COVID-19 Pandemisinde Evden Çalışan Öğretmenlerin İş Talepleri, İş Tatmini, Tükenmişlik ve İş-Aile / Aile-İş Çatışması İlişkileri

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 622 - 647, 31.12.2023

Metin Reyhanoglu , Özden Akın

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemisi yalnızca insan sağlığını değil kısıtlamalar ve oluşan kaygılar nedeniyle iş yapma şekillerini de etkilemiştir. Ayrıca bu dönemde evden çalışma zorunluluğu evdeki sorumluluklar ile işin iç içe geçmesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı kısıtlamalar nedeniyle işlerini evden yapmak zorunda kalan öğretmenlerin yaşadıkları işten kaynaklı gerilimler (rol belirsizliği, iş yükü, iş stresi ve tükenmişlik) ile aile ve iş ilişkilerinden kaynaklı çatışmaların iş tatminine olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda iş talep-kaynak (JDR) ve iş-aile çatışması teorisi (WFC) temel alınarak aile-iş çatışmasının iş gerilimlerine ve de iş gerilimlerinin iş-aile çatışmasının iş tatminine olan etkisine yönelik yapısal eşitlik modeli oluşturulmuştur. Hatay evreninde kolayda örneklem yöntemiyle elde edilen 279 verinin geçerlilik ve güvenirliği sağlanmış ölçekler, kısmi en küçük kareler yöntemi (PLS-SEM) kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda model için oluşturulmuş olan 15 hipotezin 11’i kabul edilmiştir. Özellikle aile-iş çatışmasının iş gerilimlerine ve sonuçta iş tatminine etkisini açıklayan hipotezler daha anlamlı çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma ile evden çalışma zorunluluğu beraberinde JDR ve WFC teorilerinin birlikte ele alınabileceğini; yönetici ve politika yapıcılara iş tasarımlarında aile ortamının da dikkate alınması gerektiği önerilmektedir.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemisi, iş stresi, iş yükü, tükenmişlik, iş-aile/aile-iş çatışması, rol belirsizliği

Ethical Statement

Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’nun 03.06.2021 tarih ve 08 numaralı toplantısında alınan 03 numaralı kararı ile çalışmanın saha araştırmasının yürütülmesine yönelik gerekli izin alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma için herhangi bir destek alınmamıştır.

Job Demands, Job Satisfaction, Burnout, and Work-Family / Family-Work Conflict Relationships of Teachers Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected not only human health but also the way people perform their jobs due to restrictions and concerns. During this period, working from home caused the intertwining of house responsibilities and work for employees. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of work-related strains (role ambiguity, workload, job stress, and burnout) and conflicts arising from family and work relations on the job satisfaction of teachers who have to do their work from home due to restrictions. We generated a structural equation model to examine the effect of family-work conflict on work strains and work-family conflict on job satisfaction, based on Job Demand-Resource (JDR) and Work-Family Conflict (WFC) theories. The 279 data obtained with the convenience sampling method in the Hatay population, which is widely used and has high levels of validity and reliability of scales, was tested using the partial least squares method (PLS-SEM). As a result of the analysis, 11 of the 15 hypotheses created for the model were accepted. In particular, the hypotheses explaining the effect of family-work conflict on job strain and job satisfaction were more significant. This study states that JDR and WFC theories can be considered together with the necessity of working from home. It is suggested to managers and policymakers that the family atmosphere should also be taken into account in job designs.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemic, work stress, workload, role ambiguity, job satisfaction, burnout, work-family/family-work conflict

References

• Abdel Hadi, S., Bakker, A. B. & Häusser, J. A. (2021). The Role of Leisure Crafting for Emotional Exhaustion in Telework During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 34(5), 530–544. doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1903447
• Açıkel, A. & Esen, Ş. (2023). COVID-19 Pandemisinin İş Yükü Algısı ve Tükenmişlik Üzerindeki Rolü: Bartın Üniversitesi Akademisyenler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 271-297.
• Akın, Ö. & Karakulak, H. (2019). İş-Aile ve Aile-İş Çatışması, İş, Aile ve Hayat Tatmininin İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerine Etkisi: Karşılıklı ve Demografik Değişkenli Etkileşimler. International Journal of Economics and Innovation, 5(2), 381-403. doi:10.20979/ueyd.593488
• Alsuraykh, N. H., Wilson, M. L., Tennent, P. & Sharples, S. (2019). How Stress and Mental Workload Are Connected. Proceedings of the 13th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare 2019, (371-376). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
• Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S. & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal Organizational Initiatives and Informal Workplace Practices: Links to Work–Family Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes. Journal of Management, 28(6), 787-810.
• Andriyana, A. S. & Supriansyah (2021). The Concept of Work-Life Balance Towards Employee Productivity Who Implement Work from Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Literature Study). Ilmiah, Sumber Daya Manusia, 5(1), 1–11.
• Bagherzadeh, R., Taghizadeh, Z., Mohammadi, E., Kazemnejad, A., Pourreza, A. & Ebadi, A. (2016). Relationship of Work-Family Conflict with Burnout and Marital Satisfaction: Cross-Domain or Source Attribution Relations?. Health Promotion Perspectives, 6(1), 31-36.
• Baka, Ł. & Bazińska, R. (2016). Polish Adaptation of Three Self-Report Measures of Job Stressors: The Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, the Quantitative Workload Inventory and the Organizational Constraints Scale. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 22(1), 32-39. doi:10.1080/1080354 8.2015.1116816
• Bakker, A. B. & de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job Demands–Resources Theory and Self-Regulation: New Explanations and Remedies for Job Burnout. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 34(1), 1–21. doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695
• Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a Model of Work Engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. doi:10.1108/13620430810870476
• Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job Demands-Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(39), 273-285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056
• Boles, J. S. & Babin, B. J. (1996). On the Front Lines: Stress, Conflict, and the Customer Service Provider. Journal of Business Research, 37(1), 41-50.
• Boles, J. S., Howard, W. G. & Donofrio, H. H. (2001). An Investigation into the Inter-Relationships of Work-Family Conflict, Family-Work Conflict and Work Satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(3), 376-390.
• Bolisani, E., Scarso, E., Ipsen, C., Kirchner, K. & Hansen, J. P. (2020). Working from Home During COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned and Issues. Management & Marketing, 15(s1), 458–476. doi:10.24 78/mmcks-2020-0027
• Bowling, N. A., Alarcon, G. M., Bragg, C. B. & Hartman, M. J. (2015). A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Potential Correlates and Consequences of Workload. Work & stress, 29(2), 95-113.
• Butarbutar, M. B., Lubis, A. K., Siregar, R.T. & Supitriyani, S. (2022). Implementation of Work-Life Balance and Work Stress for Job Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Governance Risk Management Compliance and Sustainability, 2(2), 29-39.
• Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D. & Klesh, J. (1983). Assessing the Attitudes and Perceptions of Organizational Members. S. Seashore, E. Lawler, P. Mirvis & C. Cammann (Eds.), Assessing Organizational Change: A Guide to Methods, Measures and Practices içinde. New York: John Wiley.
• Chambel, M. J., Carvalho, V. S. & Santos, A. (2022). Telework during COVID-19: Effects on the Work–Family Relationship and Well-Being in a Quasi-Field Experiment. Sustainability, 14, 16462. doi:10.3390/su142416462
• Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336.
• Çini, M. A., Erdirençelebi, M. & Ertürk, E. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde İş Stresinin İşte Kalma Niyetine Etkisinde İş Tatmininin Aracılık Etkisi. Journal of Business Research-Turk, 13(3), 2356-2375. doi:10.20491/isarder.2021.1266
• Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/Family Border Theory: A New Theory of Work/Family Balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd Edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
• Delanoeije, J., Verbruggen, M. & Germeys, L. (2019). Boundary Role Transitions: A Day-to-Day Approach to Explain the Effects of Homebased Telework on Work-to-Home Conflict and Home-to-Work Conflict. Human Relations, 72(12), 1843–1868. doi:10.1177/0018726718823071
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
• Devebakan, N. (2018). The Relationship between Burnout and Perceived Stress: A Sample of Healthcare Workers. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(4), 178.
• Dimian, G. C., Gheorghe, M., Boldeanu, D. M. & Maftei, M. (2023). How Digitalization, Work-Family Balance, and Work Efficiency Can Influence Employees' Preferences for Teleworking in the Future. Engineering Economics, 34(2), 139-157.
• Dingel, J. J. & Neiman, B. (2020). How Many Jobs Can Be Done at Home? Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104235. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235
• Eddleston, K. A. & Mulki, J. (2017). Toward Understanding Remote Workers’ Management of Work Family Boundaries: The Complexity of Workplace Embeddedness. Group and Organization Management, 42(3), 346-387.
• Elahi, N. S., Abid, G., Contreras, F. & Fernández, I. A. (2022). Work–Family and Family–Work Conflict and Stress in Times of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 951149.
• Farhadi, A., Movahedi, Y., Nalchi, M., Daraei, M. & Mohammadzadegan, R. (2013). The Relationship Between Work-Family Conflict, Burnout Dimensions and Intention to Leave Among Female Nurses. Iran Journal of Nursing, 26(84), 34-43.
• Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
• Gajendran, R. S. & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown about Telecommuting: Meta-Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
• Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Golden, T. D. (2006). Avoiding Depletion in Virtual Work: Telework and the Intervening Impact of Work Exhaustion on Commitment and Turnover Intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 176–187. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.003
• González-Muñoz, E. L. & Gutiérrez-Martínez, R. E. (2007). Contribution of Mental Workload to Job Stress in Industrial Workers. Work (Reading, Mass.: Online), 28(4), 355-361.
• Grant, C. A., Wallace, L. M., Spurgeon, P. C., Tramontano, C. & Charalampous, M. (2019). Construction and Initial Validation of the E-Work Life Scale to Measure Remote E-Working. Employee Relations, 41(1), 16-33.
• Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
• Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A. & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of Work-Life Balance on Job Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction and Mental Health: A Study Across Seven Cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd Edition). Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage.
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P. & Ray, S. (2021). Evaluation of Reflective Measurement Models. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P. & Ray, S. (Eds.) Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R (75-90) içinde. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_4
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
• Hanying, T., Hongyu, M., Maoyun, W. & Bin, W. (2009, August). A Study of the Relationship Between Chinese Clinicians' Work-Family Conflict and Job Burnout. ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management, 3, 438-441.
• Hasyim, A. R. & Muafi, M. (2023). The Effect of Work-Family and Work-School Conflict on Turnover Intention Mediated by Work Stress. International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy, 5(3), 70-79.
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
• Hobson, J. & Beach, J. R. (2000). An Investigation of the Relationship Between Psychological Health and Workload Among Managers. Occupational Medicine, 50(7), 518-522.
• Howard, W., Donofrio, H. & Boles, J. S. (2004) Inter-Domain Work-Family, Family-Work Conflict, and Police Work Satisfaction. Policing: An International Journal, 27(3), 380-395. doi:10.1108/13639510410553121
• Iacovides, A., Fountoulakis, K. N., Kaprinis, S. & Kaprinis, G. (2003). The Relationship Between Job Stress, Burnout and Clinical Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75(3), 209-221.
• Jasinski, A. M., Derbis, R. & Walczak, R. (2021). Workload, Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress in Polish Midwives Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medycyna Pracy, 72(6), 623-632.
• Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-308.
• Kazekami, S. (2020). Mechanisms to Improve Labor Productivity by Performing Telework. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 1018-1044.
• Khattak, M. A., Urooj, S. F., Khattak, J. & Iqbal, N. (2011). Impact of Role Ambiguity on Job Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Job Stress. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 1(3), 516-531.
• Kim, S. & Christensen, A. L. (2017). The Dark and Bright Sides of Personal Use of Technology at Work: A Job Demands–Resources Model. Human Resource Development Review, 16(4), 425–447. doi:10.1177/1534484317725438
• Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10.
• Kock, N. & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations. Journal of the Association for information Systems, 13(7), 546-580.
• Kremer, I. (2016). The Relationship Between School-Work-Family-Conflict, Subjective Stress, and Burnout. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 1-25. doi:10.1108/JMP-01-2015-0014
• Lundberg, U. & Frankenhaeuser, M. (1999). Stress and Workload of Men and Women in High-Ranking Positions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(2), 142.
• MacDonald, W. (2003). The Impact of Job Demands and Workload on Stress and Fatigue. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 102-117.
• Mann, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The Psychological Impact of Teleworking: Stress, Emotions and Health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196–211. doi:10.1111/1468-005X.00121
• Manzo, L. K. C. & Minello, A. (2020). Mothers, Childcare Duties, and Remote Working under COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: Cultivating Communities of Care. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 120-123.
• McManus, I. C., Winder, B. C. & Gordon, D. (2002). The Causal Links between Stress and Burnout in a Longitudinal Study of UK Doctors. The Lancet, 359(9323), 2089-2090.
• Messenger, J. C. & Gschwind, L. (2016). Three Generations of Telework: New ICTs and the Evolution from Home to Virtual Office. New Technology, Work and Employment, 31(3), 195-208.
• MIDUS (2016). Midlife in the United States: A National Longitudinal Study of Health & Well-Being. Erişim adresi: http://midus.wisc.edu/, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2023.
• Morganson, V. J., Major, D. A., Oborn, K. L., Verive, J. M. & Heelan, M. P. (2010). Comparing Telework Locations and Traditional Work Arrangements: Differences in Work-Life Balance Support, Job Satisfaction, and Inclusion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(6), 578–595. doi:10.1108/02683941011056941
• Namasivayam, K. & Mount, D.J. (2004). The Relationship of Work-Family Conflicts and Family-Work Conflict to Job Satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 28(2), 242-250.
• Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S. & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and Validation of Work–Family Conflict and Family–Work Conflict Scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400.
• Parker, D. F. & Decotiis, T. A. (1983). Organizational Determinants of Job Stress. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 160-177.
• Pines, A. M. & Keinan, G. (2005). Stress and Burnout: The Significant Difference. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 625-635.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Bias in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
• Purwanto, A., Asbari, M., Fahlevi, M., Mufid, A., Agistiwati, E., Cahyono, Y., & Suryani, P. (2020). Impact of Work from Home (WFH) on Indonesian Teachers Performance during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 6235-6244.
• Rabenu, E., Tziner, A. & Sharoni, G. (2017). The Relationship Between Work-Family Conflict, Stress, and Work Attitudes. International Journal of Manpower, 38(8), 1143-1156. doi:10.1108/IJM-01-2014-0014
• Ringle, C. M., Wende, S. & Becker, J. M. (2022). SmartPLS 4. Oststeinbek: SmartPLS GmbH. Erişim adresi: http://www.smartpls.com, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2023.
• Riyami, S. A., Razzak, M. R., Al-Busaidi, A. S. & Palalic, R. (2023). Impact of Work from Home on Work-Life Balance: Mediating Effects of Work-Family Conflict and Work Motivation. Heritage and Sustainable Development, 5(1), 33-52.
• Rondonuwu, F. A., Wehelmina, R. & Asaloei, S. (2018). The Effect of Work-Life Balance on Employee Job Satisfaction at the Sintesa Peninsula Manado Hotel. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 7(2), 30–38.
• Ruiller, C. & Dumas, M. (2019). "You Have Got a Friend" The Value of Perceived Proximity for Teleworking Success in Dispersed Teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 25(1/2), 2–29. doi:10.11 08/TPM-11-2017-0069
• Safitri, L. N. & Astutik, M. (2019). The Effect of Workload on Nurse Job Satisfaction with Work Stress Mediation. JMD: Jurnal Riset Manajemen & Bisnis Dewantara, 2(1), 13-26.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Desart, S. & de Witte, H. (2020). Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, Validity, and Reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9495.
• Slavkovic, M., Sretenovic, S. & Bugarcic, M. (2022). Remote Working for Sustainability of Organization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediator-Moderator Role of Social Support. Sustainability, 14, 70. doi:10.3390/su14010070
• Sonnentag, S., Brodbeck, F. C., Heinbokel, T. & Stolte, W. (1994). Stressor‐Burnout Relationship in Software Development Teams. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(4), 327-341.
• Soper, D. S. (2022). A-Priori Sample Size Calculator for Structural Equation Models [Software]. Erişim adresi: https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2023.
• Spector, P. E. (1997) Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. Sage Publications.
• Suh, A. & Lee, J. (2017). Understanding Teleworkers' Technostress and Its Influence on Job Satisfaction. Internet Research, 27(1), 140–159. doi:10.1108/IntR-06-2015-0181
• Tavares, A. I. (2017). Telework and Health Effects Review. International Journal of Healthcare, 3(2), 30–36. doi:10.5430/ijh.v3n2p30
• Tett, R. P. & Meyer, J. P. (1993) Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Meta Analytic Findings. Personal Psychology, 46, 259-293.
• Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (2020). An Employers' Guide on Working from Home in Response to the Outbreak of COVID-19. Geneva: International Labour Office. Erişim adresi: https://www.ilo.org/actemp/publications/WCMS_745024/lang--en/index.htm, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2023.
• van de Voorde, K., van Veldhoven, M. & Paauwe, J. (2014). Relationships between Work Unit Climate and Labour Productivity in the Financial Sector: A Longitudinal Test of the Mediating Role of Work Satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(2), 295-309.
• van Veldhoven M. & Meijman T. F. (1994). Het Meten van Psychosociale Arbeidsbelasting Met Een Vragenlijst: De Vragenlijst Beleving en Beoordeling van de Arbeid (VBBA) [The Measurement of Psychosocial Job Demands with a Questionnaire: The Questionnaire on the Experience and Evaluation of Work (QEEW)]. Amsterdam: NIA.
• van Veldhoven, M., Prins, J., van der Laken, L. & Dijstra, L. (2015). QEEW2.0 42 Short Scales for Survey Research on Work, Wellbeing and Performance. Amsterdam: SKB.
• Viegas, V. & Henriques, J. (2020). Job Stress and Work-Family Conflict as Correlates of Job Satisfaction among Police Officials. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 45(1), 5-25.
• Voll, K., Gauger, F. & Pfnur, A. (2022). CREM Perspective on Home Office-a Consideration of the Workplace and Its Mechanisms of Action. Z Immobilienokonomie. doi:10.1365/s41056-022-00060-4
• Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J. & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving Effective Remote Working During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Work Design Perspective. Applied Psychology, 70, 16–59. doi:10.1111/apps.12290
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S. & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729
• Weinert, C. & Weitzel, T. (2023). Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effects of Life-Work Conflict on Job Outcomes and the Role of the IT Telework Environment. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 65, 309-328.
• Westland, J. C. (2010). Lower Bounds on Sample Size in Structural Equation Modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9(6), 476-487.
• Wright, T. A. & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional Exhaustion as a Predictor of Job Performance and Voluntary Turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486-493. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486
• Yasa, I. G. R. & Dewi, A. A. S. K. (2019). Pengaruh Stres Kerja Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dengan Motivasi Kerja Sebagai Variabel Mediasi [Work Motivation as a Mediation Variable]. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 8(3), 1203–1229.
• Yucel, D. & Chung, H. (2023). Working from Home, Work–Family Conflict, and the Role of Gender and Gender Role Attitudes. Community, Work & Family, 26(2), 190-221, doi:10.1080/13668803.2021.1993138
• Zanabazar, A., Jigjiddor, S. & Jambal, T. (2022). The Impact of Work-Related Stress on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Trust during COVID-19 Pandemic. SHS Web of Conferences, 135, 01019. doi:10.1051/shsconf/202213501019
• Zhang, W., Chin, T., Peng, J. B., Shan, Y. N. & Agbanyo, G. K. (2022). The Moderating Effect of Occupational Burn-Out on the Link of Career Competencies to Career Sustainability Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-8.
• Zohar, D. (1999). When Things go Wrong: The Effect of Daily Work Hassles on Effort, Exertion and Negative Mood. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(3), 265–283. doi:10.1348/096317999166671