yilmaz M. Physico-chemical and nutritional properties of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) grown in Turkey. Asian J Chem. 2009;21(8):6555–6561.
38. Yuan Q, Zhao L. The Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit - A review of characteristic components and health benefits. J Agric Food Chem. 2017;65(48):10383–10394. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03614.
39. Jacob RA, Spinozzi GM, Simon VA, et al.. Consumption of cherries lowers plasma urate in healthy women. ASN. 2003;113(6):1826-1829. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.6.1826.
40. Traustadottir T, Davies SS, Stock AA, et al. Tart cherry juice decreases oxidative stress in healthy older men and women. J Nutr. 2009;139(10):1896–1900. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.111716.
41. Kresty LA, Frankel WL, Hammond CD, et al. Transitioning from preclinical to clinical chemopreventive assessments of lyophilized black raspberries: Interim results show berries modulate markers of oxidative stress in Barrett’s Esophagus patients. Nutr Cancer. 2006;54(1):148-156. doi: 10.1207/s15327914nc5401_15.
42. Lynn A, Mathew S, Moore CT, et al. Effect of a tart cherry juice supplement on arterial stiffness and ınflammation in healthy adults: A randomised controlled trial. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2014;69(2):122-127. doi: 10.1007/s11130-014-0409-x.
43. Kelley DS, Adkins Y, Reddy A, Woodhouse LR, Mackey BE, Erickson KL. Sweet bing cherries lower circulating concentrations of markers for chronic inflammatory diseases in healthy humans. J Nutr. 2013;143(3):340–344. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.171371.
44. Martin KR, Coles KM. Consumption of 100% Tart Cherry Juice Reduces Serum Urate in Overweight and Obese Adults. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3:nzz011. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz011.
45. Bell PG, Gaze DC, Davison GW, George TW, Scotter MJ, Howatson G. Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) concentrate lowers uric acid, independent of plasma cyanidin-3-O-glucosiderutinoside. J. Funct. Foods. 2014;11:82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.09.004.
46. Howatson G, McHugh MP, Hill A, et al. Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2010;20(6):843–852. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01005.x.
47. Bell PG, Walshe IH, Davison GW, Stevenson E, Howatson G. Montmorency cherries reduce the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to repeated days high-intensity stochastic cycling. Nutrients. 2014;6:829–843. doi: 10.3390/nu6020829.
48. Levers K, Dalton R, Galvan E, et al. Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on an acute bout of intense lower body strength exercise in resistance trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015; 12 (1):42. doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0102-y.
49. Levers K, Dalton R, Galvan E, et al. Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on acute endurance exercise performance in aerobically trained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016; 13:22. doi: 10.1186/s12970-016-0133-z.
50. McCormick R, Peeling P, Binnie M, Dawson B, Sim M. Effect of tart cherry juice on recovery and next day performance in well-trained Water Polo players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:41. doi: 10.1186/s12970-016-0151-x.
51. Seeram NP. Emerging research supporting the positive effects of berries on human health and disease prevention. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(23):5685–5686. doi: 10.1021/jf203455z.
52. Basu A. Role of berry bioactive compounds on lipids and lipoproteins in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):1983. doi: 10.3390/nu11091983.
53. Ataie-Jafari A, Hosseini S, Karimi F, Pajouhi M. Effects of sour cherry juice on blood glucose and some cardiovascular risk factors improvements in diabetic women A pilot study. Nutr Food Sci. 2008;38(4):355–360. doi: 10.1108/00346650810891414.
54. Soltani R, Gorji A, Asgary S, Sarrafzadegan N, Siavash M. Evaluation of the Effects of Cornus mas L. fruit extract on glycemic control and ınsulin level in type 2 diabetic adult patients: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2015;2015:740954. doi: 10.1155/2015/740954.
55. Gholamrezayi A, Aryaeian N, Rimaz S, et al. The effect of Cornus mas fruit extract consumption on lipid profile, glycemic indices, and leptin in postmenopausal women- A randomized clinical trial. Phyther Res. 2019;33(11):2979-2988. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6476.
56. Kelley DS, Rasooly R, Jacob RA, Kader AA, Mackey BE. Consumption of bing sweet cherries lowers circulating concentrations of inflammation markers in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):981-986. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.4.981.
57. Zhang Y, Neogi T, Chen C, Chaisson C, Hunter DJ, Choi HK. Cherry consumption and decreased risk of recurrent gout attacks. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(12):4004–4011. doi: 10.1002/art.34677.
58. Schumacher HR, Pullman-Mooar S, Gupta SR, Dinnella JE, Kim J, McHugh MP. Randomized double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(8):1035–1041. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.009.
59. Johnson SA, Figueroa A, Navaei N, et al. Daily blueberry consumption improves blood pressure and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(3):369–377. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.001.
60. Keane KM, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Veasey RC, Howatson G. Montmorency Tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) modulate vascular function acutely, in the absence of improvement in cognitive performance. Br J Nutr. 2016;116(11):1935–1944. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004177.
61. Keane KM, George TW, Constantinou CL, Brown MA, Clifford T, Howatson G. Effects of Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus Cerasus L.) consumption on vascular function in men with early hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(6):1531–1539. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.123869.
62. Kent K, Charlton KE, Roodenrys S, et al. Consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice for 12 weeks improves memory and cognition in older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):333–341. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1083-y
63. Kent K, Charlton KE, Jenner A, Roodenrys S. Acute reduction in blood pressure following consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice may be dose-interval dependant: A pilot cross-over study. Int J Food Sci Nutr.2016;67(1):47–52. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1121472.
64. Pigeon WR, Carr M, Gorman C, Perlis ML. Effects of a tart cherry juice beverage on the sleep of older adults with insomnia: A pilot study. J Med Food. 2010;13(3):579-583.doi: 10.1089=jmf.2009.0096.
65. Howatson G, Bell PG, Tallent J, Middleton B, McHugh MP, Ellis J. Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51:909-916. doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7.
66. Garrido M, Gonzalez-Gomez D, Lozano M, Barriga C, Paredes SD, Rodriguez AB. A Jerte valley cherry product provides beneficial effects on sleep quality. Influence on aging. J Nutr Heal Aging. 2013;17(6):553-560. doi: 10.1007/s12603-013-0029-4.
67. Garrido M, Espino J, Ganzalez-Gomez D, et al. The consumption of a Jerte valley cherry product in humans enhances mood, and increases 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid but reduces cortisol levels in urine. Exp Gerontol. 2012;47(8):573–580. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.05.003.
68. Caldwell K, Charlton KE, Roodenrys S, Jenner A. Anthocyanin-rich cherry juice does not improve acute cognitive performance on RAVLT. Nutr Neurosci. 2016;19(9):423–424. doi: 10.1179/1476830515Y.0000000005.
69. World Health Organisation. Obesity rate. https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=tu&v=2228. Yayınlanma tarihi 2016. Erişim tarihi 23 Mart 2020.
70. Basu A, Betts NM, Nguyen A, Newman ED, Fu D, Lyons TJ. Freeze-dried strawberries lower serum cholesterol and lipid peroxidation in adults with abdominal adiposity and elevated serum lipids. J Nutr. 2014;144(6):830–837. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.188169.
71. Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B. Anti-diabetic actions of berry polyphenols - review on proposed mechanisms of action. J Berry Res. 2016;6(2):237–250. doi: 10.3233/JBR-160137.