İş-Aile Çatışmasının İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisinde Tükenmişliğin Aracı Etkisi
Year 2019,
, 13 - 27, 19.04.2019
Bora Yıldız
,
Muhterem Şebnem Ensari
Meral Elçi
,
Melisa Erdilek Karabay
Abstract
Bu
araştırmada iş-aile çatışmasının işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde
tükenmişliğin aracı rolü Kaynakları Koruma Teorisi’ne dayandırılarak test
edilmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı iş-aile çatışması ile işten ayrılma niyeti
arasındaki ilişkinin tükenmişlik aracılığı ile gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediğini
test etmektir. Bu bağlamda araştırma, iş-aile çatışması yaşayan çalışanları
işten ayrılma niyetine iten tükenmişlik gibi olumsuz dinamiklerin etkilerini
ortaya koymak açısından önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini kolayda
örnekleme yöntemi ile ulaşılan, kamu ve özel sektördeki hastanelerde çalışan
294 sağlık personeli oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma modeline ilişkin toplanan veri
Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi ile test edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları iş-aile
çatışmasının tükenmişliği ve işten ayrılma niyetini, tükenmişliğin ise işten
ayrılma niyetini istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkilediğini
göstermiştir. Son olarak tükenmişliğin iş-aile çatışması ile işten ayrılma
niyeti arasında tam aracı etkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Araştırma
bulguları ışığında tükenmişliğin iş-aile çatışması yaşayan çalışanların işten
ayrılma niyeti geliştirmelerinde önemli bir köprü görevi gördüğü saptanmıştır.
References
- Adisa, T. A., Osabutey, E. L. & Gbadamosi, G. (2016). Understanding the causes and consequences of work-family conflict: An exploratory study of Nigerian employees. Employee Relations, 38(5), 770-788.
- Ahuja, M. K., Chudoba, K. M., Kacmar, C. J., McKnight, D. H. & George, J. F. (2007). IT road warriors: Balancing work-family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions. Mis Quarterly, 1-17.
- Allen, D. G., Bryant, P. C. & Vardaman, J. M. (2010). Retaining talent: Replacing misconceptions with evidence-based strategies. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(2), 48–64.
- Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E. L., Bruck, C. S. & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278–308.
- Almalki, M. J., FitzGerald, G. & Clark, M. (2012). The relationship between quality of work life and turnover intention of primary health care nurses in Saudi Arabia. BMC health services research, 12(1), 314.
- Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A. & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151–169.
- Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
- Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S. & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work-family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of management, 28(6), 787-810.
- Arı, G.S., Bal, H. & Bal, E. Ç. (2010). İşe Bağlılığın Tükenmişlik ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti İlişkisindeki Aracılık Etkisi: Yatırım Uzmanları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 143-166.
- Aslan, Z. & Etyemez, S. (2015). İşgörenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkisi: Hatay’daki otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(3), 482-507.
- Bektaş, H. (2017). Açıklayıcı faktör analizi. Beta Yayın Evi.
- Blomme RJ, Van Rheede A & Tromp D. M. (2010). Work-family conflict as a cause for turnover intentions in the hospitality industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research.10, 269–85.
- Bolino, M.C. & Turnley WH, (2005). The Personal Costs of Citizenship Behavior: The Relationship Between Individual Initiative and Role Overload, Job Stress, and Work–Family Conflict, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740–748.
- Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. P., Jr., Pearson, A. W. & Keough, S. (2003). Work–family conflict: A model of linkages between work and family domain variables and turnover intentions. Journal of Managerial Issues, 175–190.
- Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
- Carlson, D., Ferguson, M., Hunter, E. & Whitten, D. (2012). Abusive supervision and work–family conflict: The path through emotional labor and burnout. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 849-859.
- Carr, J. C., Boyar, S. L. & Gregory, B. T. (2008). Themoderating effect of work—family centrality on work—family conflict, organizational attitudes, and turnover behavior. Journal of Management, 34(2), 244-262.
- Cheng, C., Cheng, C., Bartram, T., Bartram, T., Karimi, L., Karimi, L. & Leggat, S. (2016). Transformational leadership and social identity as predictors of team climate, perceived quality of care, burnout and turnover intention among nurses, Personnel Review, 45(6), 1200-1216.
- Civelek, M. E. (2018). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi Metodolojisi, 1. Baskı, Beta, İstanbul.
- Colquitt, J., LePine, J. A., Wesson, M. J. & Wu, X. (2010). Organizational behavior: Essentials for improving performance and commitment. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill Irwin.
- Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika, 16/3, 297-334.
- Çağlar, Ç. (2011). Okullardaki Örgütsel Güven Düzeyi Ile Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Tükenmişlik Düzeyinin Bazı Değişkenler Açısından Incelenmesi, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 11(4), 1827-1847.
- Çarıkçı, İ. H. & Çelikkol, Ö. (2009). İş–Aile Çatışmasının Örgütsel Bağlılık Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (9), 153-170.
- Çimen, M. (2000). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Sağlık Personelinin Tükenmişlik. İş Doyumu, Kuruma Bağlılık ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetlerine İlişkin Bir Alan Araştırması, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, TC Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Sağlık Hizmetleri Yönetimi Bilim Dalı.
- Durak, H. Y. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2017). Öğretmenlerde Tükenmişlik Duygusunun Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 759-788.
- Dursun, S. (2012). İşyeri şiddetinin çalışanların tükenmişlik düzeyi üzerine etkisi: Sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 3(1), 105-115.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin uyarlanması, VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Ersoy, F., Yıldırım, C. & Edirne, T. (2001). Tükenmişlik (Staff Burnout) Sendromu. Sürekli Tıp Dergisi, http://www. ttb. org. tr/sted/sted0201/1. Html erişim, 12, 2014.
- Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 382-388.
- Frone, M.R., Russell, M. & Barnes, G.M. (1996). Work-family conflict, gender, and healthrelated outcomes: a study of employed parents in two community samples, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 57-69.
- Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88.
- Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S. & Collins, K. M. (2001). Career involvement and family involvement as moderators of relationships between work–family conflict and withdrawal from a profession. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 91–100.
- Greenhaus, J.H., Collins,K.M. & Shaw, J.D. (2003). The relation between work–family balance and quality of life, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510-531.
- Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W. & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463–488.
- Guest, D. (2002). Human resource management, corporate performance and employee wellbeing: Building the worker into HRM. The journal of industrial relations, 44(3), 335-358.
- Güneş, İ., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Kutanis, R. Ö. (2009). Çalışanların Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri Arasındaki Ilişki: Bir Devlet Üniversitesi Örneği, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3), 481- 497.
- Günay, G. Y. & Demiralay, T. (2016). Serbest muhasebeci ve mali müşavirlerin iş stresi, tükenmişlik sendromu ve iş-aile yaşam dengesi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(58).
- Haar, J. M. (2004). Work-family conflict and turnover intention: Exploring the moderation effects. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(1), 35.
- Haar, J. M., Roche, M. & Taylor, D. (2012). Work–family conflict and turnover intentions of indigenous employees: the importance of the whanau/family for Maori. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(12), 2546-2560.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C, Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective ,7.Baskı, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R. & Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), 573-603.
- Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new approach at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.
- Houkes, I., Janssen, P. P., de Jonge, J. & Nijhuis, F. J. (2001). Specific relationships between work characteristics and intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intention: A multi-sample analysis, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 1-23.
- Hwang, I.S. & Kou, J.H. (2006). Effects of Job Satisfaction and Perceived Alternative Employment Opportunities on Turnover Intention: An Examination of Public Sector Organizations, Journal of American Academy of Business, 8(2), 254-255.
- Jackson, S. E., Schwab, R. L. & Schuler, R. S. (1986). Toward an understanding of the burnout phenomenon, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(4), pp 630-640.
- Janssen, P. P., De Jonge, J. &Bakker, A. B. (1999). Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intentions: a study among nurses, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(6), 1360-1369.
- Kaçmaz, N. (2005). Tükenmişlik (burnout) sendromu, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 68(1), 29-32.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A Second Generation Little Jiffy, Psychometrika, 35/4, 401-415.
- Kaiser, H. F. & Rice, J. (1974). Little Jiffy, Mark IV, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34/1, 111-117.
- Karabay, M. (2015). Sağlık personelinin iş stresi, iş-aile çatışması ve iş-aile-hayat tatminlerine yönelik algılarının işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma,Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(26), 113-134.
- Karatepe, O. M., Sokmen, A., Yavas, U. & Babakus, E. (2010). Work-family conflict and burnout in frontline service jobs: direct, mediating and moderating effects. Economics and Management. 2010, 4, s. 61-73.
- Kılıç, T. & Seymen, O. A. (2011). Sağlık Sektöründe, Tükenmişlik Sendromuna Etki Eden Faktörlerinanalizi Ve Bir Araştırma, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(16), 47-67.
- Kim, H. & Lee, S. Y. (2009). Supervisory communication, burnout, and turnover intention among social workers in health care settings. Social Work In Health Care, 48(4), 364-385.
- Kim, H. & Stoner, M. (2008). Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support, Administration In Social Work, 32(3), 5-25.
- Kuvaas, B. (2006). Performance Appraisal Satisfaction and Employee Outcomes: Mediating and Moderating Roles of Work Motivation, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 504-522.
- Lambert, E., Hogan, N. L. & Altheimer, I. (2010). The association between work-family conflict and job burnout among correctional staff: A preliminary study. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1-2), 37-55.
- Lapierre, L.M. & Allen, T.D. (2006), Work-supportive family, family-supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: implications for work-family conflict and employee well-being, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 169-181.
- Liu, C. M. & Lin, C. P. (2016). Corporate Ethical Values and Turnover Intention. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 23(4), 397-409.
- Lu, A. C. C. & Gursoy, D. (2016). Impact of job burnout on satisfaction and turnover intention: Do generational differences matter?. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(2), 210-235.
- Lu, Y., Hu, X. M., Huang, X. L., Zhuang, X. D., Guo, P., Feng, L. F. & Hao, Y. T. (2017). The relationship between job satisfaction, work stress, work–family conflict, and turnover intention among physicians in Guangdong, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 7(5), 1-12.
- Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
- Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schwab, R. L. (1986). Maslach burnout Inventory (Vol. 21, pp. 3463-3464). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
- Masuda, A. D., Poelmans, S. A., Allen, T. D., Spector, P. E., Lapierre, L. M., Cooper, C. L., ... & Lu, L. (2012). Flexible work arrangements availability and their relationship with work‐to‐family conflict, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A comparison of three country clusters. Applied psychology, 61(1), 1-29.
- Mauno, S., De Cuyper, N., Kinnunen, U., Ruokolainen, M., Rantanen, J. & Mäkikangas, A. (2015). The prospective effects of work–family conflict and enrichment on job exhaustion and turnover intentions: comparing long-term temporary vs. permanent workers across three waves. Work & Stress, 29(1), 75-94.
- Michel, J.S., Mitchelson, J.K., Kotrba, L.M., LeBreton, J.M. & Baltes, B.B. (2009). A comparative test of work-family conflict models and critical examination of work-family linkages, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(2), 199-218.
- Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H. & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process, Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493-522.
- Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S. & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
- Nielsen, W., Skipstein, A. & Demerouti, E. (2016). Adverse trajectories of mental health problems predict subsequent burnout and work-family conflict–a longitudinal study of employed women with children followed over 18 years. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 1-10.
- Nohe, C., Michel, A. & Sonntag, K. (2014). Work–family conflict, social support, and turnover intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1-12.
- O’Driscoll, M. P., Brough, P. & Kalliath, T. J. (2004). Work/family conflict, psychological well-being, satisfaction and social support: A longitudinal study in New Zealand. Equal opportunities international, 23(1/2), 36-56.
- Okan, T. & Özbek, F. (2016). İş Yükü Talebi, İş Tatminsizliği Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Arasındaki İlişkilerde İş-Aile Çatışması Ve İş Stresinin Ara Değişken Rolü: Sağlık Çalışanları Örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 203-226.
- Onay, M. & Kılcı, S. (2011). İş Stresi ve Tükenmişlik Duygusunun Işten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerine Etkileri: Garsonlar ve Aşçıbaşılar. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 363-372.
- Özbağ, GK. & Çiçek, C.G. (2014). Does job satisfaction mediate the relationship between Work-family conflict and turnover? A study of Turkish marine pilots. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,140, 43–9.
- Parasuraman, S. & Simmers, C.A. (2001). Type of Employment, Work-Family Conflict and Well-Being: A Comparative Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 22, 551-568.
- Peeters, M., Montgomery, A., Bakker, A. & Schaufeli, W. (2005). Balancing work and home: how job and home demands are related to burnout, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 43-61.
- Podsakoff, P. M. & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12/4, 531-544.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.Y. & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of The Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88/5, 879-903.
- Polat, S. (2009). İlköğretim müfettişlerinin örgütsel bağlılık, mesleki tükenmişlik ve işten ayrılma niyetleri arasındaki ilişki. Education Sciences, 4(3), 1150-1159.
- Poyraz, K. & Kama, B. (2008). Algılanan iş güvencesinin, iş tatmini, örgütsel başlılık ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 13(2),143-165.
- Priyadharshini, R.A & Wesley, R J. (2014). Personality as a Determinant of Work-Family Conflict, Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management JIEM, 7(5): 1037-1060.
- Schultheiss, D. E. P. (2006). The Interface Of Work And Family Life, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(4), 334-341.
- Schaufeli, W. B., Maslach, C. & Marek, T. (1993). Historical and conceptual development of burnout. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research, 1-16.
- Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N. & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social Exchange in Organizations: Perceived Organizational Support, Leader–Member Exchange, and Employee Reciprocity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81/3, 219-227.
- Shaw, J. D., Gupta, N., & Delery, J. E. (2005). Alternative conceptualizations of the relationship between voluntary turnover and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 50–68.
- Sheldon, K., Frederickson, B., Rathunde, K. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology Manifesto (Rev. Ed.), http://www.positivepsychology.org/ akumalmanifesto.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2018.
- Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312.
- Soysal, A. (2009). İş yaşamında stres. Çimento İşveren Dergisi, 23(3), 17-40.
- Sünter, A. T., Canbaz, S., Dabak, Ş., Öz, H. & Pekşen, Y. (2006). Pratisyen hekimlerde tükenmişlik, işe bağlı gerginlik ve iş doyumu düzeyleri. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 16(1), 9-14.
- Şeşen, H. (2010). Adalet Algısının Tükenmişliğe Etkisi: İş Tatmininin Aracı Değişken Rolünün Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli İle Testi. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 67-90.
- Şıklar, E. & Tunalı, D. (2012). Çalışanların Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi: Eskişehir Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (33), 75-84.
- Tayfur, Ö., & Arslan, M. (2012). Algılanan İş Yükünün Tükenmişlik Üzerine Etkisi: İş-Aile Çatışmasının Aracı Rolü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(1), 147-172.
- Telli, E. (2012). Liderlik davranış tarzlarının çalışanların örgütsel tükenmişlik ve işten ayrılma eğilimleri üzerine etkisi: Konuyla ilgili bir uygulama, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme A.B.D. Yükseklisans tezi, Edirne.
- Tett, R. P. & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings, Personnel Psychology, 46, 259–293.
- Tsai, Y., Wu, S. W. & Chen, S. C. (2017). Assessing the risk of turnover intention among hospital workers. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJMESS), 6(Special Issue), 244-258.
- Venkatraman, N. (1989). The concept of fit in strategy research: toward verbal and statistical correspondence. Academy of Management Review, 14, 423-444.
- Voydanoff, P. (2004). Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50 (3), 749-761.
- Wang, I. A., Lee, B. W. & Wu, S. T. (2017). The relationships among work-family conflict, turnover intention and organizational citizenship behavior in the hospitality industry of Taiwan. International Journal of Manpower, 38(8), 1130-1142.
- Wang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J. & Wang, L. (2012). Work-family conflict and burnout among Chinese doctors: the mediating role of psychological capital. Journal of Occupational Health, 54(3), 232-240.
- Wong, C. A. & Laschinger, H. K. S. (2015). The influence of frontline manager job strain on burnout, commitment and turnover intention: A cross-sectional study, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(12), 1824-1833.
- Yıldız, H. & Örücü, E. (2016). Sağlık sektörü çalışanlarının pozitif psikolojik sermaye düzeylerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 269-285.
- Yürür, S. & Ünlü, A.G.O. (2011). Duygusal Emek, Duygusal Tükenme ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti İlişkisi. ISGUC, The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 13(2).
The Mediating Effect of Burnout on the Relationship between Work-Family Conflict and Turnover Intention
Year 2019,
, 13 - 27, 19.04.2019
Bora Yıldız
,
Muhterem Şebnem Ensari
Meral Elçi
,
Melisa Erdilek Karabay
Abstract
Building on Conservation of Resources Theory,
this research examined how employees who feel work-family conflict develop
turnover intention through burnout. The purpose of the study is to investigate
whether the effect of work-family conflict on turnover intention appears
through burnout. In this context, uncovering the effect of negative dynamics
such as burnout on the direct relationship between work-family conflict and
turnover intention represents the originality of the study. The sample of the
study consists of 294 public and private health employees gathered by convenient
sampling method. Data were analysed by using Structural Equation Modelling.
Findings show that work-family conflict is statistically significant and a
positive predictor of burnout and turnover intention, along with burnout is
statistically significant and a positive predictor of turnover intention.
Finally, burnout fully mediates the relationship between work-family conflict
and turnover intention. In light of the findings, it was found that burnout
plays a significant bridge role between work-family conflict and turnover
intention.
References
- Adisa, T. A., Osabutey, E. L. & Gbadamosi, G. (2016). Understanding the causes and consequences of work-family conflict: An exploratory study of Nigerian employees. Employee Relations, 38(5), 770-788.
- Ahuja, M. K., Chudoba, K. M., Kacmar, C. J., McKnight, D. H. & George, J. F. (2007). IT road warriors: Balancing work-family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions. Mis Quarterly, 1-17.
- Allen, D. G., Bryant, P. C. & Vardaman, J. M. (2010). Retaining talent: Replacing misconceptions with evidence-based strategies. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(2), 48–64.
- Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E. L., Bruck, C. S. & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278–308.
- Almalki, M. J., FitzGerald, G. & Clark, M. (2012). The relationship between quality of work life and turnover intention of primary health care nurses in Saudi Arabia. BMC health services research, 12(1), 314.
- Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A. & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151–169.
- Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
- Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S. & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work-family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of management, 28(6), 787-810.
- Arı, G.S., Bal, H. & Bal, E. Ç. (2010). İşe Bağlılığın Tükenmişlik ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti İlişkisindeki Aracılık Etkisi: Yatırım Uzmanları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 143-166.
- Aslan, Z. & Etyemez, S. (2015). İşgörenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkisi: Hatay’daki otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(3), 482-507.
- Bektaş, H. (2017). Açıklayıcı faktör analizi. Beta Yayın Evi.
- Blomme RJ, Van Rheede A & Tromp D. M. (2010). Work-family conflict as a cause for turnover intentions in the hospitality industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research.10, 269–85.
- Bolino, M.C. & Turnley WH, (2005). The Personal Costs of Citizenship Behavior: The Relationship Between Individual Initiative and Role Overload, Job Stress, and Work–Family Conflict, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740–748.
- Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. P., Jr., Pearson, A. W. & Keough, S. (2003). Work–family conflict: A model of linkages between work and family domain variables and turnover intentions. Journal of Managerial Issues, 175–190.
- Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
- Carlson, D., Ferguson, M., Hunter, E. & Whitten, D. (2012). Abusive supervision and work–family conflict: The path through emotional labor and burnout. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 849-859.
- Carr, J. C., Boyar, S. L. & Gregory, B. T. (2008). Themoderating effect of work—family centrality on work—family conflict, organizational attitudes, and turnover behavior. Journal of Management, 34(2), 244-262.
- Cheng, C., Cheng, C., Bartram, T., Bartram, T., Karimi, L., Karimi, L. & Leggat, S. (2016). Transformational leadership and social identity as predictors of team climate, perceived quality of care, burnout and turnover intention among nurses, Personnel Review, 45(6), 1200-1216.
- Civelek, M. E. (2018). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi Metodolojisi, 1. Baskı, Beta, İstanbul.
- Colquitt, J., LePine, J. A., Wesson, M. J. & Wu, X. (2010). Organizational behavior: Essentials for improving performance and commitment. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill Irwin.
- Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika, 16/3, 297-334.
- Çağlar, Ç. (2011). Okullardaki Örgütsel Güven Düzeyi Ile Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Tükenmişlik Düzeyinin Bazı Değişkenler Açısından Incelenmesi, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 11(4), 1827-1847.
- Çarıkçı, İ. H. & Çelikkol, Ö. (2009). İş–Aile Çatışmasının Örgütsel Bağlılık Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (9), 153-170.
- Çimen, M. (2000). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Sağlık Personelinin Tükenmişlik. İş Doyumu, Kuruma Bağlılık ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetlerine İlişkin Bir Alan Araştırması, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, TC Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Sağlık Hizmetleri Yönetimi Bilim Dalı.
- Durak, H. Y. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2017). Öğretmenlerde Tükenmişlik Duygusunun Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 759-788.
- Dursun, S. (2012). İşyeri şiddetinin çalışanların tükenmişlik düzeyi üzerine etkisi: Sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 3(1), 105-115.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin uyarlanması, VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Ersoy, F., Yıldırım, C. & Edirne, T. (2001). Tükenmişlik (Staff Burnout) Sendromu. Sürekli Tıp Dergisi, http://www. ttb. org. tr/sted/sted0201/1. Html erişim, 12, 2014.
- Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 382-388.
- Frone, M.R., Russell, M. & Barnes, G.M. (1996). Work-family conflict, gender, and healthrelated outcomes: a study of employed parents in two community samples, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 57-69.
- Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88.
- Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S. & Collins, K. M. (2001). Career involvement and family involvement as moderators of relationships between work–family conflict and withdrawal from a profession. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 91–100.
- Greenhaus, J.H., Collins,K.M. & Shaw, J.D. (2003). The relation between work–family balance and quality of life, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510-531.
- Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W. & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463–488.
- Guest, D. (2002). Human resource management, corporate performance and employee wellbeing: Building the worker into HRM. The journal of industrial relations, 44(3), 335-358.
- Güneş, İ., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Kutanis, R. Ö. (2009). Çalışanların Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri Arasındaki Ilişki: Bir Devlet Üniversitesi Örneği, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3), 481- 497.
- Günay, G. Y. & Demiralay, T. (2016). Serbest muhasebeci ve mali müşavirlerin iş stresi, tükenmişlik sendromu ve iş-aile yaşam dengesi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(58).
- Haar, J. M. (2004). Work-family conflict and turnover intention: Exploring the moderation effects. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(1), 35.
- Haar, J. M., Roche, M. & Taylor, D. (2012). Work–family conflict and turnover intentions of indigenous employees: the importance of the whanau/family for Maori. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(12), 2546-2560.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C, Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective ,7.Baskı, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R. & Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), 573-603.
- Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new approach at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.
- Houkes, I., Janssen, P. P., de Jonge, J. & Nijhuis, F. J. (2001). Specific relationships between work characteristics and intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intention: A multi-sample analysis, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 1-23.
- Hwang, I.S. & Kou, J.H. (2006). Effects of Job Satisfaction and Perceived Alternative Employment Opportunities on Turnover Intention: An Examination of Public Sector Organizations, Journal of American Academy of Business, 8(2), 254-255.
- Jackson, S. E., Schwab, R. L. & Schuler, R. S. (1986). Toward an understanding of the burnout phenomenon, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(4), pp 630-640.
- Janssen, P. P., De Jonge, J. &Bakker, A. B. (1999). Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intentions: a study among nurses, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(6), 1360-1369.
- Kaçmaz, N. (2005). Tükenmişlik (burnout) sendromu, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 68(1), 29-32.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A Second Generation Little Jiffy, Psychometrika, 35/4, 401-415.
- Kaiser, H. F. & Rice, J. (1974). Little Jiffy, Mark IV, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34/1, 111-117.
- Karabay, M. (2015). Sağlık personelinin iş stresi, iş-aile çatışması ve iş-aile-hayat tatminlerine yönelik algılarının işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma,Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(26), 113-134.
- Karatepe, O. M., Sokmen, A., Yavas, U. & Babakus, E. (2010). Work-family conflict and burnout in frontline service jobs: direct, mediating and moderating effects. Economics and Management. 2010, 4, s. 61-73.
- Kılıç, T. & Seymen, O. A. (2011). Sağlık Sektöründe, Tükenmişlik Sendromuna Etki Eden Faktörlerinanalizi Ve Bir Araştırma, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(16), 47-67.
- Kim, H. & Lee, S. Y. (2009). Supervisory communication, burnout, and turnover intention among social workers in health care settings. Social Work In Health Care, 48(4), 364-385.
- Kim, H. & Stoner, M. (2008). Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support, Administration In Social Work, 32(3), 5-25.
- Kuvaas, B. (2006). Performance Appraisal Satisfaction and Employee Outcomes: Mediating and Moderating Roles of Work Motivation, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 504-522.
- Lambert, E., Hogan, N. L. & Altheimer, I. (2010). The association between work-family conflict and job burnout among correctional staff: A preliminary study. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1-2), 37-55.
- Lapierre, L.M. & Allen, T.D. (2006), Work-supportive family, family-supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: implications for work-family conflict and employee well-being, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 169-181.
- Liu, C. M. & Lin, C. P. (2016). Corporate Ethical Values and Turnover Intention. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 23(4), 397-409.
- Lu, A. C. C. & Gursoy, D. (2016). Impact of job burnout on satisfaction and turnover intention: Do generational differences matter?. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(2), 210-235.
- Lu, Y., Hu, X. M., Huang, X. L., Zhuang, X. D., Guo, P., Feng, L. F. & Hao, Y. T. (2017). The relationship between job satisfaction, work stress, work–family conflict, and turnover intention among physicians in Guangdong, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 7(5), 1-12.
- Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
- Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schwab, R. L. (1986). Maslach burnout Inventory (Vol. 21, pp. 3463-3464). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
- Masuda, A. D., Poelmans, S. A., Allen, T. D., Spector, P. E., Lapierre, L. M., Cooper, C. L., ... & Lu, L. (2012). Flexible work arrangements availability and their relationship with work‐to‐family conflict, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A comparison of three country clusters. Applied psychology, 61(1), 1-29.
- Mauno, S., De Cuyper, N., Kinnunen, U., Ruokolainen, M., Rantanen, J. & Mäkikangas, A. (2015). The prospective effects of work–family conflict and enrichment on job exhaustion and turnover intentions: comparing long-term temporary vs. permanent workers across three waves. Work & Stress, 29(1), 75-94.
- Michel, J.S., Mitchelson, J.K., Kotrba, L.M., LeBreton, J.M. & Baltes, B.B. (2009). A comparative test of work-family conflict models and critical examination of work-family linkages, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(2), 199-218.
- Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H. & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process, Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493-522.
- Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S. & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
- Nielsen, W., Skipstein, A. & Demerouti, E. (2016). Adverse trajectories of mental health problems predict subsequent burnout and work-family conflict–a longitudinal study of employed women with children followed over 18 years. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 1-10.
- Nohe, C., Michel, A. & Sonntag, K. (2014). Work–family conflict, social support, and turnover intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1-12.
- O’Driscoll, M. P., Brough, P. & Kalliath, T. J. (2004). Work/family conflict, psychological well-being, satisfaction and social support: A longitudinal study in New Zealand. Equal opportunities international, 23(1/2), 36-56.
- Okan, T. & Özbek, F. (2016). İş Yükü Talebi, İş Tatminsizliği Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Arasındaki İlişkilerde İş-Aile Çatışması Ve İş Stresinin Ara Değişken Rolü: Sağlık Çalışanları Örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 203-226.
- Onay, M. & Kılcı, S. (2011). İş Stresi ve Tükenmişlik Duygusunun Işten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerine Etkileri: Garsonlar ve Aşçıbaşılar. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 363-372.
- Özbağ, GK. & Çiçek, C.G. (2014). Does job satisfaction mediate the relationship between Work-family conflict and turnover? A study of Turkish marine pilots. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,140, 43–9.
- Parasuraman, S. & Simmers, C.A. (2001). Type of Employment, Work-Family Conflict and Well-Being: A Comparative Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 22, 551-568.
- Peeters, M., Montgomery, A., Bakker, A. & Schaufeli, W. (2005). Balancing work and home: how job and home demands are related to burnout, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 43-61.
- Podsakoff, P. M. & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12/4, 531-544.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.Y. & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of The Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88/5, 879-903.
- Polat, S. (2009). İlköğretim müfettişlerinin örgütsel bağlılık, mesleki tükenmişlik ve işten ayrılma niyetleri arasındaki ilişki. Education Sciences, 4(3), 1150-1159.
- Poyraz, K. & Kama, B. (2008). Algılanan iş güvencesinin, iş tatmini, örgütsel başlılık ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 13(2),143-165.
- Priyadharshini, R.A & Wesley, R J. (2014). Personality as a Determinant of Work-Family Conflict, Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management JIEM, 7(5): 1037-1060.
- Schultheiss, D. E. P. (2006). The Interface Of Work And Family Life, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(4), 334-341.
- Schaufeli, W. B., Maslach, C. & Marek, T. (1993). Historical and conceptual development of burnout. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research, 1-16.
- Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N. & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social Exchange in Organizations: Perceived Organizational Support, Leader–Member Exchange, and Employee Reciprocity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81/3, 219-227.
- Shaw, J. D., Gupta, N., & Delery, J. E. (2005). Alternative conceptualizations of the relationship between voluntary turnover and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 50–68.
- Sheldon, K., Frederickson, B., Rathunde, K. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology Manifesto (Rev. Ed.), http://www.positivepsychology.org/ akumalmanifesto.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2018.
- Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312.
- Soysal, A. (2009). İş yaşamında stres. Çimento İşveren Dergisi, 23(3), 17-40.
- Sünter, A. T., Canbaz, S., Dabak, Ş., Öz, H. & Pekşen, Y. (2006). Pratisyen hekimlerde tükenmişlik, işe bağlı gerginlik ve iş doyumu düzeyleri. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 16(1), 9-14.
- Şeşen, H. (2010). Adalet Algısının Tükenmişliğe Etkisi: İş Tatmininin Aracı Değişken Rolünün Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli İle Testi. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 67-90.
- Şıklar, E. & Tunalı, D. (2012). Çalışanların Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi: Eskişehir Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (33), 75-84.
- Tayfur, Ö., & Arslan, M. (2012). Algılanan İş Yükünün Tükenmişlik Üzerine Etkisi: İş-Aile Çatışmasının Aracı Rolü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(1), 147-172.
- Telli, E. (2012). Liderlik davranış tarzlarının çalışanların örgütsel tükenmişlik ve işten ayrılma eğilimleri üzerine etkisi: Konuyla ilgili bir uygulama, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme A.B.D. Yükseklisans tezi, Edirne.
- Tett, R. P. & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings, Personnel Psychology, 46, 259–293.
- Tsai, Y., Wu, S. W. & Chen, S. C. (2017). Assessing the risk of turnover intention among hospital workers. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJMESS), 6(Special Issue), 244-258.
- Venkatraman, N. (1989). The concept of fit in strategy research: toward verbal and statistical correspondence. Academy of Management Review, 14, 423-444.
- Voydanoff, P. (2004). Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50 (3), 749-761.
- Wang, I. A., Lee, B. W. & Wu, S. T. (2017). The relationships among work-family conflict, turnover intention and organizational citizenship behavior in the hospitality industry of Taiwan. International Journal of Manpower, 38(8), 1130-1142.
- Wang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J. & Wang, L. (2012). Work-family conflict and burnout among Chinese doctors: the mediating role of psychological capital. Journal of Occupational Health, 54(3), 232-240.
- Wong, C. A. & Laschinger, H. K. S. (2015). The influence of frontline manager job strain on burnout, commitment and turnover intention: A cross-sectional study, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(12), 1824-1833.
- Yıldız, H. & Örücü, E. (2016). Sağlık sektörü çalışanlarının pozitif psikolojik sermaye düzeylerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 269-285.
- Yürür, S. & Ünlü, A.G.O. (2011). Duygusal Emek, Duygusal Tükenme ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti İlişkisi. ISGUC, The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 13(2).